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ABSTRACT This study aimed to verify and compare the physical activity practices of children enrolled and non-enrolled on different days of week in a specific program offered at school. Seventy-eight children comprised two groups: children with extra physical activity (EPA; n=39; 15 females and 24 males; age: 9.2±0.8 years) and those with no involvement in extra physical activity (NPA; n=39; 21 females and 18 males; age: 9.0±0.4 years). To infer caloric expenditure, number of steps per day, and total distance traveled, children were monitored with pedometers during three nonconsecutive days: a day with a physical education class at school, a normal activity weekday, and a weekend day. Children enrolled in extra activities at school presented higher levels of caloric expenditure (EPA=132±61, NPA=61±25), performed more steps per day (EPA=7742±2473, NPA=5245±2306) and traveled longer distances (EPA=4201±1318, NPA=2799±1269), with boys (calories=154.1±91.6; steps=9763±3804; traveled distance=5114±2205) more active than girls (calories=94.4±46.7; steps=6691±2394; traveled distance=3726±1387). In the extracurricular physical activity day, children expended more calories (155.8±88.3), performed mores steps (10133±3724) and traveled longer distance (5442±2118) than in the physical education day (calories=127.2±79.3; steps=8409±3283; traveled distance=4478±1864) and in the weekend (calories=96.8±58.8; steps=6493±2687; traveled distance=3500±1466). Extracurricular physical activity at school leads to an increase of physical activity of boys and girls, even on days when the extracurricular activity is not offered.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar e comparar a prática de atividade física de crianças em diferentes dias da semana envolvidas e não envolvidas em um programa de atividade física extracurricular. Setenta e oito crianças formaram dois grupos: crianças com atividade física extracurricular (CAF; n=39; 15 meninas e 24 meninos; idade: 9,2±0,8 anos) e crianças sem atividade física extracurricular (NAF; n=39; 21 meninas e 18 meninos; idade: 9,0±0,4 anos). Foram estimados o dispêndio calórico, o número de passos por dia e a distância percorrida, por meio de pedômetros em dias não consecutivos: um dia com aula de educação física, um dia com atividades cotidianas e um dia de final de semana. Crianças envolvidas em atividades extracurriculares na escola apresentaram maior dispêndio calórico (CAF=132±61, NAF=61±25), número de passos (CAF=7742±2473, NAF=5245±2306) e distância percorrida (CAF=4201±1318, NAF=2799±1269), sendo ainda meninos (calorias=154,1±91,6; passos=9763±3804; distância=5114±2205) mais ativos que meninas (calorias=94,4±46,7; passos=6691±2394; distância=3726±1387). No dia de atividade extracurricular, crianças dispendem mais calorias (155,8±88,3), realizam mais passos (10133±3724) e percorrem maior distância (5442±2118) do que nos dias de educação física (calorias=127,2±79,3; passos=8409±3283; distância=4478±1864) e final de semana (calorias=96,8±58,8; passos=6493±2687; distância=3500±1466). Atividade física extracurricular na escola promove aumento de atividade física de meninos e meninas, mesmo nos dias em que a atividade física extracurricular não foi oferecida.

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BACKGROUND: Postural impairment is one of the most debilitating symptoms in people with Parkinson's disease (PD), which show faster and more variable oscillation during quiet stance than neurologically healthy individuals. Despite the center of pressure parameters can characterize PD's body sway, they are limited to uncover underlying mechanisms of postural stability and instability. RESEARCH QUESTION: Do a multiple domain analysis, including postural adaptability and rambling and trembling components, explain underlying postural stability and instability mechanisms in people with PD? METHOD: Twenty-four individuals (12 people with PD and 12 neurologically healthy peers) performed three 60-s trials of upright quiet standing on a force platform. Traditional and non-linear parameters (Detrended Fluctuation Analysis- DFA and Multiscale Entropy- MSE) and rambling and trembling trajectories were calculated for anterior-posterior (AP) and medial-lateral (ML) directions. RESULTS: PDG's postural control was worse compared to CG, displaying longer displacement, higher velocity, and RMS. Univariate analyses revealed largely longer displacement and RMS only for the AP direction and largely higher velocity for both AP and ML directions. Also, PD individuals showed lower AP complexity, higher AP and ML DFA, and increased AP and ML displacement, velocity, and RMS of rambling and trembling components compared to neurologically healthy individuals. SIGNIFICANCE: Based upon these results, people with PD have a lower capacity to adapt posture and impaired both rambling and trembling components compared to neurologically healthy individuals. These findings provide new insights to explain the larger, faster, and more variable sway in people with PD.

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RESEARCH QUESTION: The present study aimed to compare the postural control of children and adolescents with and without Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). METHODS: A total of 32 children and adolescents (18 with HIV and 14 without) of both sexes, aged 6-18 years, were included in the present study. Participants in the HIV + group were infected through vertical transmission and received antiretroviral therapy. Participants maintained an erect, bipedal posture in the following conditions: with vision, without vision, and on a foam base. RESULTS: Concerning the evaluation of time variables, higher values ​​were observed in the HIV + group for mean anterior-posterior (AP) velocity, mean medial-lateral (ML) velocity, AP perimeter (p = 0.001), and ML perimeter (p = 0.001). Concerning the evaluation of conditions, a difference was observed in the mean AP mean sway amplitude (MSA) (p = 0.039), as the AP MSA was lower with vision than without vision or with foam. Concerning the evaluation of spectral domain variables, higher values ​​were observed in the HIV+ group for the predominant ML frequency (p = 0.04) and mean AP (p = 0.001) and ML frequencies (p = 0.001). Regarding the evaluation of conditions, a difference was found only in the predominant AP frequency (p = 0.001). Higher values ​​were found in the closed eye condition than in with foam (Δ = +103 %). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicated that children and adolescents living with HIV have poorer postural control performance than those without HIV.

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This study examined changes in postural control and gaze performance of faller and non-faller older adults under conditions of visual tasks and optical flow manipulations. Fifteen older non-fallers (69.8 years, ± 3.2) and fifteen older fallers (71.1 years, ± 6.4) stood on a force platform inside a moving room wearing an eye tracker. Four tasks were performed: gaze fixation; predictable saccades; unpredictable saccades; and free-viewing. The stimuli appeared at a frequency of 1.1 Hz during conditions of predictable and unpredictable saccades. Sixteen trials were divided into two blocks. In the first block, the room remained stationary. In the second block, the room oscillated, without the participant's awareness, with a 0.6 cm amplitude and 0.2 Hz frequency. Results showed postural sway attenuation in older fallers during the saccadic tasks compared to gaze fixation and free-viewing tasks, in both stationary and moving room conditions. Both groups showed increased center of pressure (CoP) magnitude during the moving room condition and CoP displacements strongly coupled to the room's movement. The influence of the moving room on the postural sway was reduced during the saccadic tasks for both older groups. Older fallers exhibited higher variability compared to older non-fallers. Gaze behavior differences between groups were dependent on the goals of the visual tasks. Therefore, CoP displacements of older adults are reduced during saccadic tasks regardless of their falling history. However, postural and gaze performance of older fallers suggests increased deterioration of postural and oculomotor control which may be used as a predictor of fall risk.

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Constraining knee flexion of non-disabled individuals could further our understanding regarding the importance of knee joint during gait, which is a common disturbance in individuals with gait impairment. In this study we investigated whether a mechanical constraint of knee flexion in non-disabled adults would lead to compensatory strategies. Eleven non-disabled male adults walked without and with an orthosis that permitted full extension and limited knee flexion up to either 45° or 30°. We analyzed the temporal organization of lower limb kinematics and electromyograms of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis and lateralis, tibialis anterior, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis. Non-disabled adults compensated for the reduced knee flexion by increasing hip and ankle joint excursions and ankle flexor activation amplitude. Also, these adults shortened pre-swing and lengthened swing duration in the constrained limb and increased the activity of bifunctional hip extensor and knee flexor muscles in the constrained limb in relation to the unconstrained limb. The use of an orthosis that limited knee flexion in non-disabled adults leaded to compensatory strategies in the temporal organization of joint excursions and muscle activations in the constrained limb. The compensatory effects were correlated with the extent of knee flexion constraint.

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OBJECTIVE: Sensory information is crucial when performing daily activities, and Parkinson's disease may diminish sensitivity to sensory cues. This study aimed to examine the detection threshold of passive motion of knee and ankle joints in individuals with Parkinson's disease. METHODS: Eighteen individuals in the early stages of idiopathic Parkinson's disease (age: 62.7 ±â€¯7.3 years) and 18 healthy matched controls (age: 62.5 ±â€¯7.1 years) first performed a simple reaction time test. Participants were asked to perform ten trials, during which they had to watch a square on a screen and press a button as quickly as possible when the square lit up. Thereafter, the participants were tested for their detection threshold of passive motion of their lower limb joints. Participants were seated in a specially designed chair and their knee or ankle joint was passively moved at a velocity of 0.5º/s. Participants kept their eyes closed and were instructed to press a button as quickly as possible when any joint motion was detected. RESULTS: Individuals with Parkinson's disease needed more time to perform the reaction time test than did the control participants. Individuals with Parkinson's disease also needed larger angular displacement, even when reaction time was used as a covariate measure, to detect any passive motion, in both knee (0.70ºâ€¯±â€¯0.20º) and ankle (1.03ºâ€¯±â€¯0.23º) joints than did the control participants [(0.57ºâ€¯±â€¯0.20º) and (0.84ºâ€¯±â€¯0.27º), respectively]. CONCLUSION: Impaired joint proprioception can be observed in the early stages of Parkinson's disease, which may compromise the use of proprioception cues from lower limbs.

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This study aimed at determining the effect of kinesio-taping (KT) on muscle performance and delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) after exercise induced muscle damaged. Sixty-six healthy men volunteered to participate (age:18-25 y/o), who performed 200 isokinetic lengthening contractions of the dominant quadriceps. Then subjects were randomized to either control (no treatment), sham (no tape tension), or KT (10% tape tension) groups. Muscle performance was assessed by peak torque and muscular work during maximal isometric and concentric isokinetic contractions. DOMS intensity was assessed using a visual analog scale. Measurements were taken pre-exercise (Pre), 48 h and 96 h post-exercise. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for comparisons within group, and ANCOVA for comparisons among groups. Muscle damage was confirmed in all participants by an increase in CK activity level (p<0.01). Decrease in isometric and isokinetic peak torque was detected at 48 h in the control and sham groups (p<0.01). Muscular work decreased in all groups at 48 h (p<0.01). No differences between groups were detected in muscular performance variables. Increase in DOMS intensity was determined in all groups at 48 h. Comparisons between groups showed lower DOMS intensity in the KT group at 48 h. KT decreased DOMS intensity perception after exercise-induced muscle damage; however, it did not impact muscular performance.

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The study involved investigating dyslexic children's postural control responses when visual and somatosensory cues were separately manipulated. Twenty dyslexic and 19 nondyslexic children performed a trial by standing upright inside a moving room and another by lightly touching a moving bar. Both trials lasted 240 s with the following three different stimulus characteristics: low (pretransition), high (transition), and low amplitude (posttransition). Body sway magnitude and the relationship between the movement of the room/bar surface and body sway were examined. When compared to nondyslexic children, dyslexic children oscillated with higher magnitude in the transition and posttransition under visual and somatosensory manipulation; their sway was more influenced by visual manipulation in the transition and posttransition, and they used higher applied force levels in the somatosensory modality in all conditions. The results suggest that dyslexic children could not efficiently reweight visual cues when compared to nondyslexic children. The same was not observed in the somatosensory cues when dyslexic children reduced the influence of the somatosensory stimulus. The proper use of somatosensory information was related to stronger acquired cues and higher applied forces as observed for dyslexic children. Dyslexic children experience difficulties in dynamically reweighting sensory cues although these types of difficulties are overcome when more informative sensory cues are provided.

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Abstract Introduction: Considered the second leading cause of death worldwide, stroke leads to several consequences resulting from the injury in regions responsible for the processing of sensorimotor information, leading to deficits in the maintenance and performance of postural control. Objective: To relate the performance of postural control during upright stance and a virtual reality task in post-stroke individuals. Method: Nine post-stroke individuals, aged 30 to 76 years, characterized by the Berg balance scale, Fugl - Meyer scale and Mini Mental State Examination participated in this study. Postural performance was measured by the center of pressure under bipedal conditions, in anteroposterior and mediolateral directions and unipedal with the affected and unaffected sides, using a force platform. Virtual reality performance was measured by distance and time required to perform a task in the Nintendo Wii®. Results: Revealed significant correlations between distance and displacement time of the affected side (distance x disc_affected = 0.667 - p = 0.025; time x disc_affected = 0.683 - p = 0.021) and between variables time and mean amplitude of mediolateral oscillation (time x amo_ml = -0.733 - p = 0.012), time and mediolateral and anteroposterior mean velocity (time x vm_ml = -0.617 - p = 0.038; time x vm_ap = -0.833 - p = 0.003) and between time and area (time x area = -0.633 - p = 0.034). Conclusion: the performance of standing postural control in post-stroke individuals, represented by measures of weight discharge and variables of postural control, presented a significant relation with the variables of virtual reality.

Resumo Introdução: Tido como a segunda maior causa de morte no mundo, o Acidente Vascular Cerebral tem suas consequências resultantes da lesão em regiões responsáveis pelo processamento das informações sensório-motoras, acarretando déficits na manutenção e desempenho do Controle Postural. Objetivo: Relacionar o desempenho do controle postural em pé e uma tarefa em realidade virtual em indivíduos pós-AVC. Método: Participaram 9 indivíduos em condição de pós-AVC com idades entre 30 a 76 anos, caracterizados por meio da escala de equilíbrio de Berg, Escala de Fugl-Meyer e Mini-Exame de Estado Mental. O desempenho postural foi medido através do deslocamento do centro de pressão nas condições bipodal, nas direções ântero-posterior e médio-lateral, e unipodal, com o lado afetado e não afetado, por meio de uma plataforma de força. O desempenho em realidade virtual, medido por distância e tempo, foi realizado por meio do console Nintendo Wii®. Resultados: Revelaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis distância e tempo de deslocamento do lado afetado (distância x desc_afetado=0,667 - p=0,025; tempo x desc_afetado=0,683 - p=0,021) e entre as variáveis tempo e amplitude média de oscilação médio-lateral (tempo x amo_ml= -0,733 - p=0,012), tempo e velocidade média médio-lateral e ântero-posterior (tempo x vm_ml= -0,617 - p=0,038; tempo x vm_ap= -0,833 - p=0,003) e entre tempo e área (tempo x área= -0,633 - p=0,034). Conclusão: Há relação entre o desempenho do controle postural, mensurado quantitativamente a partir de uma plataforma de força, e o desempenho em tarefa virtual pé em indivíduos pós-AVC.

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INTRODUCTION: Eccentric training and jump tests are widely used to recover and measure deficits in knee strength and functionality after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. OBJECTIVE: To correlate knee extension and flexion torque generated by eccentric isokinetic training, with functional jump tests in subjects with reconstructed ACL. METHOD: Sixteen men with unilateral ACL reconstruction were assessed before and after 12 weeks of eccentric isokinetic training of knee flexors and extensors (3×10 MVC, 2x/week) at 30°/s for extension and flexion torque (isometric; concentric and eccentric at 30 and 120°/s) and functional jump tests (single, triple, cross and figure of 8). Inter- and intra-limb pre- and post-training mean peak torque (MPT), distance and jump test times were compared along with the correlations between these variables, considering P<0.05. RESULTS: The affected limb (AL) showed significant gain of extension and flexion torque (P<0.01) in the different test categories and velocities evaluated. In the non-affected limb (NAL), this only occurred in the eccentric category (30 and 120°/s), in the extension (P<0.01) and flexion (P<0.05 and P<0.01) torques, respectively. In the jumps, there was an increase in distance (single and triple; P<0.05) and a decrease in time (crossed and figure of 8; P<0.01), however, MPT x Jump correlations were weak (r<0.3) in the pre and post-training period in both limbs. CONCLUSION: Despite the gain in knee extension and flexion torque and jumping performance, the expected correlation was not satisfactory, suggesting that knee functionality involves other variables inherent to motor control. Level of Evidence IV; Type of study: Case series.

INTRODUÇÃO: O treino excêntrico e testes de saltos são muito utilizados para recuperar e aferir déficits de força e funcionalidade do joelho, após reconstrução do ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar o torque extensor e flexor do joelho, gerados pelo treino isocinético excêntrico, com testes funcionais de saltos em sujeitos com LCA reconstruído. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 16 homens, com reconstrução unilateral do LCA, antes e depois de 12 semanas de treino isocinético excêntrico de extensores e flexores do joelho (3 × 10 CEVM, 2x/semana) a 30°/s, quanto ao torque extensor e flexor (isométrico; concêntrico e excêntrico a 30°/s e 120°/s) e aos testes funcionais de saltos (simples, triplo, cruzado e figura em 8). As médias dos picos de torque (MPT), a distância e os tempos dos testes de salto inter e intramembros, pré e pós-treino foram comparados, além das correlações entre essas variáveis, considerando P< 0,05. RESULTADOS: O membro acometido (MA) mostrou ganho significativo de torque extensor e flexor (P< 0,01) nos modos e velocidades avaliados. No membro não acometido (MNA), isso ocorreu apenas para o modo excêntrico (30°/s e 120°/s), do torque extensor (P< 0,01) e flexor (P< 0,05 e P<0,01), respectivamente. Nos saltos, houve aumento da distância (simples e triplo; P< 0,05) e diminuição do tempo (cruzado e figura em 8; P< 0,01), porém, as correlações entre MPT e saltos mostraram-se fracas nos dois membros (r< 0,3) antes e depois do treino. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar do ganho no torque extensor e flexor do joelho e no rendimento dos saltos, a correlação esperada não foi satisfatória, sugerindo que a funcionalidade do joelho envolve outras variáveis inerentes ao controle motor. Nível de evidência IV; Tipo de estudo: Série de casos.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El entrenamiento excéntrico y las pruebas de saltos son muy utilizados para recuperar y medir los déficits de fuerza y funcionalidad de la rodilla, después de la reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA). OBJETIVO: Correlacionar el torque extensor y flexor de la rodilla, generados por el entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico, con pruebas funcionales de saltos en sujetos con LCA reconstruido. MÉTODO: Fueron evaluados 16 hombres, con reconstrucción unilateral del LCA, antes y después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico de extensores y flexores de la rodilla (3x10 CEVM, 2x/semana) a 30°/s, cuanto al torque extensor y flexor (isométrico, concéntrico y excéntrico a 30 y 120°/s) y a las pruebas funcionales de saltos (simple, triple, cruzado y figura en 8). Se compararon promedios de los picos de torque (MPT), distancia y tiempos de las pruebas de salto, inter e intra-miembros, pre y post-entrenamiento, además de las correlaciones entre estas variables, considerando P<0,05. RESULTADOS: El miembro acometido (MA) mostró aumento significativo del torque extensor y flexor (P<0,01) en los modos y velocidades evaluados. En el miembro no acometido (MNA), eso ocurrió sólo para el modo excéntrico (30 y 120°/s), del torque extensor (P<0,01) y flexor (P<0,05 y P<0,01), respectivamente. En los saltos, hubo aumento en la distancia (simple y triple; P<0,05) y disminución del tiempo (cruzado y figura en 8; P<0,01), sin embargo, las correlaciones MPT x saltos se mostraron débiles (r<0,3) en el pre y post-entrenamiento, en los dos miembros. CONCLUSIÓN: A pesar del aumento en el torque extensor y flexor de la rodilla y en el rendimiento de los saltos, la correlación esperada no fue satisfactoria, sugiriendo que la funcionalidad de la rodilla involucra otras variables inherentes al control motor. Nivel de evidencia IV; Tipo de estudio: Serie de casos

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This study examined the coupling between visual information and body sway in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) compared with healthy controls. Postural control performance was compared between 14 patients with PD (age: 69.6 ±â€¯8.8 years - stages 1-3 of the Hoehn and Yahr scale) and 14 healthy control participants (age: 68.6 ±â€¯3.0 years). Participants stood upright in a moving room that remained motionless or continuously oscillated in the anterior-posterior direction. Ten trials were performed in the following conditions: no movement of the room (1 trial) and with the room moving at frequencies of 0.1, 0.17, and 0.5 Hz (3 trials each frequency). Body sway and moving room displacement were recorded. The results indicated that patients with PD displayed larger body sway magnitude in the stationary room condition. Body sway of patients with PD was induced by visual manipulation in all three visual stimulus frequencies, but body sway of patients with PD was less coherent compared to that of the control participants. However, no difference was observed in the visual-body sway coupling structure. These results indicate that patients with PD can unconsciously couple body sway to visual information in order to control postural sway in a similar manner to healthy participants with intact visual-motor coupling for posture control. However, this coupling is marked by greater variability, indicating that people with PD have a motor system with greater inherent noise leading to a more varied behavior.

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Although postural control requires the integration of different sensory cues, little is known about the role of attentional artifacts on the individual's ability to properly respond to postural challenges. This study investigated the effects of concomitant tasks (cognitive and postural) on the relationship between visual information and body sway. Thirty healthy adults were asked to stand still inside of a moving room on normal and reduced bases of support. Initially, the participants were not aware of any visual manipulation and were asked to perform tasks that required concomitant attentional demands. Then, all participants were informed about the visual manipulation and were requested to resist it. The results showed that information about visual manipulation changed the coupling between visual information and body sway, but only in a less demanding task, and that it was affected by the concomitant task. The coupling between visual information and body sway for postural control does not demand attention on a regular basis, but any change in this relationship demands attention and occurs in less demanding postural tasks.

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Sensory reweighting is a characteristic of postural control functioning adopted to accommodate environmental changes. The use of mono or binocular cues induces visual reduction/increment of moving room influences on postural sway, suggesting a visual reweighting due to the quality of available sensory cues. Because in our previous study visual conditions were set before each trial, participants could adjust the weight of the different sensory systems in an anticipatory manner based upon the reduction in quality of the visual information. Nevertheless, in daily situations this adjustment is a dynamical process and occurs during ongoing movement. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of visual transitions in the coupling between visual information and body sway in two different distances from the front wall of a moving room. Eleven young adults stood upright inside of a moving room in two distances (75 and 150 cm) wearing a liquid crystal lenses goggles, which allow individual lenses transition from opaque to transparent and vice-versa. Participants stood still during five minutes for each trial and the lenses status changed every one minute (no vision to binocular vision, no vision to monocular vision, binocular vision to monocular vision, and vice-versa). Results showed that farther distance and monocular vision reduced the effect of visual manipulation on postural sway. The effect of visual transition was condition dependent, with a stronger effect when transitions involved binocular vision than monocular vision. Based upon these results, we conclude that the increased distance from the front wall of the room reduced the effect of visual manipulation on postural sway and that sensory reweighting is stimulus quality dependent, with binocular vision producing a much stronger down/up-weighting than monocular vision.

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This study investigated the effects of the isokinetic eccentric training (IET) on the knee extensor and flexor torque and kinematic gait parameters in individuals with ACL reconstruction. Sixteen men with ACL reconstructed (ACLr) whose torque and the gait were evaluated, before and after 12 weeks of IET, was compared to a control group (14 individuals). Student t, MANOVA and ANOVA tests were performed with 5% of significance. The training increased the isometric, concentric at 30 and 120º/s (p < .05) and eccentric at 30º/s (p < .01) extensor torque on the affected limb (AL), and eccentric at 30 and 120º/s (p < .01), on the non-affected limb (NAL). In the flexors, there was an increase on the torque: isometric, concentric at 30º/s and eccentric at 30 and 120º/s (p < .01) in AL and in eccentric at 30 (p < .05) and 120º/s (p < .01) in NAL. With respect to the angular and spatio-temporal variables gait, there was no difference between pre-and post-training in LCAr group. Compared to control group, the cycle time, in two members, was lower in LCAr group, and stride length and cadence were higher in the AL of the LCAr (p < .05). Moreover, the knee flexion-extension angles (minimum and maximum) remained lower in LCAr, pre- and post-training (p < .01). The torque gain associated with eccentric isokinetic training did not affect the kinematic parameters of gait in patients undergoing ACL reconstruction...

"Efeitos do treinamento isocinético excêntrico de extensores de joelho e torque flexor na marcha de indivíduos com reconstrução do LCA: Um ensaio clínico controlado." Este estudo investigou os efeitos do treinamento isocinético excêntrico (TIE) sobre o torque extensor e flexor do joelho e parâmetros cinemáticos da marcha de indivíduos com reconstrução do LCA. Dezesseis homens com LCA reconstruído (LCAr), foram avaliados quanto ao torque e marcha, antes e após 12 semanas de TIE e comparados com um grupo controle (14 indivíduos). Testes t Student, MANOVA e ANOVA foram realizados com 5% de significância. O treinamento aumentou o torque extensor isométrico, concêntrico a 30 e 120º/s (p < 0,05) e excêntrico a 30º/s (p < 0,01) no membro afetado (MA), e excêntrico a 30 e 120º/s (p < 0,01), no membro não afetado (MNA). Nos flexores, houve um aumento no torque: isométrico, concêntrico a 30º/s e excêntrico a 30 e 120º/s (p < 0,01) no MA, e excêntrico a 30 (p < 0,05) e 120º/s (p < 0,01) no MNA. Com relação às variáveis espaço-temporais e angulares da marcha, não houve diferença entre as avaliações pré e pós-treino no grupo LCAr. Comparado ao controle, a duração do ciclo, nos dois membros, foi menor no LCAr, e comprimento da passada e cadência foram maiores no MA do grupo LCAr (p < 0,05). Além disso, os ângulos (mínimo e máximo) de flexão-extensão do joelho permaneceram menores no LCAr, pré e pós-treino (p < 0,01). O ganho de torque associado ao treinamento isocinético excêntrico não modificou os parâmetros cinemáticos da marcha nos indivíduos submetidos à reconstrução do LCA...

"Efectos del entrenamiento excéntrico isocinético en extensor de la rodilla y el par flexor y sobre la marcha de las personas con reconstrucción ACL: Un ensayo clínico controlado." Este estudio investigó los efectos del entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico (EIE) en el torque del extensor y del flexor de la rodilla y parámetros cinemáticos de la marcha de personas con la reconstrucción del LCA. Dieciséis hombres con LCA reconstruido (LCAr), fueron evaluados para el par y la marcha antes y después de 12 semanas de EIE y se compararon con un grupo control (14 personas). Prueba t Student, ANOVA y MANOVA se realizaron con 5 % de significación. La formación aumentó extensor torque isométrico, concéntrico 30 y 120°/s (p < 0,05) y la excéntrica 30°/s (p < 0,01) en el miembro afectado (MA), y la excéntrica 30 y 120°/s (p < 0,01) en el miembro no afectado (MNA). Flexor, hubo un aumento en el par motor: isométrica , concéntrica 30°/s excéntrica 30 y 120°/s (p < 0,01) en MA, excéntrico y 30 (p < 0,05 ) y 120°/ s (p < 0,01) en el MNA. Con respecto a las variables angulares y espacio-temporal de andar, no hubo diferencia entre pre y post-entrenamiento en grupo LCAr. En comparación con el grupo control, el tiempo de ciclo, em los dos miembros, fue menor en LCAr, y la longitud del paso y cadencia fueron mayores en el LCAr del MA (p < 0,05). Por otra parte, los ángulos de flexión-extensión de la rodilla (mínimo y máximo) se mantuvieron bajos en LCAr, pre y post-entrenamiento (p < 0,01). El aumento del torque asociado con el entrenamiento isocinético excéntrico no afectó los parámetros cinemáticos de la marcha en las personas sometidas a la reconstrucción del LCA...

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The aim of this study was to evaluate gait stability in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy in three conditions: habitual walking with eyes open, walking with eyes closed, and walking with eyes open and narrow base of support. The study included 41 subjects, 18 with neuropathy (NG) and 23 controls. Gait stability was evaluated on a baropodometer using the Footwalk Pro software. The following data were obtained: gait speed and percentage of time spent in double stance and single stance. Significant differences were observed between groups in all three conditions for gait speed and single stance time, which were reduced in NG (p<0.05), and for double stance time, which was increased in NG (p<0.05). For gait speed, double stance time and single stance time, the eyes open condition differed from the eyes closed (p<0.001) and narrow base of support (p<0.001) conditions. In the three conditions studied, patients of NG presented a deficit in gait stability and this performance was even more compromised in the two conditions that required greater postural control. These gait changes resulting from the complexity imposed by the different conditions suggest the inclusion of these conditions in the evaluation and treatment of this population.

O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a estabilidade da marcha em diabéticos com neuropatia periférica, em três situações: marcha habitual com os olhos abertos; marcha com os olhos fechados e marcha com olhos abertos e diminuição da base de sustentação. Participaram do estudo 41 indivíduos, sendo 18 do grupo neuropata (GN) e 23 do grupo controle (GC). A avaliação da estabilidade foi realizada por meio de um baropodômetro associado ao software Footwalk Pro. Os dados obtidos foram: velocidade da marcha e porcentagens de tempo de duplo apoio e de apoio simples. Foram encontradas diferenças significantes nas três situações entre os grupos para a velocidade e tempo de apoio simples, com diminuição para o GN (p<0,05), e tempo de duplo apoio, com aumento para o GN (p<0,05) em todas as condições. Para os dados de velocidade, tempo de duplo apoio e tempo de apoio simples, a condição de olho aberto foi diferente da de olho fechado (p=0,001) e da condição com diminuição da base de sustentação (p=0,001). Foi possível observar que nas três situações avaliadas, o GN apresentou déficit na estabilidade do ato de locomoção e tal desempenho foi ainda mais comprometido nas duas situações que exigiam mais do controle postural. Tais modificações da marcha, decorrentes da complexidade imposta pelas diferentes condições, sugerem a inserção destas na avaliação e no tratamento dessa população.

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The aim of the study was to compare static postural balance of healthy individuals of three age groups in different conditions of support and vision. Seventy one individuals, divided into 3 groups, were analyzed: young group (YG: 22.2 ± 2.1 years), middle aged group (MAG: 50.7 ± 5.7 years) and older individuals group (EG: 66.8 ± 5.4 years). Their balance was tested on a force platform, under 3 support and 3 visual conditions. Measures included: total (TD), anterior-posterior (APD) and mediolateral displacement (MLD) of the center of pressure (CoP). ANOVA revealed significant differences for interactions between group X support conditions and group X visual conditions for the 3 variables (p<0.01), with greater displacements for the MAG and EG groups during single-leg stance with partial and occluded vision (p<0.05). Static postural balance decreased over time in healthy individuals, and conditions of support and visual negatively affected balance with the increment of age.

O objetivo do estudo foi comparar o equilíbrio postural estático de indivíduos saudáveis de três faixas etárias em diferentes condições de apoio e de visão. Foram analisados 71 sujeitos, divididos em 3 grupos: jovens (GJ: 22,2±2,1 anos); meia idade (GMI: 50,7±5,7 anos) e idosos (GI: 66,8±5,4 anos). O equilíbrio foi testado numa plataforma de força, em 3 condições de apoio e 3 condições de visão, avaliando-se o deslocamento total (DT), ântero-posterior (DAP) e médio-lateral (DML) do centro de pressão (CP). ANOVA mostrou interação grupo X condições de apoio e grupo X condições visuais, nas 3 variáveis estudadas (p<0,01), com maiores deslocamentos no GMI e GI no apoio unipodal com visão parcial e ausente (p<0,05). O equilíbrio postural estático em indivíduos saudáveis diminuiu ao longo do tempo e que as condições de apoio e de visão podem afetá-lo negativamente com o avançar da idade.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el equilibrio postural estático de individuos sanos de tres grupos de edad em diferentes condiciones de apoyo y visón. Fueran analizados 71 sujetos, divididos en 3 grupos: jóvenes (GJ: 22,2±2,1 años), de mediana edad (GME: 50,7±5,7 años) y ancianos (GA: 66,8±5,4 años). El equilibrio fue probado en una plataforma de fuerza, em 3 condiciones de apoyo y 3 condiciones de visión, evaluando el desplazamiento total (DT), anteroposterior (DAP) y mediolateral (DML) del centro de presión (CP). ANOVA mostró interacción grupo X condiciones de apoyo y grupo X condiciones visuales, en las 3 variables (p<0,01), con grandes desplazamientos en GME y GA en apoyo unipodal con visión parcial y ausente (p<0,05). El equilibrio postural estático disminuyó en individuos sanos con el tiempo y que las condiciones de apoyo y de visión pueden afectarle negativamente con la edad.

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Motor development is influenced by many factors such as practice and appropriate instruction, provided by teachers, even in preschool and elementary school. The goal of this paper was to discuss the misconception that maturation underlies children's motor skill development and to show that physical education, even in early years of our school system, is critical to promote proficiency and enrolment of children's in later motor activities. Motor skill development, as a curricular focus, has been marginalized in many of our physical education proposal and in doing so, we have not promote motor competence in our children who lack proficiency to engage and to participate in later motor activities such as sport-related or recreational.

Desenvolvimento motor é influenciado por muitos fatores tais como prática e instrução apropriada, fornecidas por professores, até mesmo no ensino infantil e fundamental. O objetivo deste artigo foi discutir o entendimento errôneo de que maturação é o processo básico no desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras e mostrar que educação física, mesmo em anos iniciais do sistema escolar, é crucial para promover proficiência e, consequentemente, envolvimento de crianças em atividades motoras futuras. Desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras, como um foco do currículo escolar, tem sido marginalizado em muitas das nossas propostas de educação física e assim o fazendo, nós não temos promovido competência motoras em nossas crianças que não adquirem competência motora para engajar e participar de atividades motoras tais como as recreativas e esportivas.

El desarrollo motor se ve influida por muchos factores, como la práctica y la instrucción apropiada, proporcionada por los maestros, incluso en el jardín infantil y primaria. El propósito de este artículo es analizar el malentendido de que el envejecimiento es el proceso básico en el desarrollo de las habilidades motoras y mostrar que la educación física, incluso en los primeros años del sistema escolar, es crucial para promover el dominio y por lo tanto la participación de niños en actividades motoras futuro. Desarrollo de las habilidades motoras, como un enfoque del plan de estudios, ha sido marginado en muchas de nuestras propuestas y la educación física hacerlo, hemos promovido la competencia motriz en nuestros niños que no adquieran competencia motriz para comprometerse y participar en las actividades motoras tales como actividades recreativas y deportivas.

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Several structures of the central nervous system share involvement in both ocular and postural control, but the visual mechanisms in postural control are still unclear. There are discrepant evidences on whether saccades would improve or deteriorate stabilization of posture. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of saccadic eye movements on postural control while standing in different basis of support. Twelve young adults stood upright in wide and narrow stances while performing fixation and saccades of low and high frequencies. Body sway was attenuated during saccades. Trunk anterior-posterior sway and trunk total displacement decreased during saccades compared to fixation; higher sway mean frequency in anterior-posterior direction during saccades was observed. Body sway was reduced in wide compared to narrow stance during high frequency saccades. These results indicate that eye movement improves postural stabilization and this effect is stronger in combination of wide stance-high frequency gaze condition.

Várias estruturas do sistema nervoso central compartilham envolvimento nos controles ocular e postural, mas os mecanismos visuais no controle postural ainda não estão claros. Existem evidências discrepantes sobre a possibilidade de movimentos sacádicos melhorarem ou deteriorarem a estabilização postural. O objetivo desse estudo foi determinar a influência de movimentos sacádicos dos olhos sobre o controle postural em diferentes bases de apoio. Doze adultos jovens ficaram em pé, mantendo a postura sobre base ampla e restrita enquanto realizavam fixações e movimentos sacádicos de baixa e alta frequência. Oscilação corporal foi atenuada durante movimentos sacádicos. A oscilação do tronco na direção ântero-posterior e o deslocamento total do tronco diminuíram durante movimentos sacádicos comparados à fixação; maior frequência média de oscilação na direção ântero-posterior durante movimentos sacádicos também foi observada. Oscilação corporal foi reduzida em postura com base ampla comparada à restrita durante movimentos sacádicos de alta frequência. Estes resultados indicam que o movimento do olho melhora a estabilização postural e este efeito é mais forte na condição que combina base ampla e alta frequência do olhar.

Varias estructuras del sistema nervioso central comparten de participación en los controles ocular y de postura. Existen pruebas dispares sobre lo movimiento sacádico mejorar o deteriorar la estabilización postural. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia de los movimientos oculares sacádicos sobre el control postural en diferentes bases de apoyo. Doce jóvenes quedaram de pie manteniendo la postura de base amplia y restringido mientras hacian fijaciones y movimientos sacádicos de baja y alta frecuencia. Lal oscilación del cuerpo fue atenuada durante los movimientos sacádicos. La oscilación del tronco en dirección antero-posterior y el desplazamiento total del tronco han disminuido durante los movimientos sacádicos comparados con fijación; también se ha observado mayor frecuencia media de oscilación en la dirección anteroposterior durante los movimientos sacádicos. La oscilación del cuerpo se redujo por la postura de base amplia en comparación con la restringida durante los movimientos sacádicos de alta frecuencia. Estos resultados indican que lo movimiento de ojo mejora la estabilización postural y este efecto es más fuerte para la condición de base amplia y alta frecuencia de la mirada.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar os efeitos de diferentes contextos no desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras fundamentais e no crescimento somático de crianças no ensino infantil. Participaram deste estudo 50 crianças: 25 tiveram educação física com um professor da área e 25 crianças tiveram atividades com o professor responsável pela turma. Crianças foram avaliadas no início e final do ano letivo quanto a dados antropométricos, dobras cutâneas, medidas de atividade física e realizaram os subtestes do TGMD-2. No início do ano letivo, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os grupos. No final do ano letivo, crianças que tiveram atividades com o professor da sala apresentaram redução no nível de atividade física, enquanto que crianças com educação física com o professor especialista apresentaram manutenção no nível de atividade física e melhor desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras. O envolvimento em diferentes contextos de aulas de educação física não é suficiente para promover alteração somática em crianças ao longo do ano letivo. Entretanto, educação física com o professor especialista melhora o desenvolvimento das habilidades motoras fundamentais e promove manutenção do nível de atividade física em crianças no ensino infantil.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different contexts on fundamental motor skill development and on somatic growing of children in kindergarten. Fifty children participated in this study: 25 received physical education from a specialized teacher and 25 children received activities from a non-specialized teacher. Children were evaluated at the beginning and end of the school year, regarding anthropometric, skin fold, physical activity level, and TGMD-2. At the beginning of school year, no difference was observed between both groups in any measure. At the end of the year, children who received activities from a non-specialized teacher showed reduced level of physical activities whereas children who received physical education from a specialized teacher maintained the level and presented better fundamental motor skill development. Different contexts of physical education activities do not promote somatic differences along the school year. However, physical education from a specialized teacher improves fundamental motor skill development and maintenance of physical activity enrolment of children in kindergarten.

El objetivo de este estudio fue comprobar los efectos de distintos contextos en el desarrollo de las capacidades motrices fundamentales y el crecimiento somático de niños en la educación primaria. Participaron de este estudio 50 niños, la mitad tuvo clases de educación física con un profesor del área de educación física y la otra mitad tuvo actividades con el profesor responsable del grupo. Se evaluaron al principio y final del curso escolar lo relativo a datos antropométricos, pliegues cutáneos y medidas de actividad física, además de realizar sub-tests del TGMD-2. No hubo diferencia en las evaluaciones en el inicio del curso escolar. Al final del curso escolar el niños con actividades con el profesor del grupo presentó una reducción del nivel de actividad física, mientras niños con actividades con el profesor del educación física no presentó ninguna modificación y también un mejor desarrollo de las capacidades motrices. Conclusión: Participación en distintos contextos de la clase de educación física no es suficiente para promover una modificación somática en los niños, sin embargo, promueve una mejora en el desarrollo de las capacidades motrices fundamentales y manutención del nivel de actividad física.

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INTRODUÇÃO: A relação entre a orientação dos segmentos e os ajustes que podem ser desencadeados por calços e palmilhas em pacientes escolióticos durante a manutenção da posição ortostática é pouco conhecida. OBJETIVO: Verificar alterações estáticas e associadas com mudanças unilaterais de calços na orientação postural de indivíduos com escoliose idiopática. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Grupo experimental com dez indivíduos com escoliose idiopática com curva dupla (menor 10°) e grupo controle com dez indivíduos sem escoliose (faixa etária de 13 a 24 anos). Participantes foram filmados na posição ortostática sem calço, com calço baixo (1 cm) e com calço alto (3 cm); estes foram colocados sob o pé direito e pé esquerdo dos indivíduos. Em cada condição, o participante manteve a posição estática durante 15 segundos e marcadores refletivos foram colocados em pontos anatômicos específicos. Foram calculados ângulos posturais: torácico alto; torácico médio; toracolombar e lombar e ângulos segmentares: ombro; escápula; pelve e joelho. RESULTADOS: Na condição sem calço, diferenças foram observadas entre grupos para os ângulos posturais toracolombar e lombar e para o ângulo segmentar do ombro. Com calço baixo e alto, sob o pé direito, diferença foi observada entre calços para os ângulos lombar, da pelve e do joelho. Com calço baixo e alto, sob o pé esquerdo, diferença foi observada entre grupos para o ângulo toracolombar e entre calços para os ângulos da pelve e do joelho. CONCLUSÕES: A utilização de calço promove reorientação nas regiões mais baixas da coluna e nos segmentos da pelve e do joelho. Estes resultados sugerem que nas escolioses duplas, manipulação da base de apoio modifica o alinhamento do tronco que pode provocar reorganização das estruturas e busca de um novo arranjo entre segmentos em indivíduos com escoliose idiopática.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between the orientation of the segments and the adjustments that can be triggered by shoe lift and insoles in scoliotic patients during maintenance of standing position is unclear. OBJECTIVE: To verify static changes and those associated with unilateral manipulations of shoe lift in the postural orientation in people with idiopathic scoliosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Experimental group composed of ten patients with idiopathic scoliosis with double curve (less 10°) and control group with ten participants without scoliosis (aging from 13 to 24 years). Participants were videotaped in upright stance, standing with no, low (1 cm), and high (3 cm) shoe lift, which were placed under right and left shoe. In each condition, the participant maintain upright stance for 15 seconds and reflective markers were affixed on specific anatomical places. Postural angles were obtained: high thoracic; medium thoracic; thoracolumbar; and lumbar, as well segmental angles: shoulder; scapula; pelvis; and knee. RESULTS: In the no shoe lift condition, differences were observed between groups for high and medium thoracic angles and for shoulder. With low and high shoe lift under the right foot, difference was observed between shoe lift heights for high thoracic, for pelvis and knee angles. With low and high shoe lift under the left foot, differences between groups were observed for thoracolumbar angle and between shoe lift heights for pelvis and knee angles. CONCLUSIONS: The shoe lift promotes reorientation in the lower regions of the spine and segments of pelvis and knee. It might be suggested that in the scoliosis with double curves, manipulation in the basis of support changes the alignment of the trunk that might promote structural reorganization and the search of new adjustments among segments in individuals with idiopathic scoliosis.

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