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An intense effort has been focused on new therapeutic approaches and the development of technologies for more efficient and rapid wound healing. The research for plants used for long time in traditional medicine in the treatment of wound has become a promising strategy to obtain drugs therapeutically useful in the acute and chronic wound management. In this context, Centella asiatica (Apiaceae) has been used to treat a variety of skin diseases, such as leprosy, lupus, varicose ulcers, eczema and psoriasis, in Asiatic traditional medicine for thousands of years. Studies have shown that Centella asiatica extracts (CAE) display activity in tissue regeneration, cell migration and wound repair process by promoting fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Preliminary findings have shown that the asiatic acid is one of the main active constituents of C. asiatica, directly associated with its healing activity. Thus, this study discusses aspects of the effects of Centella asiatica and its active component, asiatic acid, in different stages of the healing process of cutaneous wounds, including phytochemical and antimicrobial aspects that contribute to its therapeutic potential.

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Absorption and accumulation of bioavailable cyanobacterial metabolites (including cyanotoxins) are likely in fish after senescence and the rupturing of cells during bloom episodes. We determined the toxicity of cyanopeptides identified from two strains of Microcystis (M. panniformis MIRS-04 and M. aeruginosa NPDC-01) in a freshwater tropical fish, Astyanax altiparanae (yellowtail tetra, lambari). Aqueous extracts of both Microcystis strains were prepared in order to simulate realistic fish exposure to these substances in a freshwater environment. Both strains were selected because previous assays evidenced the presence of microcystins (MCs) in MIRS-04 and lack of cyanotoxins in NPDC-01. Identification of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites was performed by LC-HR-QTOF-MS and quantification of the MC-LR was carried out by LC-QqQ-MS/MS. MIRS-04 produces the MCs MC-LR, MC-LY and MC-HilR as well as micropeptins B, 973, 959 and k139. NPCD-01 biosynthetizes microginins FR1, FR2/FR4 and SD-755, but does not produce MCs. Larval fish survival and changes in morphology were assessed for 96 h exposure to aqueous extracts of both strains at environmentally relevant concentrations from 0.1 to 0.5 mg (dry weight)/mL, corresponding to 0.15 to 0.74 µg/mL of MC-LR (considering dried amounts of MIRS-04 for comparison). Fish mortality increased with concentration and time of exposure for both strains of Microcystis. The frequencies of morphological abnormalities increased with concentration in both strains, and included abdominal and pericardial oedema, and spinal curvature. Results demonstrate that toxicity was not solely caused by MCs, other classes of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites contributed to the observed toxicity.

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SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe the effect of temperature on the fertilization, early developmental stages, and survival rate of two Neotropical catfishes Pimelodus maculatus and Pseudopimelodus mangurus. After fertilization, the eggs were incubated at 22°C, 26°C, and 30°C, which resulted in fertilization rates of 96.95 ± 1.79%, 98.74 ± 0.76%, and 98.44 ± 0.19% for P. maculatus and 96.10 ± 1.58%, 98.00 ± 0.63%, and 94.60 ± 2.09% for P. mangurus, respectively. For P. maculatus, hatching occurred after 22 h 30 min post-fertilization at 22°C, 16 h 30 min at 26°C, and 11 h 20 min at 30°C, and the hatching rates were 43.87 ± 7,46%, 57.57 ± 17.49%, and 53.63 ± 16.27%, respectively. For P. mangurus, hatching occurred after 28 h 30 min post-fertilization at 22°C and 17 h 30 min at 26°C with respective hatching rates of 45.4 ± 21.02% and 68.1 ± 12.67%. For this species, all embryos incubated at 30°C died before hatching. Additionally, for P. maculatus, the larvae from the lower (22°C) and higher temperatures (30°C) presented increased abnormality rates, as observed in the head, tail and yolk regions. The lowest abnormality rate was detected at 26°C, which was considered the optimal incubation temperature for both species. The developed protocol enables the manipulation of embryonic development, which is important for the application of reproductive biotechniques, including chimerism and chromosome-set manipulation. The data obtained here are also important for the surrogate propagation of this species as P. mangurus was recently categorized as an endangered fish species.

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The cobia, Rachycentron canadum, a species of marine fish, has been increasingly used in aquaculture worldwide. It is the only member of the family Rachycentridae (Perciformes) showing wide geographic distribution and phylogenetic patterns still not fully understood. In this study, the species was cytogenetically analyzed by different methodologies, including Ag-NOR and chromomycin A(3) (CMA(3))/DAPI staining, C-banding, early replication banding (RGB), and in situ fluorescent hybridization with probes for 18S and 5S ribosomal genes and for telomeric sequences (TTAGGG)(n). The results obtained allow a detailed chromosomal characterization of the Atlantic population. The chromosome diversification found in the karyotype of the cobia is apparently related to pericentric inversions, the main mechanism associated to the karyotypic evolution of Perciformes. The differential heterochromatin replication patterns found were in part associated to functional genes. Despite maintaining conservative chromosomal characteristics in relation to the basal pattern established for Perciformes, some chromosome pairs in the analyzed population exhibit markers that may be important for cytotaxonomic, population, and biodiversity studies as well as for monitoring the species in question.

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RESUMO

The objective of this work was to associate the energy digestible level of the diet to ovary development in post larval stage. Twenty-four female fish were used with weight and average initial length of 0.33 ± 0.11 g and 2.94 ± 0.39 cm, respectively. There were four treatments: 2600, 2700, 2800, and 2900 kcal of DE/kg of ration. Digestible energy levels influenced the final weight up to the estimated level of 2757.142kcal/kg. However, there was no significant effect for total length, gonad weight, and gonadossomatic index in females. The level of digestible energy did not provide better initial development of the ovary. This information may guide new experiments, to improve the conditions of cultivation, to value the activity on the economic sense as well as increase the number of fingerlings for aquaculture.

Objetivou-se associar o nível de energia digestível da dieta com o desenvolvimento ovariano em estagio pós-larval. Foram usadas 24 fêmeas com peso e comprimento médio inicial de 0,33 ± 0,11g e 2,94 ± 0,39cm, respectivamente. Foram realizados 4 tratamentos: 2600; 2700; 2800 e 2900kcal de ED/Kg de ração. No presente estudo, o nível de energia digestível influenciou no peso final até o nível estimado de 2757,142kcal/kg. Entretanto, não apresentou efeito significativo para comprimento total, peso da gônada e índice gonadossomático das fêmeas. O nível de energia digestível não proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento inicial do ovário. Essas informações poderão nortear novos experimentos, melhorar as condições de cultivo, valorizar a atividade no sentido econômico, assim como aumentar o número de alevinos destinados à aquicultura.

RESUMO

The objective of this work was to associate the energy digestible level of the diet to ovary development in post larval stage. Twenty-four female fish were used with weight and average initial length of 0.33 ± 0.11 g and 2.94 ± 0.39 cm, respectively. There were four treatments: 2600, 2700, 2800, and 2900 kcal of DE/kg of ration. Digestible energy levels influenced the final weight up to the estimated level of 2757.142kcal/kg. However, there was no significant effect for total length, gonad weight, and gonadossomatic index in females. The level of digestible energy did not provide better initial development of the ovary. This information may guide new experiments, to improve the conditions of cultivation, to value the activity on the economic sense as well as increase the number of fingerlings for aquaculture.

Objetivou-se associar o nível de energia digestível da dieta com o desenvolvimento ovariano em estagio pós-larval. Foram usadas 24 fêmeas com peso e comprimento médio inicial de 0,33 ± 0,11g e 2,94 ± 0,39cm, respectivamente. Foram realizados 4 tratamentos: 2600; 2700; 2800 e 2900kcal de ED/Kg de ração. No presente estudo, o nível de energia digestível influenciou no peso final até o nível estimado de 2757,142kcal/kg. Entretanto, não apresentou efeito significativo para comprimento total, peso da gônada e índice gonadossomático das fêmeas. O nível de energia digestível não proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento inicial do ovário. Essas informações poderão nortear novos experimentos, melhorar as condições de cultivo, valorizar a atividade no sentido econômico, assim como aumentar o número de alevinos destinados à aquicultura.

RESUMO

A incubação dos ovos de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) sob condições controladas proporciona inúmeras vantagens aos produtores, visto que é possível incrementar a taxa de sobrevivência das larvas e permite a padronização em idade e tamanho. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a eficácia de incubadoras de pequeno volume construídas a partir de garrafas PET de 2 L. Ovos oriundos de 16 fêmeas adultas de tilápia do Nilo (linhagem Chitralada) foram coletados durante a incubação oral, e distribuídos em 12 incubadoras nas seguintes densidades: T1-250, T2-500, T3-1.000 e T4-1500 ovos por incubadora, mantidos sob renovação constante de água (2,736 L/h; 25 ± 0,5ºC; >68% saturação de oxigênio). As taxas de eclosão obtidas foram de 85,33 ± 5,82%;70,33 ± 7,03%; 53,4 ± 5.92%; 27,84 ± 2,21% para o T1, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente, resultando em uma tendência linear (Y = 95,208 – 0,0443X; R2 = 94,83; P<0,05). Os respectivos números de larvas resultantes foram de 213 ± 15; 352 ± 35; 534 ± 59 e 418 ± 33, apresentand o comportamento quadrático descrito pela equação Y = -27,685 +1,047X–0,0004983X2 (R2 = 91,84%, P<0,05). De acordo com esta equação, sob a densidade de 1.050 ovos o número de larvas foi maximizado (522), apesar da taxa de eclosão ter sido maximizada nos tratamentos com menor densidade.

The incubation of tilapia eggs under controlled conditions provides several advantages for hatchery managers since it enables increased survival rates and standardization of size and age. The present study evaluates the efficacy of small-volume incubators made from 2-liter PET bottles. Eggs from 16 adult females of Nile tilapia (Chitralada strain) were collected during oral incubation and divided into twelve incubators at the following densities: T1-250, T2-500, T3-1000 and T4-1500 eggs per incubator, maintained at a constant water flow rate (2,736L/h; 25 ± 0.5ºC; >68% oxygen saturation). The hatching rates were 85.33 ± 5.82%; 70.33 ± 7.03%; 53.4 ± 5.92% and 27.84 ± 2.21% for treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, resulting in a linear trend (Y = 95.208 – 0.0443X; R2 = 94.85; P<0.05). The respective numbers of fry were 213 ±15; 352±35; 534±59 and 418±33, resulting in the regression Y = -27.685 + 1.047X – 0.000498X2 (R2 = 91.84%, P<0.05). According to this regression, the number of fry was maximized (522) at a density of 1050 eggs, despite the fact that the hatching rates were maximized in the treatments at lower densities.

Assuntos

RESUMO

A incubação dos ovos de tilápias (Oreochromis niloticus) sob condições controladas proporciona inúmeras vantagens aos produtores, visto que é possível incrementar a taxa de sobrevivência das larvas e permite a padronização em idade e tamanho. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho avaliar a eficácia de incubadoras de pequeno volume construídas a partir de garrafas PET de 2 L. Ovos oriundos de 16 fêmeas adultas de tilápia do Nilo (linhagem Chitralada) foram coletados durante a incubação oral, e distribuídos em 12 incubadoras nas seguintes densidades: T1-250, T2-500, T3-1.000 e T4-1500 ovos por incubadora, mantidos sob renovação constante de água (2,736 L/h; 25 ± 0,5ºC; >68% saturação de oxigênio). As taxas de eclosão obtidas foram de 85,33 ± 5,82%;70,33 ± 7,03%; 53,4 ± 5.92%; 27,84 ± 2,21% para o T1, T2, T3 e T4, respectivamente, resultando em uma tendência linear (Y = 95,208 0,0443X; R2 = 94,83; P<0,05). Os respectivos números de larvas resultantes foram de 213 ± 15; 352 ± 35; 534 ± 59 e 418 ± 33, apresentand o comportamento quadrático descrito pela equação Y = -27,685 +1,047X–0,0004983X2 (R2 = 91,84%, P<0,05). De acordo com esta equação, sob a densidade de 1.050 ovos o número de larvas foi maximizado (522), apesar da taxa de eclosão ter sido maximizada nos tratamentos com menor densidade.(AU)

The incubation of tilapia eggs under controlled conditions provides several advantages for hatchery managers since it enables increased survival rates and standardization of size and age. The present study evaluates the efficacy of small-volume incubators made from 2-liter PET bottles. Eggs from 16 adult females of Nile tilapia (Chitralada strain) were collected during oral incubation and divided into twelve incubators at the following densities: T1-250, T2-500, T3-1000 and T4-1500 eggs per incubator, maintained at a constant water flow rate (2,736L/h; 25 ± 0.5ºC; >68% oxygen saturation). The hatching rates were 85.33 ± 5.82%; 70.33 ± 7.03%; 53.4 ± 5.92% and 27.84 ± 2.21% for treatments T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively, resulting in a linear trend (Y = 95.208 0.0443X; R2 = 94.85; P<0.05). The respective numbers of fry were 213 ±15; 352±35; 534±59 and 418±33, resulting in the regression Y = -27.685 + 1.047X 0.000498X2 (R2 = 91.84%, P<0.05). According to this regression, the number of fry was maximized (522) at a density of 1050 eggs, despite the fact that the hatching rates were maximized in the treatments at lower densities.(AU)

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