RESUMO
Estudios realizados en humanos y animales han mostrado que la baja ingesta de vitamina A puede provocar anemia, sin embargo, aún no se conocen los mecanismos etiopatogénicos involucrados en tal proceso, lo cual puede ser debido a las complejas interacciones de los micronutrientes entre sí y con el sistema inmune. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar las concentraciones séricas del Interferón gamma (IFN- g) y la Interleucina 10 (IL-10) en niños anémicos y no anémicos según el estado nutricional de la vitamina A. Para ello, se estudiaron 53 niños eutróficos (45-77 meses; F=29, M=24), procedentes de Maracaibo-Venezuela, en quienes se evaluó: la presencia de anemia mediante el análisis de la concentración de hemoglobina, según los criterios de la OMS (Hb<110g/L <60 meses, Hb<115g/L >60 meses); y el estado de la vitamina A por la técnica de Citología de Impresión Conjuntival (CIC), considerando la prueba de CIC Normal=suficiencia de vitamina A y CIC Anormal=DVA. Asimismo, fueron determinadas las concentraciones séricas de las citocinas (IFN-gamma e IL-10) en pg/mL con el método de ELISA. Los datos fueron analizados con el programa estadístico SAS/STAT, los grupos fueron comparadas aplicando ANOVA (p<0,05). En nuestros resultados la prevalencia de anemia observada fue de 75,50 por ciento; DVA 50,94 por ciento y de Anemia+DVA 35,86 por ciento. Los niños anémicos con DVA mostraron valores séricos significativamente más bajos de IFN- g e IL-10 que el resto de los grupos. Esta alteración de los complejos mecanismos regulatorios del sistema inmunitario pudiera ser un elemento responsable de los trastornos en la formación de los eritrocitos
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Criança , Anemia , Interferon gama , Vitamina A , Fenômenos Fisiológicos da Nutrição , Pediatria , VenezuelaRESUMO
Studies done with human and animals have shown that the diminished vitamin A intake can produce anemia, but the ethiopathogenic mechanism hasn't been known due to the few studies about the complex interactions between micronutrients deficiencies, immune system and cytokine productions. The objective of the present study was to analyze the serum concentration of IFN-gamma and IL-10 in anemic and non anemic children according to vitamin A nutritional status. A descriptive study of 53 euthrophic children, without infectious diseases (45-77 month old; 29 girls, 24 boys), living in a slum in Maracaibo-Venezuela. Anemia was evaluated by means of blood hemoglobin concentration analysis, standard WHO criteria for anemia were Hb < 110 g/L in <60 month old children; Hb < 115 g/L in >60 month old children. Vitamin A status was assessed by Conjunctival Impression Cytology (CIC) technique, which determines Normal CIC=Control or Abnormal CIC=VAD. The serum concentration of IFN-gamma and IL-10 (pg/mL; X +/- DE), was determined by the ELISA method. Statistical significance of differences was tested by ANOVA (p < 0.05). Prevalence of anemia was 75.50%; VAD 50.94% and anemia+VAD 35.86%. The anemic children with VAD showed significant serum values of IFN-gamma e IL-10 lower than in other groups. This alteration of the complex immunoregulatory mechanism could be responsible for dysfunction eritrhoid cell formation.
Assuntos
Anemia Ferropriva/sangue , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-10/sangue , Estado Nutricional/fisiologia , Deficiência de Vitamina A/sangue , Análise de Variância , Anemia Ferropriva/epidemiologia , Antropometria , Biomarcadores/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Venezuela/epidemiologia , Vitamina A/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders (VADD) have been associated with alterations of cellular differentiation, regulatory functions of the immune system and increased children morbidity and mortality rates due to acute respiratory and intestinal infections. The aim of the present study was to determine serum concentrations of Thl-Th2 cytokines in VADD children. The sample consisted of 138 children (F=72; M=66; 4-7 y old) living in slums in Maracaibo, Venezuela, with an adequate nutrition assessed by clinics and anthropometry. Vitamin A status was assessed by the Conjunctival Impression Cytology (CIC) technique following the ICEPO methodology, which determines Normal CIC = control or Abnormal CIC = VADD. The cytokines IL-10, IL-4 and IFN-gamma (pg/mL) were analyzed by the ELISA method; and IL-2 (U/mL) by the EAISA method. The Student's t test was applied to detect differences between values (p<0.05). No one child presented clinical evidence of VADD; 71 children (51.40%) exhibited normal CIC (control), whereas 67 children (48.60%) presented abnormal CIC indicative of sub-clinical manifestation of VADD. The prevalence was higher, although non significant, in females, 5-6 y old children and amerindians (51.39%, 64.18% and 60.40%, respectively). A diminished serum concentration of IL-10 was detected in VADD children, in comparison with the control group (4.41 +/- 1.27 pg/mL vs. 6.03 +/- 3.90 pg/mL) (p<0.03). The rest of studied cytokines were not significantly different with respect to control. The IL-10 diminution in VADD children would be related to the alteration of the inflammatory response at the level of respiratory and intestinal epithelia affected by infections.
Assuntos
Citocinas/sangue , Deficiência de Vitamina A/sangue , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Interferon gama/sangue , Interleucina-10/sangue , Interleucina-2/sangue , Interleucina-4/sangue , MasculinoRESUMO
One hundred female adolescents (13-18 y) were clinical and anthropometrically studied to select only those with adequate nutrition. Most adolescents belonged to IV socio-economic stratum families (worker class). Height, weight, age, body mass index and medial arm circumference were used as anthropometric parameters. After screening, only 41 non pregnant girls (control) and 42 pregnant girls with adequate nutrition were selected to analyze plasma amino acids. Fasting peripheral venous blood was drawn, and plasma amino acids were analyzed by HPLC. Amino acid concentrations were expressed as umol/L +/- SE. SAS/STAT program was used for statistical analysis. Amino acid values of control adolescent group were found in ranges reported by other investigators, with slight variations, mostly in diminution, presumably due to nutritional, metabolic or genetic conditions of people living in tropical regions. In pregnant healthy adolescents, distributed according to gestational age: < 32 weeks (n = 30) and > 32 weeks (n = 12), a diminution of total molar plasma amino acids was found, by comparing with control values. Ten amino acids (Pro, Gly, Gln, Arg, Ser, Orn, Tau, Leu, Thr and Val) appeared significantively diminished throughout gestation, being Gly. Gln and Arg most affected since earlier weeks. During the 2nd period. Thr and Val increased their grade of affectation; whereas some amino acids values (Orn, Pro and Tau) tended to recuperate. Several of affected amino acids are gluconegoenic, thus, they could be utilized to supply the energy required by the pregnant adolescent against her double stress: the fetus development and her own development. The plasma amino acid values reported in both, healthy non pregnant and pregnant adolescents, could be taken as regional referential profile of plasma amino acids in this poblational group for further research on adolescent and fetal--maternal malnutrition.
Assuntos
Aminoácidos/sangue , Gravidez na Adolescência/sangue , Adolescente , Antropometria , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Estado Nutricional , Gravidez , VenezuelaRESUMO
PRIMARY OBJECTIVE: The anaerobic mobilization of astrocyte glycogen in anoxic-ischemic regions of the oedematous human cerebral cortex is analysed. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Seventeen cortical biopsies of patients with brain trauma, brain tumours and congenital malformations were examined by conventional transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Glycogen-rich and glycogen-depleted, clear or dense astrocytes cell bodies were observed in anoxic ischaemic regions of different brain cortical areas in perineuronal, neuropilar and perivascular localization. Glycogen-rich astrocytes showed clear or moderately dense cytoplasm and accumulation of both beta-type or monogranular glycogen granules and alpha-type or multigranular glycogen particles. Focal regions of translucent cytoplasm were observed in areas of glycogen degradation. Glycogen-depleted astrocytes exhibited a clear cytoplasm and scarce amount or absence of beta-type glycogen granules. Coexisting glycogen-rich and glycogen-depleted neuropilar astrocytic processes were observed in the vicinity of degenerated myelinated axons and degenerated axodendritic contacts. Glycogen-rich and glycogen-depleted perivascular astrocytic processes were also found surrounding injured and collapsed cerebral capillaries. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest astrocytic glycogen mobilization during anoxic and ischaemic conditions, revealing the important contribution of astrocytes on neuronal survival under conditions of energy substrate limitations.
Assuntos
Astrócitos/metabolismo , Astrócitos/ultraestrutura , Edema Encefálico , Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Neoplasias Encefálicas/complicações , Encéfalo/anormalidades , Córtex Cerebral/metabolismo , Glicogênio/metabolismo , Adolescente , Adulto , Biópsia , Encéfalo/patologia , Edema Encefálico/etiologia , Edema Encefálico/metabolismo , Edema Encefálico/patologia , Criança , Feminino , Glicogênio/deficiência , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Microscopia Eletrônica , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Confocal laser scanning microscopy of hamster cerebellar granular layer showed in montages of z-series the presence of small, medium and large granule cells. A granule cell Golgi cell ratio of 50/4 was observed surrounding glomerular regions. Field emission high resolution scanning electron microscopy of mouse cerebellar granular and molecular layers showed SE-I images of the outer and inner surfaces of nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of chromium coated granule cells and the axo-spinodendritic synapses of parallel fibers with Purkinje cell dendrites. Conventional scanning electron microscopy of teleost fish cerebellar cortex showed three dimensional morphology of granule cell soma and processes and the synaptic relationship with mossy and climbing fibers, Golgi cell axonal ramifications and dendrites of stellate neurons, by means of SE-II and SE-III signal image mode, in sagittally and transversally cryofractured cerebellar cortex. SE-II images of the non-synaptic segments and synaptic varicosities of parallel fiber outer surface were characterized in the molecular layer. Ultrathin sections of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed somato-somatic, dendro-somatic and dendro-dendritic like-desmosomal and like-hemidesmosomal junctions in human cerebellar granule cells. Freeze-etching replicas of mouse cerebellar cortex displayed granule cell intramembrane morphology, cytoplasmic fractured face and the Bergman glial cell cytoplasm completely surrounding the parallel fibers in the molecular layer. The mossy fiber-granule cell dendrite synaptic relationship was observed in sagittally and transversally cryofractured cerebellar cortex and correlated with TEM images. SE-II images of the climbing fiber synaptic connections with granule cell dendrites were obtained in teleost fish cerebellar cortex. One to one axo-dendritic synaptic contacts between Golgi cell axonal ramifications and granule cell dendrites were also seen. The above findings provide new vistas for future studies dealing with intracortical circuits and information processing in the cerebellar cortex.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Cricetinae , Camundongos , RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , Cerebelo/citologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Peixes-Gato , Técnica de Congelamento e Réplica , Técnica de Fratura por Congelamento , Microscopia Confocal , Microscopia EletrônicaRESUMO
Confocal laser scanning microscopy of hamster cerebellar granular layer showed in montages of z-series the presence of small, medium and large granule cells. A granule cell Golgi cell ratio of 50/4 was observed surrounding glomerular regions. Field emission high resolution scanning electron microscopy of mouse cerebellar granular and molecular layers showed SE-I images of the outer and inner surfaces of nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments of chromium coated granule cells and the axo-spinodendritic synapses of parallel fibers with Purkinje cell dendrites. Conventional scanning electron microscopy of teleost fish cerebellar cortex showed three dimensional morphology of granule cell soma and processes and the synaptic relationship with mossy and climbing fibers, Golgi cell axonal ramifications and dendrites of stellate neurons, by means of SE-II and SE-III signal image mode, in sagittally and transversally cryofractured cerebellar cortex. SE-II images of the non-synaptic segments and synaptic varicosities of parallel fiber outer surface were characterized in the molecular layer. Ultrathin sections of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed somato-somatic, dendro-somatic and dendro-dendritic like-desmosomal and like-hemidesmosomal junctions in human cerebellar granule cells. Freeze-etching replicas of mouse cerebellar cortex displayed granule cell intramembrane morphology, cytoplasmic fractured face and the Bergman glial cell cytoplasm completely surrounding the parallel fibers in the molecular layer. The mossy fiber-granule cell dendrite synaptic relationship was observed in sagittally and transversally cryofractured cerebellar cortex and correlated with TEM images. SE-II images of the climbing fiber synaptic connections with granule cell dendrites were obtained in teleost fish cerebellar cortex. One to one axo-dendritic synaptic contacts between Golgi cell axonal ramifications and granule cell dendrites were also seen. The above findings provide new vistas for future studies dealing with intracortical circuits and information processing in the cerebellar cortex.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Cricetinae , Camundongos , Cerebelo , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Peixes-Gato , Técnica de Congelamento e Réplica , Técnica de Fratura por Congelamento , Microscopia Confocal , Microscopia EletrônicaRESUMO
The intracortical pathways of climbing fibers were traced in several vertebrate cerebella using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were identified as fine fibers up to 1(micron thick, with a characteristic crossing-over bifurcation pattern. Climbing fiber collaterals were tridimensionally visualized forming thin climbing fiber glomeruli in the granular layer. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed three types of collateral processes at the interface between granular and Purkinje cell layers. Scanning electron microscopy showed climbing fiber retrograde collaterals in the molecular layer. Asymmetric synaptic contacts of climbing fibers with Purkinje dendritic spines and stellate neuron dendrites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Correlative microscopy allowed us to obtain the basic three-dimensional morphological features of climbing fibers in several vertebrates and to show with more accuracy a higher degree of lateral collateralization of these fibers within the cerebellar cortex. The correlative microscopy approach provides new views in the cerebellar cortex information processing.(AU)
Assuntos
Estudo Comparativo , Humanos , Animais , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Cobaias , Camundongos , RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOVT, NON-P.H.S. , Axônios/ultraestrutura , Córtex Cerebelar/ultraestrutura , Dendritos/ultraestrutura , Vias Neurais/ultraestrutura , Núcleo Olivar/ultraestrutura , Células de Purkinje/ultraestrutura , Axônios/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebelar/fisiologia , Dendritos/fisiologia , Peixes , Macaca mulatta/anatomia & histologia , Macaca mulatta/fisiologia , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Núcleo Olivar/fisiologia , Células de Purkinje/fisiologia , Truta/anatomia & histologia , Truta/fisiologiaRESUMO
The intracortical pathways of climbing fibers were traced in several vertebrate cerebella using light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. They were identified as fine fibers up to 1(micron thick, with a characteristic crossing-over bifurcation pattern. Climbing fiber collaterals were tridimensionally visualized forming thin climbing fiber glomeruli in the granular layer. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed three types of collateral processes at the interface between granular and Purkinje cell layers. Scanning electron microscopy showed climbing fiber retrograde collaterals in the molecular layer. Asymmetric synaptic contacts of climbing fibers with Purkinje dendritic spines and stellate neuron dendrites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy. Correlative microscopy allowed us to obtain the basic three-dimensional morphological features of climbing fibers in several vertebrates and to show with more accuracy a higher degree of lateral collateralization of these fibers within the cerebellar cortex. The correlative microscopy approach provides new views in the cerebellar cortex information processing.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Criança , Adolescente , Adulto , Cobaias , Camundongos , Axônios/ultraestrutura , Células de Purkinje/ultraestrutura , Córtex Cerebelar/ultraestrutura , Dendritos , Vias Neurais , Núcleo Olivar/ultraestrutura , Axônios/fisiologia , Células de Purkinje/fisiologia , Córtex Cerebelar/fisiologia , Dendritos , Peixes , Macaca mulatta , Vias Neurais , Núcleo Olivar/fisiologia , TrutaRESUMO
The cerebellar Golgi cells of mouse, teleost fish, primate and human species have been studied by means of light and Golgi light microscopic techniques, confocal laser scanning microscopy, slicing technique, ethanol-cryofracturing and freeze-fracture methods for scanning electron microscopy and ultrathin sectioning and freeze-etching replicas for transmission electron microscopy. The Golgi cells appeared in the granular layer as polygonal, stellate, round or fusiform macroneurons surrounded by the granule cell groups. They exhibited ascending dendrites toward the molecular layer and horizontal dendrites and a short beaded axonal plexus confined to the granular layer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed their three-dimensional neuronal geometry and smooth outer surfaces. Freeze-fracture method for SEM showed the stereospatial cytoplasmic arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum, cell organelles and nuclear envelope. By means of transmission electron microscopy the asymmetric synaptic connections of Golgi cell horizontal dendrites--with mossy fiber rosettes at the cerebellar glomerulus--and of Golgi cell axons--with granule cell dendrites at the periphery of glomerular region--were identified. At the molecular layer, Golgi cell ascending dendrites exhibited short neckless spines establishing asymmetric contacts with granule cell axons or parallel fibers. Shaft asymmetric axodendritic and axospinodendritic contacts between Golgi cell dendrites and climbing fibers were also found in the molecular layer.(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Cricetinae , Camundongos , RESEARCH SUPPORT, NON-U.S. GOVT , RESEARCH SUPPORT, U.S. GOVT, P.H.S. , Córtex Cerebelar/citologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Peixes-Gato , Córtex Cerebelar/ultraestrutura , Macaca mulatta , Microscopia Confocal/métodos , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/métodos , TrutaRESUMO
The cerebellar Golgi cells of mouse, teleost fish, primate and human species have been studied by means of light and Golgi light microscopic techniques, confocal laser scanning microscopy, slicing technique, ethanol-cryofracturing and freeze-fracture methods for scanning electron microscopy and ultrathin sectioning and freeze-etching replicas for transmission electron microscopy. The Golgi cells appeared in the granular layer as polygonal, stellate, round or fusiform macroneurons surrounded by the granule cell groups. They exhibited ascending dendrites toward the molecular layer and horizontal dendrites and a short beaded axonal plexus confined to the granular layer. Scanning electron microscopy revealed their three-dimensional neuronal geometry and smooth outer surfaces. Freeze-fracture method for SEM showed the stereospatial cytoplasmic arrangement of endoplasmic reticulum, cell organelles and nuclear envelope. By means of transmission electron microscopy the asymmetric synaptic connections of Golgi cell horizontal dendrites--with mossy fiber rosettes at the cerebellar glomerulus--and of Golgi cell axons--with granule cell dendrites at the periphery of glomerular region--were identified. At the molecular layer, Golgi cell ascending dendrites exhibited short neckless spines establishing asymmetric contacts with granule cell axons or parallel fibers. Shaft asymmetric axodendritic and axospinodendritic contacts between Golgi cell dendrites and climbing fibers were also found in the molecular layer.
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Feminino , Cricetinae , Camundongos , Córtex Cerebelar/citologia , Neurônios/ultraestrutura , Peixes-Gato , Córtex Cerebelar/ultraestrutura , Macaca mulatta , Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura/métodos , Microscopia Confocal , TrutaRESUMO
El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar las características nutricionales de una galleta formulada con plasma sanguíneo de bovino como fuente principal de proteína. Se preparó una mezcla con plasmas de bovino, harina de trigo, azúcar o sal, condimentos y aceite vegetal. La mezcla fue colocada en bandejas y horneada a 120 grados Celsius durante 1 hora. Al producto final se le determinó humedad, grasa, proteína, carbohidratos, contenido calórico, cenizas, hierro, aminoácidos esenciales, ácidos grasos esenciales, digestibilidad aparente, relación eficiencia proteica (PER), aceptabilidad y tolerancia. Los resultados indican que 100 g de la galleta contienen 5g de humedad, 16g de grasa, 16g de proteína, 61,4g de carbohidratos, 408,2 Kcal de energía metabolizable, 1,59g de cenizas, 1,9mg de hierro y 6,59g de aminoácidos esenciales. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados se encuentran en mayor proporción que los ácidos grasos saturados. Los resultados indican también que 100g de la galleta aportan por lo menos 20 por ciento de los requerimientos diarios de calorías, 24 por ciento de hierro y entre el 30 al 50 por ciento del requerimiento proteico diario en escolares. La digestibilidad y el PER, evaluados en ratas, fueron de 88,4 por ciento y 2,32 respectivamente. La aceptabilidad evaluada en niños fue de 97 por ciento y no se reportó intolerancia al producto en un período de seis meses de evaluación. La galleta pudiera ser incluida como complemento proteico y energético en los programas de merienda escolar.