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INTRODUCTION: Subtotal Parathyroidectomy (S-PTx) and total Parathyroidectomy with immediate Autograft (PTx-AG) are well-established techniques for the treatment of refractory Secondary Hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), with comparable improvements in patients' quality of life and survival. However, the long-term costs after these operations may impact the choice of surgical technique. The objective of the study is to analyze the impact of surgical treatment on medication costs and whether there is any difference between medication use after each procedure, considering impacts on the health system. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Prospective and randomized study in patients with severe SHPT undergoing S-PTx and PTx-AG. Analysis of prescribed medication costs in the month before the postoperative period at 1-, 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18 months. Costs were estimated according to government payment system values. The medications of 65 patients after PTx-AG were compared with those of 24 patients after S-PTx. A comparison of the total costs of the period between 38 men and 51 women was also made. RESULTS: There were 89 evaluable cases. Surgery reduced medication costs after 12 months. The median of total drug costs in the analyzed period was R$ 8,375.00 per patient. There was no difference in costs per patient in the S-PTx group compared to the PTx-AG group. The median total costs were R$ 11,063.0 for men and R$ 7,651.0 for women (p = 0.0078). CONCLUSIONS: The type of parathyroidectomy did not impact costs after surgery. In the first year after surgery, the use of calcium and calcitriol was more significant than the use of other medications. In the following months, the use of sevelamer is responsible for the highest costs. Men have higher costs in outpatient follow-up after surgery.

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INTRODUCTION: Management of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) is a challenging endeavor with several factors contruibuting to treatment failure. Calcimimetic therapy has revolutionized the management of SHPT, leading to changes in indications and appropriate timing of parathyroidectomy (PTX) around the world. METHODS: We compared response rates to clinical vs. surgical approaches to SHPT in patients on maintenance dialysis (CKD 5D) and in kidney transplant patients (Ktx). A retrospective analysis of the one-year follow-up findings was carried out. CKD 5D patients were divided into 3 groups according to treatment strategy: parathyroidectomy, clinical management without cinacalcet (named standard - STD) and with cinacalcet (STD + CIN). Ktx patients were divided into 3 groups: PTX, CIN (cinacalcet use), and observation (OBS). RESULTS: In CKD 5D we found a significant parathormone (PTH) decrease in all groups. Despite all groups had a higher PTH at baseline, we identified a more pronounced reduction in the PTX group. Regarding severe SHPT, the difference among groups was evidently wider: 31%, 14% and 80% of STD, STD + CIN, and PTX groups reached adequate PTH levels, respectively (p<0.0001). Concerning the Ktx population, although the difference was not so impressive, a higher rate of success in the PTX group was also observed. CONCLUSION: PTX still seems to be the best treatment choice for SHPT, especially in patients with prolonged diseases in unresourceful scenarios.

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Background: Parathyroid carcinoma (PC) is a rare and challenging disease without clearly understood prognostic factors. Adequate management can improve outcomes. Characteristics of patients treated for PC over time and factors affecting prognosis were analyzed. Methods: Retrospective cohort study including surgically treated patients for PC between 2000 and 2021. If malignancy was suspected, free-margin resection was performed. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, surgical, pathological, and follow-up characteristics were assessed. Results: Seventeen patients were included. Mean tumor size was 32.5 mm, with 64.7% staged as pT1/pT2. None had lymph node involvement at admission, and 2 had distant metastases. Parathyroidectomy with ipsilateral thyroidectomy was performed in 82.2%. Mean postoperative calcium levels were different between patients who developed recurrence vs those who did not (P = .03). Six patients (40%) had no recurrence during follow-up, 2 (13.3%) only regional, 3 (20%) only distant, and 4 (26.6%) both regional and distant. At 5 and 10 years, 79% and 56% of patients were alive, respectively. Median disease-free survival was 70 months. Neither Tumor, Nodule, Metastasis system nor largest tumor dimension (P = .29 and P = .74, respectively) were predictive of death. En bloc resection was not superior to other surgical modalities (P = .97). Time between initial treatment and development of recurrence negatively impacted overall survival rate at 36 months (P = .01). Conclusion: Patients with PC can survive for decades and have indolent disease course. Free margins seem to be the most important factor in initial surgery. Recurrence was common (60%), but patients with disease recurrence within 36 months of initial surgery had a lower survival rate.

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Background: Potential influences of parathyroidectomy (PTx) on the quality of life (QoL) in multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-related primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT/MEN1) are unknown. Method: Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire was prospectively applied to 30 HPT/MEN1 patients submitted to PTx (20, subtotal; 10, total with autograft) before, 6 and 12 months after surgery. Parameters that were analyzed included QoL, age, HPT-related symptoms, general pain, comorbidities, biochemical/hormonal response, PTx type and parathyroid volume. Results: Asymptomatic patients were younger (30 vs 38 years; P = 0.04) and presented higher QoL scores than symptomatic ones: Physical Component Summary score (PCS) 92.5 vs 61.2, P = 0.0051; Mental Component Summary score (MCS) 82.0 vs 56.0, P = 0.04. In both groups, QoL remained stable 1 year after PTx, independently of the number of comorbidities. Preoperative general pain was negatively correlated with PCS (r = -0.60, P = 0.0004) and MCS (r = -0.57, P = 0.0009). Also, moderate/intense pain was progressively (6/12 months) more frequent in cases developing hypoparathyroidism. The PTx type and hypoparathyroidism did not affect the QoL at 12 months although remnant parathyroid tissue volume did have a positive correlation (P = 0.0490; r = 0.3625) to PCS 12 months after surgery. Patients with one to two comorbidities had as pre-PTx PCS (P = 0.0015) as 12 months and post-PTx PCS (P = 0.0031) and MCS (P = 0.0365) better than patients with three to four comorbidities. Conclusion: A variable QoL profile was underscored in HPT/MEN1 reflecting multiple factors associated with this complex disorder as comorbidities, advanced age at PTx and presence of preoperative symptoms or of general pain perception. Our data encourage the early indication of PTx in HPT/MEN1 by providing known metabolic benefits to target organs and avoiding potential negative impact on QoL.

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BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to determine whether PTH spikes in renal hyperparathyroidism can interfere with the interpretation of intraoperative PTH monitoring and to determine its frequency and characteristics. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of consecutive patients who underwent surgical treatment in a single tertiary institution. Patients were divided into two groups: spike and no spike. Patients with secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism were analyzed separately. Intraoperative PTH monitoring by venous serial samples: two samples were taken before the excision of the parathyroid gland, and two others were taken after resection. RESULTS: PTH spikes occurred in 23.5% (53 of 226), and their occurrence was similar between secondary and tertiary hyperparathyroidism patients (p = 0.074). The relative PTH spike intensity was higher in transplanted patients than in dialysis patients (55 vs. 20%, p = 0.029). A characteristic of the secondary hyperparathyroidism patients was the highest frequency of surgical failure (23 vs. 7.5%, p = 0.016) and the higher occurrence of supernumerary glands in the spike group (23 vs. 10.3%, p = 0.035). Supernumerary parathyroid was associated with surgical failure [19.1 (6.5-55.7) odds ratio [confidence interval], p < 0.001). In the studies evaluating the diagnostic test validity for patients on dialysis and experiencing spikes, the most significant impacts were in the sensitivity, accuracy, and negative predictive value of the method. CONCLUSIONS: PTH spikes occurred in up to 23.5% of renal hyperparathyroidism surgical treatments and can negatively influence the intraoperative parathyroid hormone monitoring. Regarding the phenomenon of PTH spikes, it is prudent to think about the possibility of a hyperplastic supernumerary gland.

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OBJECTIVE: The parathormone level after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients are of interest. Low levels may require cryopreserved tissue implantation; however, the resection is necessary in case of recurrence. We analyzed post parathyroidectomy parathormone levels in renal hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: Prospective observation of postoperative parathormone levels over defined periods in a cohort of dialysis patients that underwent total parathyroidectomy and immediate forearm autograft from 2008 to 2010, at a single tertiary care hospital. RESULTS: Of 33 patients, parathormone levels until 36 months could be divided into four patterns. Patients with stable function (Pattern 1) show relatively constant levels after two months (67% of the cases). Early function and later failure (Pattern 2) were an initial function with marked parathormone reduction before one year (18%). Graft recurrence (Pattern 3) showed a progressive increase of parathormone in four cases (12%). Complete graft failure (Pattern 4) was a nonfunctioning implant at any period, which was observed in one patient (3%). Parathormone levels of Pattern 3 became statistically different of Pattern 1 at 36 months. CONCLUSIONS: Patients that underwent the total parathyroidectomy and autograft present four different graft function patterns with a possible varied therapeutic management.

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INTRODUCTION: Some authors advise in favor of delayed sampling of intraoperative parathormone testing (ioPTH) during parathyroidectomy in dialysis and kidney-transplanted patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the intensity and the role of delayed sampling in the interpretation of ioPTH during parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients (2HPT) and successful kidney-transplanted patients (3HPT) compared to those in single parathyroid adenoma patients (1HPT). METHODS: This was a retrospective study of ioPTH profiles in patients with 1HPT, 2HPT, and 3HPT operated on in a single institution. Samples were taken at baseline ioPTH (sampling at the beginning of the operation), ioPTH-10 min (10 minutes after excision of the parathyroid glands), and ioPTH-15 min (15 minutes after excision of the parathyroid glands). The values were compared to baseline. RESULTS: Median percentage values of ioPTH compared to baseline (100%) were as follows: 1HPT, ioPTH-10 min = 20% and ioPTH-15 min = 16%; 2HPT, ioPTH-10 min = 14% and ioPTH-15 min = 12%; 3HPT, ioPTH-10 min = 18% and ioPTH-15 min = 15%. DISCUSSION: The reduction was equally effective at 10 minutes in all groups. In successful cases, ioPTH decreases satisfactorily 10 minutes after parathyroid glands excision in dialysis and transplanted patients, despite significant differences in kidney function. The postponed sampling of ioPTH appears to be unnecessary.

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BACKGROUND: In kidney transplant patients, parathyroidectomy is associated with an acute decrease in renal function. Acute and chronic effects of parathyroidectomy on renal function have not been extensively studied in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 494 patients undergoing parathyroidectomy for PHPT. Acute renal changes were evaluated daily until day 4 post-parathyroidectomy and were stratified according to acute kidney injury (AKI) criteria. Biochemical assessment included serum creatinine, total and ionized calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD). The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the CKD-EPI equation. We compared preoperative and postoperative renal function up to 5 years of follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 391 (79.1%) patients were female, and 422 (85.4%) were non-African American. The median age was 58 years old. The median (first and third quartiles) preoperative serum creatinine, PTH and total calcium levels were 0.81 mg/dL (0.68-1.01), 154.5 pg/mL (106-238.5), and 10.9 mg/dL (10.3-11.5), respectively. The median (first and third quartiles) preoperative eGFR was 86 mL/min/1.73 m2 (65-101.3). After surgery, the median acute decrease in the eGFR was 21 mL/min/1.73 m2 (p<0.0001). Acutely, 41.1% of patients developed stage 1 AKI, 5.9% developed stage 2 AKI, and 1.8% developed stage 3 AKI. The acute eGFR decrease (%) was correlated with age and PTH, calcium and preoperative creatinine levels in univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis showed that the acute change was related to age and preoperative values of ionized calcium, phosphorus and creatinine. The change at 12 months was related to sex, preoperative creatinine and 25OHD. Permanent reduction in the eGFR occurred in 60.7% of patients after an acute episode. CONCLUSION: There was significant acute impairment in renal function after parathyroidectomy for PHPT, and almost half of the patients met the criteria for AKI. Significant eGFR recovery was observed during the first month after surgery, but a small permanent reduction may occur. Patients treated for PHPT seemed to present with prominent renal dysfunction compared to patients who underwent thyroidectomy.

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Introduction: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a genetic syndrome manifested initially as primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT/MEN 1). The treatment is classically surgical with total parathyroidectomy with autograft or subtotal parathyroidectomy. In order to maintain normal postoperative function, less than subtotal parathyroidectomy (LTSPTx) has been suggested as an alternative technique. Objective: Analyse critically LTSPTx as a treatment option for patients with HPT/MEN 1. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of patients submitted to LTSPTx from january 2011 to december 2018. Data from demographics, laboratory tests, 6 months postoperative clinical outcomes, intraoperative PTH values and localization studies were analized. Results: LTSPTx was performed non-intentionally in 13 patients and intentionally in 13 other cases; 17 females and 9 males. The mean age was 44 years, but in patients with identified mutation it was 37 years. Seventeen patients (65.4%) had normal parathyroid function, 5 (19.2%) had hypoparathyroidism, in all of them LTSPTx was performed non intentionally. Four patients (15.4%) had persistence, all submitted intentionally to LTSPTx. The mean intraoperative PTH drop was 85.5% (±10.4%), without difference intergroup. A patient with persistence had PTH intraoperative drop > 80%, which also occurred in another patient with postoperative hypoparathyroidism. No persistence was found in patients with concordant image exams, what happened in three cases with non-concordant studies. Conclusion: LTSPTx may be intentionally performed as treatment for HPT/MEN 1, however social aspects, technical expertise, image exams and patient expectations must be taken into account.

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Background: The surgical treatment of primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) has evolved due the concern of permanent hypoparathyroidism. As the diagnosis has increased, the extent of operation has decreased. Most MEN1 patients requiring parathyroidectomy are younger than 50 years and they pose a difficult balance to achieve between persistent HPT and life-long hypoparathyroidism. The aim of the present study is to review our experience with a large series of patients with MEN1-related HPT (HPT/MEN1) treated at a single institution in order to find clues to a better treatment decision in these younger cases. Method: Retrospective analysis of consecutive HPT/MEN1 cases treated at a single institution with different operations: total parathyroidectomy and immediate forearm autograft (TPTX-AG), subtotal (STPTX), unintentional less than subtotal (U-LSTPTX) and intentional less than subtotal parathyroidectomy (I-LSTPTX). Results: Considering 84 initial cases operated on since 2011 (TPTX-AG, 39; STPTX, 22, U-LSTPTX, 13, and I-LSTPTX, 10), the rates of hypoparathyroidism were 30.8% (U-LSTPTX), 28.2% (TPTX-AG), 13.6% (STPTX), and 0% (I-LSTPTX). Two-thirds of them (68%; 57/84) were young (<50 years) or asdolescents. MIBI scan was more sensitive to show parathyroid glands and bilateral disease. Considering the concordance of MIBI and ultrasound for the possibility of unilateral clearance, it would be suitable to 22.6% of the cases. Intra-operative parathormone showed a significant decay even after unilateral exploration, but longer follow up is necessary. Overall, there were seven (4%) adolescents in 161 cases treated from 1987 to 2018, three underwent TPTX-AG and four had U-LSTPTX. Five are euparathyroid, one had mild recurrence, and one required a reoperation after 8 years due to the residual gland. Conclusions: Young patients are the most frequent candidates to parathyroidectomy. Less extensive procedures may be planned only if carefully reviewed preoperative imaging studies suggest a localized disease. Patients and their relatives should be fully informed of the risks and benefits during consent process. Future research with larger cohorts and long-term results are necessary to clarify if less than I-LSPTX or unilateral clearance are really adequate in selected groups of patients with HPT/MEN1 presenting lower volume of disease detected by preoperative imaging studies.

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Abstract Introduction: There is possibility of a supernumerary hyperplastic parathyroid gland in dialysis patients after total parathyroidectomy and autograft in dialysis patients. Objective: To test if the early postoperative measure of parathyroid hormone (PTH) can identify persistent hyperparathyroidism. Methods: A prospective cohort of dialysis patients submitted to parathyroidectomy had PTH measured up to one week after operation. The absolute value and the relative decrease were analyzed according to clinical outcome of satisfactory control of secondary hyperparathyroidism or persistence. Results: Of 51 cases, preoperative PTH varied from 425 to 6,964 pg/mL (median 2,103 pg/mL). Postoperatively, PTH was undetectable in 28 cases (54.9%). In eight individuals (15.7%) the PTH was lower than 16 pg/mL, in 10 (19.6%) the PTH values were between 16 and 87pg/mL, and in five (9.8%), PTH was higher than 87 pg/mL. Undetectable PTH was more common in patients with preoperative PTH below the median (p = 0.0002). There was a significant correlation between preoperative PTH and early postoperative PTH (Spearman R = 0.42, p = 0.002). A relative decrease superior to 95% was associated to satisfactory clinical outcome. A relative decrease less than 80% was associated to persistent disease, despite initial postoperative hypocalcemia. Conclusion: Measurement of PTH in the first days after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients may suggest good clinical outcome if a decrease of at least 95% of the preoperative value is observed. Less than 80% PTH decrease is highly suggestive of residual hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue with persistent hyperparathyroidism, and an early reintervention may be considered.

Resumo Introdução: Em pacientes renais crônicos dialíticos submetidos à paratireoidectomia total com autoenxerto, existe a possibilidade de uma glândula paratireoide hiperplásica residual. Objetivo: Verificar se a medida pós-operatória precoce do hormônio da paratireoide (PTH) após paratireoidectomia total com autoenxerto é útil para indicar uma glândula paratireoide residual ou supranumerária hiperplásica em pacientes dialíticos. Método: Em uma coorte prospectiva de pacientes em diálise submetidos a paratireoidectomia foi medido o PTH até uma semana após à operação. O valor absoluto e o decréscimo relativo foram analisados de acordo como desfecho clínico de controle satisfatório do hiperparatireoidismo ou persistência. Resultados: Em 51 casos, o PTH preoperatório variou entre 425 e 6.964pg/mL (mediana 2.103pg/mL). No pós-operatório, o PTH foi indetectável em 28 casos (54,9%). Em 8 indivíduos (15,7%), o PTH foi menor que 16pg/mL, em 10 (19,6%) os valores de PTH values estiveram entre 16 e 87pg/mL e em 5 (9.8%), o PTH foi superior a 87pg/mL. O PTH indetectável foi mais comum em pacientes com valor de PTH pré-operatório abaixo da mediana do PTH dos casos (p = 0,0002). Houve correlação significativa entre o PTH pré-operatório e o PTH pós-operatório precoce (Spearman R = 0,42, p = 0,002). Um decréscimo relativo superior a 95% associou-se a desfecho clínico satisfatório. O decréscimo relativo inferior a 80% associou-se à doença persistente, apesar de hipocalcemia inicial. Conclusões: A dosagem do PTH nos primeiros dias após à paratireoidectomia em pacientes dialíticos pode sugerir bom desfecho clínico quando há um decréscimo de pelo menos 95% em relação ao valor pré-operatório. O decréscimo inferior a 80% é indicativo de tecido paratireóideo residual com persistência do hiperparatireoidismo e uma reintervenção precoce pode ser considerada.

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INTRODUCTION: There is possibility of a supernumerary hyperplastic parathyroid gland in dialysis patients after total parathyroidectomy and autograft in dialysis patients. OBJECTIVE: To test if the early postoperative measure of parathyroid hormone (PTH) can identify persistent hyperparathyroidism. METHODS: A prospective cohort of dialysis patients submitted to parathyroidectomy had PTH measured up to one week after operation. The absolute value and the relative decrease were analyzed according to clinical outcome of satisfactory control of secondary hyperparathyroidism or persistence. RESULTS: Of 51 cases, preoperative PTH varied from 425 to 6,964 pg/mL (median 2,103 pg/mL). Postoperatively, PTH was undetectable in 28 cases (54.9%). In eight individuals (15.7%) the PTH was lower than 16 pg/mL, in 10 (19.6%) the PTH values were between 16 and 87pg/mL, and in five (9.8%), PTH was higher than 87 pg/mL. Undetectable PTH was more common in patients with preoperative PTH below the median (p = 0.0002). There was a significant correlation between preoperative PTH and early postoperative PTH (Spearman R = 0.42, p = 0.002). A relative decrease superior to 95% was associated to satisfactory clinical outcome. A relative decrease less than 80% was associated to persistent disease, despite initial postoperative hypocalcemia. CONCLUSION: Measurement of PTH in the first days after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients may suggest good clinical outcome if a decrease of at least 95% of the preoperative value is observed. Less than 80% PTH decrease is highly suggestive of residual hyperfunctioning parathyroid tissue with persistent hyperparathyroidism, and an early reintervention may be considered.

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OBJECTIVE:: to analyze the frequency of hypoparathyroidism and of its recurrence after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients according to different existing classifications. METHODS:: we conducted a retrospective study of 107 consecutive dialysis patients undergoing total parathyroidectomy with immediate autograft in a tertiary hospital from 2006 to 2010. We studied the changes in PTH levels in the postoperative period over time. Were grouped patients according to different PTH levels targets recommended according to the dosage method and by the American and Japanese Nephrology Societies, and by an International Experts Consortium. RESULTS:: after parathyroidectomy, there was sustained reduction in serum calcium and phosphatemia. The median value of PTH decreased from 1904pg/ml to 55pg/ml in 12 months. Depending on the considered target level, the proportion of patients below the target ranged between 17% and 87%. On the other hand, the proportion of patients with levels above the target ranged from 3% to 37%. CONCLUSION:: the application of different recommendations for PTH levels after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients may lead to incorrect classifications of hypoparathyroidism or recurrent hyperparathyroidism and resultin discordant therapeutic conducts. OBJETIVO:: analisar as frequências de hipoparatireoidismo e de recidiva do hiperparatireoidismo após paratireoidectomia em pacientes dialíticos de acordo com diferentes classificações existentes. MÉTODOS:: estudo retrospectivo de 107 pacientes dialíticos consecutivamente submetidos à paratireoidectomia total com autoenxerto imediato em um hospital terciário no período de 2006 a 2010. A variação dos níveis de PTH no pós-operatório foi estudada ao longo do tempo. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com diferentes metas de níveis de PTH recomendados de acordo com o método de dosagem e pelas sociedades de nefrologia americana, japonesa e de um consórcio internacional de especialistas. RESULTADOS:: após a paratireoidectomia, houve redução sustentada da calcemia e fosfatemia. O valor mediano do PTH reduziu-se de 1904pg/ml para 55pg/ml, em 12 meses. Dependendo do nível alvo considerado, a proporção de pacientes abaixo da meta variou entre 17% e 87%. Ao contrário, a proporção de pacientes com níveis acima da meta variou de 3% a 37%. CONCLUSÃO:: O emprego de diferentes recomendações de níveis de PTH em pacientes dialíticos após paratireoidectomia pode levar a classificações incorretas de hipoparatireoidismo ou hiperparatireoidismo recidivado e implicar em condutas terapêuticas discordantes.

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ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the frequency of hypoparathyroidism and of its recurrence after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients according to different existing classifications. Methods: we conducted a retrospective study of 107 consecutive dialysis patients undergoing total parathyroidectomy with immediate autograft in a tertiary hospital from 2006 to 2010. We studied the changes in PTH levels in the postoperative period over time. Were grouped patients according to different PTH levels targets recommended according to the dosage method and by the American and Japanese Nephrology Societies, and by an International Experts Consortium. Results: after parathyroidectomy, there was sustained reduction in serum calcium and phosphatemia. The median value of PTH decreased from 1904pg/ml to 55pg/ml in 12 months. Depending on the considered target level, the proportion of patients below the target ranged between 17% and 87%. On the other hand, the proportion of patients with levels above the target ranged from 3% to 37%. Conclusion: the application of different recommendations for PTH levels after parathyroidectomy in dialysis patients may lead to incorrect classifications of hypoparathyroidism or recurrent hyperparathyroidism and resultin discordant therapeutic conducts.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar as frequências de hipoparatireoidismo e de recidiva do hiperparatireoidismo após paratireoidectomia em pacientes dialíticos de acordo com diferentes classificações existentes. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo de 107 pacientes dialíticos consecutivamente submetidos à paratireoidectomia total com autoenxerto imediato em um hospital terciário no período de 2006 a 2010. A variação dos níveis de PTH no pós-operatório foi estudada ao longo do tempo. Os pacientes foram agrupados de acordo com diferentes metas de níveis de PTH recomendados de acordo com o método de dosagem e pelas sociedades de nefrologia americana, japonesa e de um consórcio internacional de especialistas. Resultados: após a paratireoidectomia, houve redução sustentada da calcemia e fosfatemia. O valor mediano do PTH reduziu-se de 1904pg/ml para 55pg/ml, em 12 meses. Dependendo do nível alvo considerado, a proporção de pacientes abaixo da meta variou entre 17% e 87%. Ao contrário, a proporção de pacientes com níveis acima da meta variou de 3% a 37%. Conclusão: O emprego de diferentes recomendações de níveis de PTH em pacientes dialíticos após paratireoidectomia pode levar a classificações incorretas de hipoparatireoidismo ou hiperparatireoidismo recidivado e implicar em condutas terapêuticas discordantes.

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BACKGROUND: This randomized prospective clinical trial compared the hepatic venous outflow drainage and renal function after conventional with venovenous bypass (n = 15) or piggyback (n = 17) liver transplantation. METHODS: Free hepatic vein pressure (FHVP) and central venous pressure (CVP) measurements were performed after graft reperfusion. Postoperative serum creatinine (Cr) was measured daily on the first week and on the 14th, 21st and 28th postoperative days (PO). The prevalence of acute renal failure (ARF) up to the 28th PO was analyzed by RIFLE-AKIN criteria. A Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) approach was used for comparison of longitudinal measurements of renal function. RESULTS: FHVP-CVP gradient > 3 mm Hg was observed in 26.7% (4/15) of the patients in the conventional group and in 17.6% (3/17) in the piggyback group (p = 0.68). Median FHVP-CVP gradient was 2 mm Hg (0-8 mmHg) vs. 3 mm Hg (0-7 mm Hg) in conventional and piggyback groups, respectively (p = 0.73). There is no statistically significant difference between the conventional (1/15) and the piggyback (2/17) groups regarding massive ascites development (p = 1.00). GEE estimated marginal mean for Cr was significantly higher in conventional than in piggyback group (2.14 ± 0.26 vs. 1.47 ± 0.15 mg/dL; p = 0.02). The conventional method presented a higher prevalence of severe ARF during the first 28 PO days (OR = 3.207; 95% CI, 1.010 to 10.179; p = 0.048). CONCLUSION: Patients submitted to liver transplantation using conventional or piggyback methods present similar results regarding venous outflow drainage of the graft. Conventional with venovenous bypass technique significantly increases the harm of postoperative renal dysfunction. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01707810.

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A cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço trata de doenças benignas e malignas desse segmento do corpo humano, particularmente tumors. O médico considerado habilitado para o exercício profissional, aqui em nosso meio, deve ter como formação básica cirúrgica dois anos de cirurgia geral e dois anos de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço. As tireoidectomias, parotidectomias, cirurgias de doenças congênitas são realizadas rotineiramente pelo residente de terceiro ano (primeiro ano da especialidade) sob a supervisão de médico assistente, enquanto que cirurgias, como esvaziamento cervical, pelvemandibulectomias, ressecções extensas com rotação de retalhos, são feitas pelo residente de quarto ano (segundo ano da especialidade). É bom sempre recordar que podem existir seqüelas definitivas ou temporárias, graves ou passageiras quanto à deglutição, fonação, respiração, paladar, olfato, visão, audição, distúrbios endocrinológicos e do sistema nervoso central. A abordagem multidisciplinar facilita a pesquisa e produz importantes avanços no diagnóstico, tratamento e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O diagnóstico precoce e a prevenção são armas muito importantes no combate ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço.

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A cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço trata de doenças benignas e malignas desse segmento do corpo humano, particularmente tumors. O médico considerado habilitado para o exercício profissional, aqui em nosso meio, deve ter como formação básica cirúrgica dois anos de cirurgia geral e dois anos de cirurgia de cabeça e pescoço. As tireoidectomias, parotidectomias, cirurgias de doenças congênitas são realizadas rotineiramente pelo residente de terceiro ano (primeiro ano da especialidade) sob a supervisão de médico assistente, enquanto que cirurgias, como esvaziamento cervical, pelvemandibulectomias, ressecções extensas com rotação de retalhos, são feitas pelo residente de quarto ano (segundo ano da especialidade). É bom sempre recordar que podem existir seqüelas definitivas ou temporárias, graves ou passageiras quanto à deglutição, fonação, respiração, paladar, olfato, visão, audição, distúrbios endocrinológicos e do sistema nervoso central. A abordagem multidisciplinar facilita a pesquisa e produz importantes avanços no diagnóstico, tratamento e na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O diagnóstico precoce e a prevenção são armas muito importantes no combate ao câncer de cabeça e pescoço

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Introdução: Os nódulos da glândula tireóide podem ser tratados durante a exploração cervical por afecção da paratireóide. Objetivo: A freqüência de doenças da tireóide em pacientes com hiperparatireoidismo primário e secundário foi revista. Métodos: Foram avaliados os dados disponíveis de 199 pacientes operados consecutivamente por hiperparatireoidismo primário (95 casos) ou secundário (104 casos). Os achados na glândula tireóide desses casos foram pesquisados. A glândula tireóide foi considerada normal quando nenhuma ressecção dela fora realizada ou quando o exame histopatológico relatava tecido tireóideo normal. A doença da tireóide foi avaliada em relação ao tipo de hiperparatireoidismo. Resultados: A glândula tireóide foi ressecada parcialmente ou totalmente em 126 situações (63,3%). Em 44 casos, a tireóide foi considerada normal pelo anatomopatológico e foi presumidamente normal em 117 pacientes ao todo (58,8%). Diferentes doenças da tireóide foram demonstradas com comprovação histopatológica em 41,2% de todos os casos tratados por hiperparatireoidismo (bócio em 28,1%, tireoidite em 6,5%, carcinoma papilífero em 6% e outros em 0,5%). Não houve diferença entre as doenças da tireóide no hiperparatireoidismo primário e o secundário, embora o carcinoma papilífero tenha sido mais freqüente no hiperparatireoidismo primário do que no secundário (9,5% no primário e 2,8% no secundário, p=0,07; Teste exato de Fisher). Conclusão: Doenças da tireóide são freqüentes nos pacientes operados por hiperparatireoidismo. A avaliação pré-operatória bem como atenção durante a operação são recomendáveis nesses doentes.

Introduction: Thyroid nodules may be treated during cervical exploration for a parathyroid disease. Objective: The frequency of thyroid disease found in patients with primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism was reviewed. Methods: Data available from 199 patients consecutively operated on for either primary (95 cases) or secondary (104 cases) hyperparathyroidism. The findings of the thyroid glands in these patients were evaluated. The thyroid was considered normal when clearly stated in the pathology report or no thyroid resection was performed. Thyroid disease was evaluated according to the type of parathyroid dysfunction. Results: The thyroid gland was partially or completely resected in 126 cases (63.3%). In 44 cases the thyroid was considered normal by pathologic evaluation, and the thyroid gland was presumed normal in 117 patients (58.8%). Different pathologic proven thyroid diseases were detected in 41.2% (goiter was found in 28.1%, thyroiditis in 6.5%, papillary thyroid cancer in 6.0%, other 0.5%). There were no statistically differences between primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism, although papillary thyroid cancer was more frequent in primary hyperparathyroidism than in secondary (9.5% in primary and 2.8% in secondary, p=0.07, Fisher?s exact test). Conclusions: Thyroid disease is a frequent problem in patients operated on for hyperparathyroidism. Preoperative as well as careful intraoperative evaluation of the thyroid gland is advised in patients with parathyroid disease.