RESUMO
Despite being among the largest turtles that ever lived, the biology and systematics of Stupendemys geographicus remain largely unknown because of scant, fragmentary finds. We describe exceptional specimens and new localities of S. geographicus from the Miocene of Venezuela and Colombia. We document the largest shell reported for any extant or extinct turtle, with a carapace length of 2.40 m and estimated mass of 1.145 kg, almost 100 times the size of its closest living relative, the Amazon river turtle Peltocephalus dumerilianus, and twice that of the largest extant turtle, the marine leatherback Dermochelys coriacea. The new specimens greatly increase knowledge of the biology and evolution of this iconic species. Our findings suggest the existence of a single giant turtle species across the northern Neotropics, but with two shell morphotypes, suggestive of sexual dimorphism. Bite marks and punctured bones indicate interactions with large caimans that also inhabited the northern Neotropics.
Assuntos
Evolução Biológica , Extinção Biológica , Paleontologia , Tartarugas/anatomia & histologia , Exoesqueleto/anatomia & histologia , Animais , Tamanho Corporal , Peso Corporal , Osso e Ossos/anatomia & histologia , Clima , Dieta , Feminino , Geografia , Fenômenos Geológicos , Masculino , Filogenia , Fatores de Tempo , VenezuelaRESUMO
Se presenta caso de preescolar masculino de 5 años con antecedente de hepatoesplenomegalia desde el año de vida, quien consultó con clínica de hematuria, se realizó ecografía abdominal con hallazgos: de imágenes hipoecoicas difusas en el parénquima hepático, dificultad para valorar el sistema porta, esplenomegalia. Eco Doppler del sistema venoso portal presencia de anomalía vascular portal, no se observo porta principal, se realizó Angiotac multicorte del sistema arterial venoso portal y mesenterico que confirmo Agenesia de la vena Porta. Se diagnóstico malformación de Abernethy tipo I. Las malformaciones del sistema venoso abdominal son alteraciones vasculares raras. El primer acontecimiento de la ausencia congénita de la vena porta viene dado por un shunt cava mesenterico, los shunts portocava (SPC), son malformaciones infrecuentes descritas por Abernethy en 1973, se clasifican en dos grupos según la presencia tipo (II) o ausencia de la vena porta tipo (I). La malformación de Abernethy tipo I usualmente se relaciona a otras anomalías congénitas tales como: defectos cardiacos, atresia de vías biliares y poliesplenia, más frecuentes en el sexo femenino; en varones puede no encontrarse anomalías congénitas asociadas.
A case report of male preschool 5 years old with a history of hepatosplenomegaly since life, who consulted with clinical hematuria, abdominal ultrasonography was performed with fi ndings: hypoechoic image in the liver parenchyma diffuse, diffi cult to assess the portal system, splenomegaly. Echo Doppler of the portal venous system, presence of portal vascular anomaly, there was no main portal was ANGIOTAC multislice system portal and mesenteric venous blood confirmed that agenesis of the portal vein. Abernethy malformation is diagnosed type I Malformations of the abdominal venous system are rare vascular abnormalities. The first event of the congenital absence of the portal vein is given by a mesenteric caval shunt, shunts the Portocava (SPC) are rare malformations described by Abernethy in 1973, are classified into two groups according to the present type (II) or absence of portal vein type(I). The Abernethy malformation type I is usually associated with other abnormalities such as heart defects, atresia of bile ducts and poliesplenia more frequent in females, males May be associated congenital anomalies.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Criança , Hepatopatias/diagnóstico , Hepatopatias , Malformações Vasculares/diagnóstico , Malformações Vasculares , Ultrassonografia Doppler , Técnicas de Diagnóstico do Sistema Digestório , Gastroenteropatias , Circulação HepáticaRESUMO
Determinar la incidencia de duplicaciones del Tubo Digestivo en niños, en un período de 10 años. Estudio descriptivo, transversal, retrospectivo. Revisión de historias clínicas y biopsias en el Hospital de Niños JM de Los Ríos, desde 1998 a 2008. Variables: edad, sexo, presentación clínica, órgano duplicado, estudio diagnóstico y tratamiento. Se reportarón 11 pacientes con quistes de duplicación, 28% eran recién nacidos, 73% del sexo femenino. Predominó el dolor abdominal como síntoma de presentación en 28%. Se realizó diagnóstico prenatal en 18%. El órgano duplicado predominante fue intestino delgado 55%. Se realizó ecografía abdominal a 7 pacientes y de éstos en un 71% se diagnosticó duplicación intestinal antes de la cirugía. Se realizó exploración a cielo abierto en todos los casos y en 82% se realizó resección total del quiste. Las duplicaciones del tubo digestivo son poco frecuentes. El diagnóstico prenatal permite corregir el defecto en edades tempranas y disminuir su morbilidad. La ecografía es un método útil para el diagnóstico. La resección total de la duplicación es el tratamiento ideal...
Determining the incidence of duplications of digestive tube in children, during a 10-year term. Retrospective cross-sectioned descriptive study. Review of clinical records and biopsies in Hospital de Niños JM de Los Ríos, between 1998 and 2008. Variables: age, sex, clinical presentation, duplicated organ, study, diagnosis, and treatment. 11 patients were reported with duplication cysts: 28% was just-born, 73% was female. Abdominal pain prevailed as the presentation symptom in 28% of cases. Prenatal diagnosis was performed in 18% of cases. Small intestine was the prevailing duplicated organ: 55% of cases. Abdominal echography was performed in 7 patients, and out of which 71% was diagnosed with intestine duplication before surgery. Open sky exploration was carried out in all cases and total resection of cyst was performed in 82% of all cases. Duplications of the digestive tube uncommon. Prenatal diagnosis allows for correcting such defect in early age, thus reducing morbidity. Echography is a diagnosis helpful method. The ideal treatment for duplication is total resection...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Anormalidades do Sistema Digestório/diagnóstico , Anormalidades do Sistema Digestório/prevenção & controle , Dor Abdominal/patologia , Duplicação Gênica , Cistos/patologia , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/embriologia , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/lesões , Trato Gastrointestinal/lesões , Gastroenterologia , Neonatologia , PediatriaRESUMO
Se presenta caso de preescolar masculino de 5 años con antecedente de hepatoesplenomegalia desde el año de vida, quien consultó con clínica de hematuria, se realizó ecografía abdominal con hallazgos: de imágenes hipoecoicas difusas en el parénquima hepático, dificultad para valorar el sistema porta, esplenomegalia. Eco Doppler del sistema venoso portal presencia de anomalía vascular portal, no se observo porta principal, se realizó Angiotac multicorte del sistema arterial venoso portal y mesenterico que confirmo Agenesia de la vena Porta. Se diagnóstico malformación de Abernethy tipo I. Las malformaciones del sistema venoso abdominal son alteraciones vasculares raras. El primer acontecimiento de la ausencia congénita de la vena porta viene dado por un shunt cava mesenterico, los shunts portocava (SPC), son malformaciones infrecuentes descritas por Abernethy en 1973, se clasifican en dos grupos según la presencia tipo (II) o ausencia de la vena porta tipo (I). La malformación de Abernethy tipo I usualmente se relaciona a otras anomalías congénitas tales como: defectos cardiacos, atresia de vías biliares y poliesplenia, más frecuentes en el sexo femenino; en varones puede no encontrarse anomalías congénitas asociadas...
A 5-year old preschool male case is presented, with antecedent hepatosplenomegaly since one year old, who attended clinic consult with haematuria; abdominal echography was performed with the following findings: diffuse hypoecoic images on liver parenchyma, difficulties to assess the portal system, splenomegaly. Echo-Doppler of portal vein system evidenced the presence of portal vascular abnormality, no main portal vein was observed. A Multislice CT Angiography of the mesenteric and portal arterial-venous system was performed, which confirmed portal vein agenesis. Type-I Abernethy Malformation was diagnosed. The abdominal venous systems malformations are rare vascular disturbances. The first event expressed by the portal vein congenital absence is evidenced by a caval-mesenteric shunt. Porta-Caval Shunt (PC-Shunts) are uncommon malformations described by Abernethy in 1973 that are classified into two groups as per the presence -Type II- or the absence -Type I- of portal vein. Type-I Abernethy Malformation is usually connected with other congenital abnormalities such as: heart defects, biliary tract atresia, and polysplenia, which are more frequent in females. Associated congenital abnormalities could not be found in males...
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Pré-Escolar , Anormalidades Congênitas/diagnóstico , Esplenomegalia/diagnóstico , Esplenomegalia/patologia , Hematúria/patologia , Ultrassonografia Doppler/métodos , Veia Porta/lesões , Gastroenterologia , PediatriaRESUMO
An object-oriented modelling framework for the arterial wall is presented. The novelty of the framework is the possibility to generate customizable artery models, taking advantage of imaging technology. In our knowledge, this is the first object-oriented modelling framework for the arterial wall. Existing models do not allow close structural mapping with arterial microstructure as in the object-oriented framework. In the implemented model, passive behaviour of the arterial wall was considered and the tunica adventitia was the objective system. As verification, a model of an arterial segment was generated. In order to simulate its deformation, a matrix structural mechanics simulator was implemented. Two simulations were conducted, one for an axial loading test and other for a pressure-volume test. Each simulation began with a sensitivity analysis in order to determinate the best parameter combination and to compare the results with analogue controls. In both cases, the simulated results closely reproduced qualitatively and quantitatively the analogue control plots.
Assuntos
Artérias/anatomia & histologia , Artérias/fisiologia , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Algoritmos , Fenômenos Biomecânicos , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Modelos AnatômicosRESUMO
To evaluate a perfluorocarbon based oxygen carrier (Oxyfluor), a porcine model of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) was implemented. Swine (30 kg) were subjected to 2 h of normothermic CPB using Oxyfluor (OF group, n = 8) or Ringer's lactate (RL group, n = 13) as the prime. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) was kept at 50 mm Hg, flow rate at 80 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1), and PaCO2 at 35 mm Hg. Hemodynamic, hematologic, fluid balance, and blood gasimetry variables were measured. Total body oxygen delivery (DO2), consumption (VO2), and the fractional contribution to delivery (FCD) and to consumption (FCC) of the red blood cells (RBC), PFC, and plasma phases were calculated. Mixed venous PO2 (PvO2) was significantly higher at 30 min and 1 h on CPB in the OF group than in the RL group. FCCRBC was significantly lower at 30 min, 1 h, and 90 min on CPB in the OF group than in the RL group. PvjO2, Ca-vO2, Ca-vj O2, and VO2 were slightly higher in the OF group than in the RL group. Tissue fluid accumulation was not alleviated with Oxyfluor, and tissue and brain acidosis were significantly increased in the OF group. This study presented evidence that Oxyfluor improved tissue oxygenation and total body oxygen consumption during experimental CPB. In addition, Oxyfluor reduced FCCRBC, increasing oxygen transport reserve of the RBC phase, which can be useful to reduce hypoxic events during CPB. Further research should be conducted to optimize PFC-OCs for use in CPB and to reduce secondary effects.
Assuntos
Ponte Cardiopulmonar , Fluorocarbonos/farmacologia , Consumo de Oxigênio , Oxigênio/sangue , Animais , Transporte Biológico , Dióxido de Carbono/sangue , Hematócrito , Hemodinâmica , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , SuínosRESUMO
Scarce availability and risk of transmission of infections and diseases (HIV, hepatitis B, Chagas' disease) limit the use and benefits of homologous blood transfusions for surgical purposes. Recent trials of perfluorocarbon-based hemosubstitutes (PFC-HSs) in experimental cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) have demonstrated their ability to improve brain oxygenation, as compared with conventional crystalloid priming solutions. The objective of the project described here is to test different formulations of PFC-HSs and optimize their formulation and dosage for use in CPB. The project includes: (1) study the feasibility of implementing a laboratory for small scale production of PFC-HSs; (2) evaluate the efficacy of use of PFC-HSs in an animal model of CPB; and (3) evaluate the safety of use of PFC-HSs in an animal model of hemorrhagic shock. Several in-house PFC-HSs and outside PFC-HSs are being evaluated. The current state of the project is: (1) the feasibility study has been completed and several PFCs, emulsifiers and surfactants are being tested; (2) and (3) the animal models have been implemented are being used to test in-house and outside PFC-HSs as priming solutions in CPB and reinfusion fluids in hemorrhagic shock respectively. Some preliminary results are presented.
Assuntos
Substitutos Sanguíneos , Fluorocarbonos , Oxigênio/sangue , Choque Hemorrágico/terapia , Animais , Estudos de Avaliação como Assunto , Estudos de Viabilidade , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , SuínosRESUMO
The authors review the penile ultrasound records of 47 patients referred from the Urology Service with a diagnosis of Erectile Dysfunction. The pear systolic and and diastolic pressures were measured every 5 minutes for 30 minutes after the intracavernous injection of 60 mg of Papaverine, as well as the diameter of the cavernous arteries before and after the injection which was made using a 25 gauge needle. A tourniquet was applied at the base of the penis while injecting and was kept in place for 2 minutes after the injection was completed. The results were normal in 16 (34.04%) and abnormal in 31 (65.95%) patients. Of these, 27 (87.1%) had an abnormal vascular response and in 4 (12.9%) it was of an undetermined type. The abnormal vascular response was due to arterial insufficiency in 12 (44%) and to venous insufficiency in 15 (56%). The authors also found that the diameter of the cavernous arteries increased 15% to 120% (-/+ = 68%) in the patients with normal studies, 17% to 100% (-/+ = 58.1%) in those with arterial insufficiency and 23% to 89% (-/+ = 52.3%) in those with signs of venous insufficiency
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Impotência Vasculogênica , Ultrassonografia Doppler Dupla , Pênis/irrigação sanguíneaRESUMO
The authors review the penile ultrasound records of 47 patients referred from the Urology Service with a diagnosis of Erectile Dysfunction. The pear systolic and and diastolic pressures were measured every 5 minutes for 30 minutes after the intracavernous injection of 60 mg of Papaverine, as well as the diameter of the cavernous arteries before and after the injection which was made using a 25 gauge needle. A tourniquet was applied at the base of the penis while injecting and was kept in place for 2 minutes after the injection was completed. The results were normal in 16 (34.04%) and abnormal in 31 (65.95%) patients. Of these, 27 (87.1%) had an abnormal vascular response and in 4 (12.9%) it was of an undetermined type. The abnormal vascular response was due to arterial insufficiency in 12 (44%) and to venous insufficiency in 15 (56%). The authors also found that the diameter of the cavernous arteries increased 15% to 120% (-/+ = 68%) in the patients with normal studies, 17% to 100% (-/+ = 58.1%) in those with arterial insufficiency and 23% to 89% (-/+ = 52.3%) in those with signs of venous insufficiency.
Assuntos
Impotência Vasculogênica/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto , Idoso , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pênis/irrigação sanguínea , Ultrassonografia Doppler DuplaRESUMO
The two first homozygous (or double heterozygous) cases of pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency found in a Costa Rica family with no signs of consanguinity are reported. The clinical manifestations of the deficiency were present in both cases, these being enhanced in one of them by pregnancy. The family study performed showed the heterozygous character of the PK deficiency in all cases, plus the demonstration in two instances (father and brother) of a heterozygous haemoglobin C disease. The importance of the PK/HK quotient in the identification of the PK deficiency heterozygous is stressed, especially when the enzyme activity registered from haemolysates falls within the normal range.
Assuntos
Anemia Hemolítica Congênita não Esferocítica/genética , Anemia Hemolítica Congênita/genética , Doença da Hemoglobina C/genética , Piruvato Quinase/deficiência , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Piruvatos/genética , Adulto , Anemia Hemolítica Congênita não Esferocítica/complicações , Anemia Hemolítica Congênita não Esferocítica/enzimologia , Costa Rica , Feminino , Doença da Hemoglobina C/complicações , Heterozigoto , Humanos , Masculino , Gravidez , Complicações Hematológicas na Gravidez , Piruvato Quinase/genética , Erros Inatos do Metabolismo dos Piruvatos/complicaçõesRESUMO
Se revisaron las biopsias con metaplasia maligna de 724 pacientes, las cuales fueron efectuadas en el Complejo Hospitalario Metropolitano de la Caja de Seguro Social entre los años de 1975 y 1984. Se agruparon las metástasis según la ubicación de la biopsia, el sitio de localización del primario y el diagnóstico histopatológico. Solamente en 134 casos no fue posible establecer la localización del foco primario maligno. Los sitios con mayor incidencia de metástasis fueron el ganglio linfático, el hueso, el peritoneo y el hígado. Predominaron las neoplasias derivadas del tejido epitelial sobre las del tejido mesenquimatoso; y entre ellas, en orden de frecuencia decreciente, el adenocarcinoma, el carcinoma escamoso y el melanoma
Assuntos
Metástase Neoplásica/patologia , BiópsiaAssuntos
Doença de Chagas/epidemiologia , Habitação , Insetos Vetores , Triatoma/parasitologia , Triatominae/parasitologia , Trypanosoma cruzi , Animais , Gatos , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Chile , Cães , Cabras , Humanos , Coelhos , Saúde da População Rural , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologiaAssuntos
Humanos , Animais , Cães , Doença de Chagas , Habitação , Triatoma , Trypanosoma cruzi , ChileAssuntos
Animais Domésticos/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/veterinária , Animais , Gatos , Chile , Cães , Cabras , Testes de Hemaglutinação , Coelhos , OvinosRESUMO
En una nina mestiza costarricense de 3 anos de edad, con anemia hipocromica refractaria al tratamiento con hierro, de padre nicaraguense con rasgos orientaloides, y madre costarricense (Guanacaste), con abuelo paterno fenotipicamente asiatico, se logro demostrar la presencia de HbH en su hemolizado, y de cuerpos de inclusion eritrociticos de dicha Hb. Los analisis practicados a la familia ponen en evidencia a una madre portadora de alfa-tal, a un padre como posible portador del gene silencioso del trastorno, a una hermana con hemoglobinograma normal y a otro hermano con la misma condicion doble heterocigota de la propositus (enfermedad por HbH)