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Objetivo: Analisar o efeito da Capacidade Intrínseca na mortalidade de 30 meses em residentes idosos de Instituição de Longa Permanência. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado de julho de 2020 a dezembro de 2022 com análise de sobrevivência de idosos residentes de ILPIs brasileiras. Na avaliação inicial (M0) foram avaliados 209 idosos residentes quanto aos dados demográficos e clínicos (doenças diagnosticadas e medicações utilizadas); capacidade intrínseca segundo ICOPE nos domínios cognição, psicológico, audição, visão, vitalidade e locomotor; capacidade funcional pelas atividades básicas de vida diária (índice de Katz) e fragilidade (escala FRAIL). Após 30 meses, foi avaliada a ocorrência de óbito. Resultados: Em M0, a média da idade dos residentes era de 82 anos (±11,21), 65,07% eram do sexo feminino, 94,26% de cor branca e 88,04% tinham multimorbidade. Apresentaram alteração em quatro ou mais domínios da capacidade intrínseca 54,07% (n = 113) dos residentes, sendo o domínio mais alterado a locomoção (82,78%). Eram totalmente dependentes para as atividades básicas de vida diária 43,54% dos idosos, e 42,58% eram frágeis. Após 30 meses de acompanhamento, 33,49% (n = 70) dos idosos evoluíram para óbito. Na análise da sobrevida para óbito, houve associação estatisticamente significativa do evento com alteração em quatro ou mais domínios da capacidade intrínseca (p = 0,044). Conclusão: a alteração de quatro ou mais domínios da capacidade intrínseca está associada com óbito em residentes de ILPI. (AU)
Objective: To analyze the impact of intrinsic capacity on 30-month mortality among older adults living in long-term care facilities (LTCFs). Methods: Prospective cohort study with survival analysis conducted from July 2020 to December 2022 among older adults living in Brazilian LTCFs. At baseline (T0), 209 older residents were evaluated for demographic profile, clinical data (diagnosed diseases and current medications), intrinsic capacity according to ICOPE (cognitive capacity, psychological capacity, hearing capacity, visual capacity, vitality, and locomotor capacity domains), functional capacity (Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living), and frailty (FRAIL scale). At 30 months, mortality in the sample was assessed. Results: At T0, the mean age of residents was 82 (SD, 11.21) years; 65.07% were female, 94.26% were white, and 88.04% had multimorbidity. Overall, 54.07% (n = 113) of residents exhibited changes in four or more domains of intrinsic capacity, with locomotor capacity being the most commonly impaired domain (82.78%); 43.54% were completely dependent for basic activities of daily living, and 42.58% were frail. At 30-month follow-up, 33.49% (n = 70) of residents had died. Survival analysis revealed a statistically significant association between death and impairment in four or more domains of intrinsic capacity (p = 0.044). Conclusion: Impairment in four or more domains of intrinsic capacity is associated with death in LTCF residents. (AU)
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Humanos , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Mortalidade , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/estatística & dados numéricos , EnvelhecimentoRESUMO
Brazil is recognized for its biodiversity and the genetic variability of its organisms. This genetic variability becomes even more valuable when it is properly documented and accessible. Understanding bacterial diversity through molecular characterization is necessary as it can improve patient treatment, reduce the length of hospital stays and the selection of resistant bacteria, and generate data for health and epidemiological surveillance. In this sense, in this study, we aimed to understand the biodiversity and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant bacteria in clinical samples recovered in the state of Rondônia, located in the Southwest Amazon region. Retrospective data from the Central Public Health Laboratories (LACEN/RO) between 2018 and 2021 were analysed using the Laboratory Environment Manager Platform (GAL). Seventy-two species with carbapenem resistance profiles were identified, of which 25 species carried at least one gene encoding carbapenemases of classes A (blaKPC-like), B (blaNDM-like, blaSPM-like or blaVIM-like) and D (blaOXA-23-like, blaOXA-24-like, blaOXA-48-like, blaOXA-58-like or blaOXA-143-like), among which we will highlight Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Serratia marcescens, and Providencia spp. With these results, we hope to contribute to the field by providing epidemiological molecular data for state surveillance on bacterial resistance and assisting in public policy decision-making.
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Biodiversidade , Carbapenêmicos , beta-Lactamases , Brasil , Humanos , Carbapenêmicos/farmacologia , beta-Lactamases/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Acinetobacter baumannii/efeitos dos fármacos , Acinetobacter baumannii/isolamento & purificação , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/efeitos dos fármacos , Bactérias/classificação , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Klebsiella pneumoniae/efeitos dos fármacos , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a fatal disease caused by the protozoa Leishmania infantum for which dogs are the main reservoirs. A vaccine against canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) could be an important tool in the control of human and CVL by reducing the infection pressure of L. infantum. Despite the CVL vaccine available on the market, the Brazilian Ministry of Health did not implement the use of it in their control programs. In this sense, there is an urgent need to develop more efficient vaccines. In this study, the association between two polymeric nanoformulations, (poly (D, L-lactic) acid (PLA) polymer) loading Leishmania amazonensis antigens, was evaluated as a potential immunobiological agent against VL using golden hamsters as an experimental model. The results indicated that no significant adverse reactions were observed in animals vaccinated with LAPSmP. LAPSmP presented similar levels of total anti-Leishmania IgG as compared to LAPSmG. The LAPSmP and LAPSmG groups showed an intense reduction in liver and spleen parasitic load by qPCR. The LAPSmP and LAPSmG vaccines showed exceptional results, indicating that they may be promising candidates as a VL vaccine.
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Mugil curema valenciennes, 1836 (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) é um peixe cosmopolita e é conhecido popularmente como parati no Sudeste e Sul do Brasil e como tainha no Nordeste, sendo encontrado em mar aberto e em estuários. Esta espécie não expressa dimorfismo sexual entre machos e fêmeas externamente. Machos e as fêmeas possuem um par de gônadas (testículos e ovários, respectivamente), as quais são alongadas, fusiformes e simétricas. Este trabalho descreve a ocorrência de hipoplasia testicular em um peixe da espécie Mugil curema, procedente da Baía da Babitonga, Santa Catarina, Brasil. Foi identificada hipoplasia testicular unilateral, a qual macroscopicamente, estava diminuído de volume e, microscopicamente, apresentava atividade espermatogênica ausente e redução do número de espermatozoides. Não foi possível determinar os fatores que possam ter contribuído para o desenvolvimento de tal alteração reprodutiva. Porém, como a espécie animal pode ter suas características de vida e reprodutiva influenciadas pela ação antrópica, é importante um estudo contínuo da vida dos peixes nesse ambiente. Existem poucos estudos direcionados à espécie, principalmente aos aspectos reprodutivos. Desta forma, este relato contribuirá para elevar o histórico de informações a respeito desta espécie na região.
Mugil curema valenciennes, 1836 (Osteichthyes: Mugilidae) is a cosmopolitan fish popularly known as parati in Southeast and South Brazil and as mullet in Northeast, being found in the open sea and estuaries. This species does not express sexual dimorphism between males and females externally. Males and females have a pair of gonads (testes and ovaries, respectively), which are elongated, fusiform, and symmetrical. This paper describes the occurrence of testicular hypoplasia in a fish of the species Mugil curema, from Babitonga Bay, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Unilateral testicular hypoplasia was identified, which macroscopically showed a decrease in testis volume and, microscopically, the absence of spermatogenic action and a reduction in the number of spermatozoa. It was not possible to determine the factors that may have contributed to the development of such reproductive alteration. However, as the living and reproductive traits of this animal species may be influenced by anthropic action, a continuous study of its life in this environment is important. There are few studies directed at this species, mainly on its reproductive aspects. Thus, this report will contribute to raising the information historic about this species in the region.
Assuntos
Animais , Reprodução , Espermatozoides/anormalidades , Testículo/anormalidades , Doenças dos PeixesRESUMO
Leishmaniasis is a widespread vector-borne disease in Brazil, with Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum as the primary etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Dogs are considered the main reservoir of this parasite, whose treatment in Brazil is restricted to the use of veterinary medicines, which do not promote a parasitological cure. Therefore, efficient vaccine development is the best approach to Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis (CVL) control. With this in mind, this study used hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) as an experimental model in an anti-Leishmania preclinical vaccine trial to evaluate the safety, antigenicity, humoral response, and effects on tissue parasite load. Two novel formulations of nanoparticles made from poly(D, L-lactic) acid (PLA) polymer loading Leishmania braziliensis crude antigen (LB) exhibiting two different particle sizes were utilized: LBPSmG (570 nm) and LBPSmP (388 nm). The results showed that the nanoparticles were safe and harmless to hamsters and were antigenic with the induction in LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmG groups of total anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies 30 days after challenge, which persists 200 days in LBSap and LBPSmP. At the same time, a less pronounced hepatosplenomegaly in LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmP was found when compared to control groups, as well as a less pronounced inflammatory infiltrate and granuloma formation in the spleen. Furthermore, significant reductions of 84%, 81%, and 90% were observed in spleen parasite burden accessed by qPCR in the LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmP groups, respectively. In this way, LBSap, LBPSmG, and LBPSmP formulations showed better results in vaccinated and L. infantum-challenged animals in further reducing parasitic load in the spleen and attenuating lesions in liver and splenic tissues. This results in safe, harmless nanoformulation vaccines with significant immunogenic and infection control potential. In addition, animals vaccinated with LBPSmP had an overall reduction in parasite burden in the spleen, indicating that a smaller nanoparticle could be more efficient in targeting antigen-presenting cells.
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Some wild species of mammals and birds are prone to excessive iron accumulation, especially when maintained in human care. Hemosiderosis is the process of intracellular accumulation of iron without evidence of toxicity, whereas hemochromatosis is characterized by severe iron accumulation with accompanying organ damage. Iron storage disease (ISD) occurs when organ damage is severe and causing clinical signs. This retrospective study investigated the occurrence of hemosiderosis and ISD across a variety of avian taxa, including captive and free-ranging birds. Archived paraffin-embedded hepatic samples from 103 birds from Belo Horizonte Zoo that died naturally in the period of 2008 to 2018 were re-evaluated with histologic and morphometric techniques, focusing on the identification and scoring of iron deposits in hepatocytes and the quantification of total affected hepatic area. The birds represented 13 orders, 22 families, and 52 genera, and 66 (64.0%) had some degree of iron accumulation in their liver. Importantly, no statistical difference was observed in the occurrence of iron accumulation between families, orders, or origin (free-ranging or captive). Direct and positive correlation was observed between the total area affected by the iron deposits and the histologic score. In this study, there were two cases with severe iron accumulation and clinical signs compatible with ISD: a barefaced curassow (Crax fasciolata) and a channel-billed toucan (Ramphastos vitellinus). This study indicates that iron accumulation may occur in a wide range of avian species, with frequencies and intensities that are similar between free-ranging birds and those in human care. It describes for the first time the occurrence of ISD in a Galliform species.
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Doenças das Aves , Hemocromatose , Hemossiderose , Animais , Animais Selvagens , Animais de Zoológico , Doenças das Aves/epidemiologia , Aves , Hemocromatose/epidemiologia , Hemocromatose/veterinária , Hemossiderose/epidemiologia , Hemossiderose/veterinária , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
Terpenes are one of the most abundant classes of secondary metabolites produced by plants and can be divided based on the number of isoprene units (C5 ) in monoterpenes (2 units-C10 ), sesquiterpenes (3 units-C15 ), diterpenes (4 units-C20 ), triterpenes (6 units-C30 ), etc. Chemically, triterpenes are classified based on their structural skeleton including lanostanes, euphanes, cycloartanes, ursanes, oleananes, lupanes, tirucallanes, cucurbitanes, dammaranes, baccharanes, friedelanes, hopanes, serratanes etc. Additionally, glycosylated (saponins) or highly oxidated/degraded (limonoids) triterpenes could be found in nature. The antiinflammatory effect and action as immunomodulators of these secondary metabolites have been demonstrated in different studies. This review reports an overview of articles published in the last 15 years (from 2006 to 2021 using PubMed and SciFinder database) describing the antiinflammatory effects of different triterpenes with their presumed mechanism of action, suggesting that triterpenes could be appointed as natural products with future pharmaceutical applicability.
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Produtos Biológicos , Saponinas , Triterpenos , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Produtos Biológicos/química , Produtos Biológicos/farmacologia , Estrutura Molecular , Plantas , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/farmacologiaRESUMO
In Brazil, carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (CRAB) is a critical pathogen showing high carbapenem resistance rates. Currently, there is little epidemiological data on A. baumannii isolated in the Northern Brazilian region. Herein, this study aimed to characterize the resistance mechanisms of CRAB isolates recovered from hospitalized patients in the state of Rondônia in 2019. Most of CRAB were considered as extensively drug-resistant, and some of them showed high MICs for minocycline. Only polymyxins showed a satisfactory activity. All isolates carried blaOXA-23 and were included in 14 distinct clusters, with the predominance of clonal group A (29%). The IC1 was the most frequent clonal group, followed by IC5 and IC4. Here, we firstly reported the epidemiological scenario of CRAB in the state of Rondônia, located in the Brazilian Amazon region. The high frequency of CRAB presenting XDR phenotype is of great concern, due to limited therapeutical options, especially in the actual pandemic scenario, in which we observed an overcrowding of ICU beds. Such results are essential to better characterize the epidemiology of CRAB in the entire Brazilian territory.
Assuntos
Infecções por Acinetobacter , Acinetobacter baumannii , Infecções por Acinetobacter/epidemiologia , Infecções por Acinetobacter/microbiologia , Acinetobacter baumannii/genética , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Carbapenêmicos , Células Clonais , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Objetivo: Analisar os desafios enfrentados pelos profissionais de enfermagem na atenção à saúde dos povos indígenas do Distrito Sanitário Especial Indígena Rio Tapajós. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo de cunho quanti-qualitativo submetido à técnica de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Identificou-se a prevalência de indivíduos do sexo feminino e com a faixa etária de 31 a 35 anos (60%). Constatou-se que 60% dos entrevistados trabalham entre 6 a 10 anos no DSEI Rio Tapajós. Discussões: Dentre as dificuldades da saúde indígena, a localização das aldeias e a barreira linguística são fatores de preocupação para os enfermeiros, assim como a alta rotatividade de profissionais e a falta de capacitações durante a formação acadêmica para atuação em contexto intercultural. Conclusão: Constatou-se que diante de todos os desafios, a Enfermagem é um componente chave na prestação de cuidados direcionados às populações indígenas. (AU)
Objective: To analyze the challenges faced by nursing professionals in health care for indigenous peoples in the Rio Tapajós Special Sanitary District. Methods: A quantitative and qualitative descriptive study submitted to content analysis technique. Results: The prevalence of females and individuals aged between 31 and 35 years (60%) was identified. It was found that 60% of respondents work between 6 to 10 years at Rio Tapajós Special Sanitary District. Among the difficulties of indigenous health, the location of the villages and the language barrier are factors of concern for nurses, as well as the high turnover of professionals and the lack of training during academic training to work in an intercultural context. Conclusion: It was found that in the face of all challenges, Nursing is a key component in the provision of care directed to indigenous populations. (AU)
Objetivo: Analizar los desafíos que enfrentan los profesionales de enfermería en el cuidado de la salud de los pueblos indígenas en el Distrito Sanitario Especial de Río Tapajós. Metodos: Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo y cualitativo presentado a la técnica de análisis de contenido. Resultados: Se identificó la prevalencia de mujeres e individuos de edades comprendidas entre 31 y 35 años (60%). Se encontró que el 60% de los encuestados trabaja entre 6 y 10 años en Distrito Sanitario Especial de Río Tapajós. Entre las dificultades de la salud indígena, la ubicación de las aldeas y la barrera del idioma son factores de preocupación para las enfermeras, así como la alta rotación de profesionales y la falta de capacitación durante la capacitación académica para trabajar en un contexto intercultural. Conclusión: Se encontró que ante todos los desafíos, la Enfermería es un componente clave en la provisión de atención dirigida a las poblaciones indígenas. (AU)
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Saúde de Populações Indígenas , Enfermagem , Atenção à Saúde , Grupos PopulacionaisRESUMO
Microorganisms living in the midgut of Anopheles mosquitoes have been studied to fight vector-borne diseases, such as malaria. Studies on the microbiota of the Neotropical Anopheles darlingi, the most important Brazilian vector for malaria, have been reported for the same purpose. Our aims were to isolate and identify culturable bacteria from An. darlingi mosquito guts through their feces and to estimate the species richness and the frequency distribution of the sampled bacteria. Sixty wild females of An. darlingi mosquitoes were captured at two rural locations, near Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil. Bacteria were isolated from mosquito feces, which were collected using cages which permit the collection of feces on LB nutrient agar plates. Sixty bacterial colonies were isolated and stored in glycerol at -80°C. Bacteria were identified by sequencing their 16S rRNA gene obtained using PCR and Sanger sequencing. To aid in species identification, MALDI-TOF, VITEK2, and BBL Crystal were used as complementary protocols. The sequences obtained from the 60 bacterial isolates were compared to sequences deposited in GenBank (NCBI) using BLAST. Homology greater than 97% between the query and the subject was used as the criteria for assigning the identity of each isolate. Fourteen species from eight different genera were identified among the 60 isolates. The most frequent species were Serratia liquefaciens (20%) and Serratia marcescens (15%). Due to their established apathogenicity and according to previous studies, we suggest Serratia and Pantoea species as suitable for paratransgenesis development to fight malaria in Brazilian Amazon.
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Anopheles/microbiologia , Bactérias , Animais , Bactérias/classificação , Bactérias/genética , Bactérias/isolamento & purificação , Agentes de Controle Biológico , Brasil , Fezes/microbiologia , Genes Bacterianos , Malária/prevenção & controle , Metagenômica , Microbiota/genética , Controle de Mosquitos , Mosquitos Vetores/microbiologia , Filogenia , RNA Ribossômico 16S/genética , Serratia/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effect of frailty on 1-year mortality in long term-care facility (LTCF) residents. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study with survival analysis of 209 participants living in 15 Brazilian LTCFs. Data on chronic diseases, age, sex, medication use, dependence in activities of daily living (ADLs; Katz index), and frailty (FRAIL scale) were collected at baseline, and death after 1 year was the outcome measure. Kaplan-Meier estimate and log-rank test were used to analyze the survival of residents. RESULTS: In the initial assessment, 65.07 of the residents were women, and the median age was 82 (interquartile range, 7188) years, with 55% being over 80 years old. Overall, 88% had 2 or more diseases, 59.81% were using 5 or more medications, 42.11% were considered frail, 34.92% pre-frail, and 22.97% robust, and 69.94% were dependent in 3 or more ADLs. During the 12-month follow-up, 19.61% of the residents (n=41) died. In the survival analysis for death, there was a statistically significant association with frailty (p=0.03) and dependence in ADLs (p=0.04). CONCLUSIONS: In this population of LTCF residents, frailty and functional dependence were associated with death.
OBJETIVOS: Investigar o efeito da fragilidade na mortalidade em 1 ano em residentes de instituições de longa permanência para idosos (ILPIs). METODOLOGIA: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com análise de sobrevivência de 209 participantes residentes em 15 ILPIs brasileiras. Dados sobre doenças crônicas, idade, sexo, uso de medicamentos, dependência nas atividades da vida diária (AVDs; índice de Katz) e fragilidade (escala FRAIL) foram coletados no início do estudo, e morte após 1 ano foi a medida de desfecho. A estimativa de Kaplan-Meier e o teste de log-rank foram usados para analisar a sobrevida dos residentes.. RESULTADOS: Na avaliação inicial, 65,07% dos residentes eram mulheres e a mediana da idade era de 82 (intervalo interquartil, 7188) anos, 55% com mais de 80 anos. Em geral, 88% tinham 2 ou mais doenças, 59,81% usavam 5 ou mais medicamentos, 42,11% foram considerados frágeis, 34,92% pré-frágeis e 22,97% robustos e 69,91% eram dependentes em 3 ou mais AVDs. No decorrer do seguimento de 12 meses, 19,61% dos residentes (n =41) evoluíram para óbito. Na análise de sobrevivência para evento morte, houve associação estatisticamente significativa com fragilidade (p=0,03) e dependência para AVDs (p=0,04). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta população de residentes de ILPIs, fragilidade e dependência funcional estiveram associadas ao óbito.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Doença Crônica/mortalidade , Mortalidade , Idoso Fragilizado/estatística & dados numéricos , Estado Funcional , Instituição de Longa Permanência para Idosos/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividades Cotidianas , Estudos Prospectivos , Estudos de CoortesRESUMO
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the parasite's main reservoir, favoring its transmission in the urban environment. The analysis of L. infantum from infected dogs contributes to the identification of more virulent parasites, thereby supporting basic and applied studies such as vaccinal and therapeutic strategies. We proposed the in vitro and in vivo characterization of L. infantum strains from naturally infected dogs from a VL endemic area based on an infectivity and pathogenicity analysis. DH82 canine macrophages were infected in vitro with different strains for infectivity analysis, showing distinct infectivity profiles. The strains that showed greater and lesser infectivity using in vitro analyses (616 and 614, respectively) were used to infect hamsters for pathogenicity analysis. The group infected with strain 616 showed 100% survival while the group infected with strain 614 showed 50% after seven months of follow up. Furthermore, the 614 strain induced more noticeable clinicopathological changes and biochemical abnormalities in liver function, along with high inflammation and parasite load in the liver and spleen. We confirmed high variability of infectivity and pathogenicity in L. infantum strains from infected dogs. The results support the belief that screening for L. infantum infectivity using in vitro experiments is inadequate when it comes to selecting the most pathogenic strain.
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Brucellosis is a relevant zoonotic disease for which the most important tool for control is vaccination of susceptible animals. Assessment of vaccine efficacy in natural hosts is based on prevention of abortion and Brucella infection in organs of immunized animals. A meta-analysis of experimental vaccination of Brucella spp. natural hosts was performed, including 45 PubMed and/or Scopus-indexed publications, representing 116 individual experiments. Difference of risk was calculated as an indicator of protection, and a temporal analysis (1980-2016) demonstrated that experimental vaccines tested on natural hosts provided levels of protection that were stable over the past decades. The meta-regression model developed in this study included different vaccine categories (attenuated, inactivated, mutant, subunit, and vectored) considering the difference of risk as the dependent variable. The subcutaneous route of vaccination provided better protection when compared to the intramuscular and oral routes of vaccination. Surprisingly, inactivated vaccines provided better protection than live naturally attenuated vaccine strains (spontaneous mutations) that were considered the reference, whereas subunit vaccines provided lower levels of protection. This is the first meta-analysis of Brucella vaccinology in the natural hosts. These results are useful for the development of new vaccination protocols for controlling animal brucellosis.(AU)
Brucelose é uma doença zoonótica relevante, para a qual a vacinação de animais susceptíveis é a ferramenta mais importante de controle. Avaliação da eficácia vacinal em hospedeiros naturais é baseada na prevenção de aborto e da colonização de órgãos pela Brucella spp. em animais imunizados. Foi realizada meta-análise de estudos de vacinação experimental de Brucella spp. em hospedeiros naturais, incluindo 45 publicações indexadas pela PubMed e/ou Scopus, representando 116 experimentos individuais. Diferença de risco foi calculada como indicador de proteção e uma análise temporal (1980-2016) demonstrou que vacinas experimentais testadas em hospedeiros naturais promoveram níveis de proteção que foram estáveis ao longo das últimas décadas. O modelo de meta-regressão desenvolvido neste estudo incluiu diferentes categorias de vacinas (atenuada, inativada, mutante, subunidade e vetorial) considerando a diferença de risco como variável dependente. A via de vacinação subcutânea promoveu melhor proteção quando comparada às vias intramuscular e oral. Surpreendentemente, vacinas inativadas promoveram melhor proteção que vacinas vivas atenuadas (com mutações espontâneas) que foram consideradas como referência, enquanto vacinas de subunidades promoveram menor proteção. Este é o primeiro estudo de meta-análise da vacinologia de Brucella em hospedeiros naturais. Estes resultados são úteis para o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos vacinais para controle de brucelose animal.(AU)
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Animais , Bovinos , Brucelose/prevenção & controle , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Brucella , Vacinologia , ImunidadeRESUMO
Brucellosis is a relevant zoonotic disease for which the most important tool for control is vaccination of susceptible animals. Assessment of vaccine efficacy in natural hosts is based on prevention of abortion and Brucella infection in organs of immunized animals. A meta-analysis of experimental vaccination of Brucella spp. natural hosts was performed, including 45 PubMed and/or Scopus-indexed publications, representing 116 individual experiments. Difference of risk was calculated as an indicator of protection, and a temporal analysis (1980-2016) demonstrated that experimental vaccines tested on natural hosts provided levels of protection that were stable over the past decades. The meta-regression model developed in this study included different vaccine categories (attenuated, inactivated, mutant, subunit, and vectored) considering the difference of risk as the dependent variable. The subcutaneous route of vaccination provided better protection when compared to the intramuscular and oral routes of vaccination. Surprisingly, inactivated vaccines provided better protection than live naturally attenuated vaccine strains (spontaneous mutations) that were considered the reference, whereas subunit vaccines provided lower levels of protection. This is the first meta-analysis of Brucella vaccinology in the natural hosts. These results are useful for the development of new vaccination protocols for controlling animal brucellosis.(AU)
Brucelose é uma doença zoonótica relevante, para a qual a vacinação de animais susceptíveis é a ferramenta mais importante de controle. Avaliação da eficácia vacinal em hospedeiros naturais é baseada na prevenção de aborto e da colonização de órgãos pela Brucella spp. em animais imunizados. Foi realizada meta-análise de estudos de vacinação experimental de Brucella spp. em hospedeiros naturais, incluindo 45 publicações indexadas pela PubMed e/ou Scopus, representando 116 experimentos individuais. Diferença de risco foi calculada como indicador de proteção e uma análise temporal (1980-2016) demonstrou que vacinas experimentais testadas em hospedeiros naturais promoveram níveis de proteção que foram estáveis ao longo das últimas décadas. O modelo de meta-regressão desenvolvido neste estudo incluiu diferentes categorias de vacinas (atenuada, inativada, mutante, subunidade e vetorial) considerando a diferença de risco como variável dependente. A via de vacinação subcutânea promoveu melhor proteção quando comparada às vias intramuscular e oral. Surpreendentemente, vacinas inativadas promoveram melhor proteção que vacinas vivas atenuadas (com mutações espontâneas) que foram consideradas como referência, enquanto vacinas de subunidades promoveram menor proteção. Este é o primeiro estudo de meta-análise da vacinologia de Brucella em hospedeiros naturais. Estes resultados são úteis para o desenvolvimento de novos protocolos vacinais para controle de brucelose animal.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Brucelose/prevenção & controle , Imunogenicidade da Vacina , Brucella , Vacinologia , ImunidadeRESUMO
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vaccination is the most important tool for controlling brucellosis, but currently there is no vaccine available for canine brucellosis, which is a zoonotic disease of worldwide distribution caused by Brucella canis. This study aimed to evaluate protection and immune response induced by Brucella ovis ΔabcBA (BoΔabcBA) encapsulated with alginate against the challenge with Brucella canis in mice and to assess the safety of this strain for dogs. METHODS: Intracellular growth of the vaccine strain BoΔabcBA was assessed in canine and ovine macrophages. Protection induced by BoΔabcBA against virulent Brucella canis was evaluated in the mouse model. Safety of the vaccine strain BoΔabcBA was assessed in experimentally inoculated dogs. RESULTS: Wild type B. ovis and B. canis had similar internalization and intracellular multiplication profiles in both canine and ovine macrophages. The BoΔabcBA strain had an attenuated phenotype in both canine and ovine macrophages. Immunization of BALB/c mice with alginate-encapsulated BoΔabcBA (108 CFU) induced lymphocyte proliferation, production of IL-10 and IFN-γ, and protected against experimental challenge with B. canis. Dogs immunized with alginate-encapsulated BoΔabcBA (109 CFU) seroconverted, and had no hematologic, biochemical or clinical changes. Furthermore, BoΔabcBA was not detected by isolation or PCR performed using blood, semen, urine samples or vaginal swabs at any time point over the course of this study. BoΔabcBA was isolated from lymph nodes near to the site of inoculation in two dogs at 22 weeks post immunization. CONCLUSION: Encapsulated BoΔabcBA protected mice against experimental B. canis infection, and it is safe for dogs. Therefore, B. ovis ΔabcBA has potential as a vaccine candidate for canine brucellosis prevention.
Assuntos
Transportadores de Cassetes de Ligação de ATP/genética , Vacina contra Brucelose/imunologia , Brucella ovis/genética , Brucelose/prevenção & controle , Doenças do Cão/prevenção & controle , Alginatos/química , Animais , Formação de Anticorpos , Brucella canis/patogenicidade , Brucella ovis/imunologia , Brucella ovis/isolamento & purificação , Brucelose/microbiologia , Brucelose/patologia , Doenças do Cão/microbiologia , Doenças do Cão/patologia , Cães , Feminino , Imunização , Fígado/microbiologia , Fígado/fisiologia , Linfócitos/citologia , Linfócitos/imunologia , Linfócitos/metabolismo , Macrófagos/citologia , Macrófagos/imunologia , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Mutação , OvinosRESUMO
Labdane diterpenes and their derivatives have shown remarkable biological activities and are useful as chiral building blocks for the synthesis of a variety of bioactive compounds. There is great interest in developing biocatalyst technology to achieve regio- and stereoselective hydroxylation of unactivated C-H bonds in complex natural products, since the functionalization of unactivated C-H bonds generally requires hard reaction conditions and highly reactive oxidizing agents, which are limited regarding the control of regio- and stereoselectivity. Filamentous fungi are efficient biocatalysts capable of catalyzing a wide variety of hydroxylation reactions, and the use of whole cell biocatalysts provides advantages regarding cofactor regeneration and is much less expensive. Therefore, the goal of this study was to select biocatalysts to develop biotransformation processes that can be scalable under mild reaction conditions for hydroxylation of a labdane diterpene, 3ß-acetoxy-copalic acid, which contains the trans-decalin moiety and a side chain dienic system appropriate for the preparation of a variety of compounds. Biotransformation processes were carried out and five filamentous fungi were selected as capable of producing hydroxylated diterpenes at positions C-3, C-6, C-7 and C-18 of the trans-decalin moiety and C-13 of the side chain dienic system. Hydroxylation reactions occurred with regio- and stereoselectivity by using some fungi that produced only the 6α, 7α and 13α-hydroxyl derivatives. The chemical structures of the hydroxylated diterpenes were determined from spectrometric and spectroscopic data, and the relative stereochemistry of stereogenic centers was established from coupling constants, by NOE-diff experiments and/or by computational calculations.
Assuntos
Biocatálise , Diterpenos/metabolismo , Fungos/metabolismo , HidroxilaçãoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of Plathymenia reticulata hydroalcoholic extract and related changes in body weight, lipid profile and the pancreas. METHODS: Diabetes was induced in 75 adult male Wistar rats via oral gavage of 65mg/Kg of streptozotocin. Rats were allocated to one of 8 groups, as follows: diabetic and control rats treated with water, diabetic and control rats treated with 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of plant extract, and diabetic and control rats treated with glyburide. Treatment consisted of oral gavage for 30 days. Blood glucose levels and body weight were measured weekly. Animals were sacrificed and lipid profile and pancreatic tissue samples analyzed. Statistical analysis consisted of ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey-Kramer, paired Student's t and χ2 tests; the level of significance was set at 5%. RESULTS: Extract gavage at 100mg/kg led to a decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats in the second, third (198.71±65.27 versus 428.00±15.25) and fourth weeks (253.29±47.37 versus 443.22±42.72), body weight loss (13.22±5.70 versus 109.60±9.95) and lower cholesterol levels (58.75±3.13 versus 80.11±4.01) in control rats. Extract gavage at 200mg/Kg led to a decrease in glucose levels on the fourth week in diabetic rats, body weight loss in the second, third and fourth weeks in control rats, and lower cholesterol levels in diabetic and control rats. Islet hyperplasia (p=0.005) and pancreatic duct dilation (p=0.047) were observed in diabetic and control rats. CONCLUSION: Plathymenia extract reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, and body weight in control rats, and promoted pancreatic islet hyperplasia in diabetic and control rats.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Fabaceae , Hiperplasia , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Animais , Glicemia/análise , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hiperplasia/patologia , Masculino , Fitoterapia , Folhas de Planta , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , EstreptozocinaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of Plathymenia reticulata hydroalcoholic extract and related changes in body weight, lipid profile and the pancreas. Methods: Diabetes was induced in 75 adult male Wistar rats via oral gavage of 65mg/Kg of streptozotocin. Rats were allocated to one of 8 groups, as follows: diabetic and control rats treated with water, diabetic and control rats treated with 100mg/kg or 200mg/kg of plant extract, and diabetic and control rats treated with glyburide. Treatment consisted of oral gavage for 30 days. Blood glucose levels and body weight were measured weekly. Animals were sacrificed and lipid profile and pancreatic tissue samples analyzed. Statistical analysis consisted of ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey-Kramer, paired Student's t and χ2 tests; the level of significance was set at 5%. Results: Extract gavage at 100mg/kg led to a decrease in blood glucose levels in diabetic rats in the second, third (198.71±65.27 versus 428.00±15.25) and fourth weeks (253.29±47.37 versus 443.22±42.72), body weight loss (13.22±5.70 versus 109.60±9.95) and lower cholesterol levels (58.75±3.13 versus 80.11±4.01) in control rats. Extract gavage at 200mg/Kg led to a decrease in glucose levels on the fourth week in diabetic rats, body weight loss in the second, third and fourth weeks in control rats, and lower cholesterol levels in diabetic and control rats. Islet hyperplasia (p=0.005) and pancreatic duct dilation (p=0.047) were observed in diabetic and control rats. Conclusion: Plathymenia extract reduced blood glucose levels in diabetic rats, and body weight in control rats, and promoted pancreatic islet hyperplasia in diabetic and control rats.
RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito anti-hiperglicêmico do extrato hidroalcoólico de Plathymenia reticulata, alterações no peso, lipídeos e efeito sobre o pâncreas. Métodos: O diabetes foi induzido pela administração de estreptozotocina 65mg/kg, em 75 ratos Wistar adultos machos, divididos em 8 grupos diferentes: ratos diabéticos e controle + água, ratos diabéticos e controle + 100mg/kg ou 200mg/kg de extrato, ratos diabéticos e controle + gliburida. O tratamento foi realizado por gavagem (oral) por 30 dias. Níveis de glicose e peso foram verificados semanalmente. Os animais foram sacrificados, e amostras de lipídeos e do pâncreas foram analisadas. A análise estatística incluiu ANOVA, post-hoc Tukey-Kramer, teste t de Student pareado e teste do χ2, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: O extrato 100mg/kg promoveu redução nos níveis de glicose sanguínea em ratos diabéticos na segunda, terceira (198,71±65,27 versus 428,00±15,25) e quarta semanas (253,29±47,37 versus 443,22±42,72), perda de peso (13,22±5,70 versus 109,60±9,95) e diminuição do colesterol (58,75±3,13 versus 80,11±4,01) em ratos controle. Com extrato de 200mg/kg, houve redução dos níveis de glicose na quarta semana, nos ratos diabéticos; de peso na segunda, terceira e quarta semanas, nos ratos controle; e de colesterol nos animais diabéticos e controle. Ocorreram hiperplasia de ilhotas (p=0,005) e dilatação dos ductos pancreáticos (p=0,047) em ratos diabéticos e controles. Conclusão: O extrato de Plathymenia reduziu os níveis de glicose em ratos diabéticos e de peso em ratos controle, além de ter promovido hiperplasia de ilhotas pancreáticas em diabéticos e controles.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamento farmacológico , Hipoglicemiantes/farmacologia , Fabaceae , Glicemia/análise , Peso Corporal/efeitos dos fármacos , Colesterol , Ratos Wistar , Estreptozocina , Folhas de Planta , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/induzido quimicamente , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Hiperplasia/patologia , FitoterapiaRESUMO
This study aimed to evaluate the hematological profile, hepatic function, and histopathology of mixed-sex broilers fed rations supplemented with microencapsulated essential oils from Cymbopogon flexuosus (lemon grass) and Lippia rotundifolia (chá-de-pedestre). One hundred and fifty Cobb chicks were housed in cages from 1 to 42 days of age in a completely randomized design, with six replicates with five chickens in each of five treatments (150 total chicks): basal diet without antibiotic growth promoter (negative control), diet with enramicina and salinomycin (positive control), diet with lemon grass essential oil, diet with L. rotundifolia essential oil, and diet with a mixture of lemon grass and L. rotundifolia essential oils. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were significantly lower in untreated broilers (negative control group). Gender was not associated with erythrogram values, but aspartate aminotransferase activity (AST) was higher in females. Gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) was higher in chicks in the group that received rations with lemon grass oil. Broilers that received L. rotundifolia oil developed more hepatic lesions, although no effect of sex was observed related to the lesion score. Biliary hyperplasia and fibroplasias were observed in all groups, with higher histopathology scores in broilers that received diets containing L. rotundifolia oil. Mixed-sex broilers fed rations supplemented with lemon grass and L. rotundifolia essential oils have normal complete blood counts and unspecific hepatic lesions and are characterized by lipidosis, hyperplasia of the bile ducts, and fibroplasia.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Óleos Voláteis/efeitos adversos , Galinhas/fisiologia , Ração Animal/análise , Fenômenos Fisiológicos Sanguíneos , Testes de Função Hepática/veterináriaRESUMO
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common oral neoplasm in domestic cats, but there are only a few reports in wild felids. A captive 10-years-old, female Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica), with history of chronic renal disease and serologically positive for Leishmania sp. developed a lytic mandibular nodule that was histologically diagnosed as SCC. At necropsy was also observed an exocrine pancreatic carcinoma, which was considered an incidental finding, and a chronic lympho-plasmocytic interstitial nephritis associated with a membranous glomerulopathy, compatible with the chronic renal disease presented by the animal. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of an invasive and non-metastatic mandibular SCC in a Siberian tiger.(AU)