RESUMO
Understanding the methane (CH4) emissions that are produced by enteric fermentation is one of the main problems to be solved for livestock, due to their GHG effects. These emissions are affected by the quantity and quality of their diets, thus, it is key to accurately define the intake and fiber content (NDF) of these forage diets. On the other hand, different emission prediction equations have been developed; however, there are scarce and uncertain results regarding their evaluation of the emissions that have been observed in forage diets. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of the NDF content of a forage diet on CH4 enteric emissions, and to evaluate the ability of models to predict the emissions from the animals that are consuming these forage diets. In total, thirty-six Angus steers (x¯ = 437 kg live weight) aged 18 months, blocked by live weight and placed in three automated feeding pens, were used to measure the enteric CH4. The animals were randomly assigned to two forage diets (n = 18), with moderate (<50%, MF) and high (>50%, HF) NDF contents. Their dry matter intake was recorded individually, and the CH4 emissions were measured using the SF6 tracer gas technique. For the model evaluation, six prediction equations were compared with 29 studies (n = 97 observations), analyzing the accuracy and precision of their estimates. The emission intensities per unit of DMI, per ADG, and per gross energy intake were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the animals consuming the MF diet than in the animals consuming the HF diet (21.7 vs. 23.7 g CH4/kg DMI, 342 vs. 660 g CH4/kg ADG, and 6.7% vs. 7.5%, respectively), but there were no differences in the absolute emissions (p > 0.05). The best performing model was the IPCC 2006 model (r2 = 0.7, RMSE = 74.04). These results show that reducing the NDF content of a forage diet by at least 10% (52 g/kg DM) reduces the intensity of the g CH4/kg DMI by up to 8%, and that of the g CH4/kg ADG by almost half. The use of the IPCC 2006 model is suitable for estimating the CH4 emissions from animals consuming forage-based diets.
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Adaptative responses of cows to an automatic milking system (AMS) could depend on their temperament, i.e., cows with certain temperament profiles could be able to cope more successfully with the AMS. The relationships between dairy cows' temperament, behaviour, and productive parameters during the changeover from a conventional milking system (CMS) to an AMS were investigated. Thirty-three multiparous cows were classified as 'calm' or 'reactive' based on each of the temperament tests conducted: race time, flight speed (FS), and flight distance, at 5, 25, and 45 days in milk at CMS, then the cows were moved from the CMS to the AMS. During the first five milkings in AMS, the number of steps and kicks during each milking were recorded. The daily milk yield was automatically recorded. The number of steps did not vary by temperament classification, but the number of kicks per milking was greater for calm (0.45 ± 0.14) than for reactive cows (0.05 ± 0.03) when they were classified by FS (p < 0.01). During the first seven days in the AMS, reactive cows for the FS test produced more milk than calm cows (36.5 ± 1.8 vs. 33.2 ± 1.6 L/day; p = 0.05). In conclusion, behavioural and productive parameters were influenced by cows´ temperament during the milking system changeover since the calm cows kicked more and produced less than the reactive ones.
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Fasciola hepatica, a worldwide-distributed liver fluke, is one of the causative agents of fasciolosis, a zoonotic disease that affects livestock and humans. In livestock, fasciolosis causes huge economic losses worldwide, reducing animal fertility, milk production, weight gain and condemnation of livers. In spite of the availability of drugs, such as triclabendazole (TCZ), for the treatment of fasciolosis, they do not necessarily prevent liver damage or parasite reinfection and can eventually increase parasite resistance. The aim of this research was to relate the hepatic function, haematological parameters, leukocyte counts in circulation and parasite egg shedding during F. hepatica acute and chronic phases of infection in cattle as well as to determine how these parameters change with TCZ-treatment of chronically infected cattle. Our results show that increased levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gamma glutamyltransferase (GGT) were detected in early stages of the experimental infection. Moreover, high circulating eosinophil count and plateletcrit levels were correlated with fluke number in livers from infected cattle. On the other hand, although TCZ-treatment in the chronic phase of infection reduced parasite burden and damage in the liver, it was not able to completely avoid them. In conclusion, our work sheds light into the physiopathological mechanisms induced during fluke infection in cattle, revealing the complexity of the host response to the infection, together with the effects of TCZ-treatment in chronically infected animals.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Fasciola hepatica , Fasciolíase , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Fasciolíase/tratamento farmacológico , Fasciolíase/parasitologia , Fasciolíase/veterinária , Triclabendazol/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the productive performance and grazing behavior of 25 primiparous and 44 multiparous Holstein cows in a pasture-based automatic milking system (AMS) while experiencing heat stress (defined as a temperature-humidity index [THI] ≥ 68). Productive traits were analyzed according to the THI from days 0, -1, -2, and -3 in relation to the milking day, and grazing behaviors (expressed as the percentage of daily observation time) were related to the average THI only on the day of observation. Milk yield was not associated with the THI on day 0, but a significant linear relationship was found with the THI on the three previous days, decreasing approximately 0.18 kg (primiparous) and 0.40 kg (multiparous) per THI unit increment. In contrast, for multiparous cows only, the milking frequency was positively associated with the THI on the day of evaluation but not on the previous days, increasing 0.01 milking/THI unit increments. Additionally, for each unit of THI increment, cows spent 0.14% more time standing, whereas they exhibited a decrease in grazing, lying, and ruminating behaviors time by 0.30%, 0.04%, and 0.70%, respectively, for both parities. In conclusion, milk loss was related to heat stress conditions from the previous days, but not milking frequency, which increased with the THI of the same milking day. Lower grazing, lying, and ruminating activities and greater standing behavior were observed due to heat stress.
In higher temperature conditions, dairy cows under pasture-based automatic milking systems may experience heat stress, affecting their health and productive performance. In the present study, the relationships between heat stress, measured by the temperaturehumidity index (THI), productive traits, and grazing behaviors were evaluated. Cows exhibited an increase in milking frequency and their time standing, decreasing the time grazing, lying, and ruminating as the THI increased on the same day. Additionally, cows had decreased milk production when the THI increased in the previous days. Understanding how cows adjust their grazing behavior to handle changes in the environment allows for the development of management strategies designed to improve animal welfare.
Assuntos
Doenças dos Bovinos , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor , Animais , Bovinos , Indústria de Laticínios , Feminino , Transtornos de Estresse por Calor/veterinária , Resposta ao Choque Térmico , Lactação , LeiteRESUMO
This study aimed to integrate GWAS and structural variants to propose possible molecular biomarkers related to gastrointestinal nematode resistance traits in Santa Inês sheep. The phenotypic records FAMACHA, haematocrit, white blood cell count, red blood cell count, haemoglobin, platelets and egg counts per gram of faeces were collected from 700 naturally infected animals, belonging to four Brazilian flocks. A total of 576 animals were genotyped using the Ovine SNP12k BeadChip and were imputed using a reference population with Ovine SNP50 BeadChip. The GWAS approaches were based on SNPs, haplotypes, CNVs and ROH. The overlapping between the significant genomic regions detected from all approaches was investigated, and the results were integrated using a network analysis. Genes related to the immune system were found, such as ABCB1, IL6, WNT5A and IRF5. Genomic regions containing candidate genes and metabolic pathways involved in immune responses, inflammatory processes and immune cells affecting parasite resistance traits were identified. The genomic regions, biological processes and candidate genes uncovered could lead to biomarkers for selecting more resilient sheep and improving herd welfare and productivity. The results obtained are the start point to identify molecular biomarkers related to indicator traits of gastrointestinal nematode resistance in Santa Inês sheep.
Assuntos
Nematoides , Doenças dos Ovinos , Animais , Biomarcadores , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Genômica , Contagem de Ovos de Parasitas/veterinária , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Ovinos/genética , Doenças dos Ovinos/genética , Doenças dos Ovinos/parasitologiaRESUMO
Abstract Campylobacter fetus fetus (Cff) is a major infectious cause of abortion in sheep worldwide, and an opportunistic human pathogen. Information on Cff as an ovine abortifacient in South America is limited. We describe a case of abortion caused by a multidrug resistant strain of Cff in a sheep in Uruguay. In August 2017, 3/57 pregnant ewes (5.3%) aborted whithin one week. Histopathologic examination of the placenta of an aborted ewe revealed severe neutrophilic and fibrinonecrotizing placentitis with vasculitis and thrombosis of the chorionic arterioles. Cff was isolated on microaerobic culture in Skirrow agar, and further confirmed by 16S rDNA PCR amplification and sequencing, and endpoint and real time PCR assays. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed resistance to tetracyclines, nalidixic acid, telithromycin and clindamycin. Other abortifacients were not detected. Further studies are necessary to determine the geographic distribution, ecology, epidemiology, economic impact, and antimicrobial resistance of Cff in sheep flocks in Uruguay.
Resumen Campylobacter fetus fetus (Cff) es una importante causa de abortos en ovinos y un patógeno oportunista en humanos. La información sobre Cff como abortifaciente en ovinos en Sudamérica es limitada. Describimos un caso de aborto causado por una cepa de Cff mul tirresistente a antibióticos en una oveja en Uruguay. En agosto de 2017, 3/57 ovejas prenadas (5,3%) abortaron en una semana. El examen histopatológico de la placenta de una de ellas reveló placentitis neutrofílica fibrinonecrosante severa, vasculitis y trombosis. Cff fue aislado en microaerobiosis en agar Skirrow, y confirmado mediante amplificación del ADNr 16S por PCR seguida de secuenciación, y por PCR punto final y qPCR. Las pruebas de sensibilidad antimicrobiana revelaron resistencia a tetraciclinas, ácido nalidíxico, telitromicina y clindamicina. No se detectaron otros abortifacientes. Son necesarios más estudios para determinar la distribución geográfica, ecología, epidemiología, el impacto económico y la resistencia antimicrobiana de Cff en majadas ovinas de Uruguay.
RESUMO
Campylobacter fetusfetus (Cff) is a major infectious cause of abortion in sheep worldwide, and an opportunistic human pathogen. Information on Cff as an ovine abortifacient in South America is limited. We describe a case of abortion caused by a multidrug resistant strain of Cff in a sheep in Uruguay. In August 2017, 3/57 pregnant ewes (5.3%) aborted whithin one week. Histopathologic examination of the placenta of an aborted ewe revealed severe neutrophilic and fibrinonecrotizing placentitis with vasculitis and thrombosis of the chorionic arterioles. Cff was isolated on microaerobic culture in Skirrow agar, and further confirmed by 16S rDNA PCR amplification and sequencing, and endpoint and real time PCR assays. Antimicrobial sensitivity testing revealed resistance to tetracyclines, nalidixic acid, telithromycin and clindamycin. Other abortifacients were not detected. Further studies are necessary to determine the geographic distribution, ecology, epidemiology, economic impact, and antimicrobial resistance of Cff in sheep flocks in Uruguay.
Assuntos
Infecções por Campylobacter , Campylobacter , Doenças dos Ovinos , Aborto Animal , Animais , Infecções por Campylobacter/diagnóstico , Infecções por Campylobacter/patologia , Infecções por Campylobacter/veterinária , Campylobacter fetus/genética , Feminino , Feto/patologia , Gravidez , Ovinos , Doenças dos Ovinos/diagnóstico , UruguaiRESUMO
The use of fruit by-products such as citrus pulp represents a feeding ingredient that deserves to be evaluated as an energy source in animal rations. Thirty-six British breed steers were allotted to one of the three feeding treatments (12 steers/treatment): 0%, 15% and 30% of fresh citrus pulp inclusion in the ration in a randomized complete block design to evaluate animal performance and carcass and meat quality traits. In the present study, the inclusion of fresh citrus pulp up to 30% of the diet did not affect the animal average daily gain (p > 0.05) but steers that were fed the pulp consumed less feed (p < 0.05) and presented a lower feed conversion ratio (p < 0.05) than their counterparts without citrus pulp in their diet. No effect of fresh citrus pulp was observed on carcass and meat quality (p > 0.05). A greater lipophilic antioxidant capacity (p < 0.05) in meat was observed when fresh citrus pulp was offered at 15% of the diet. Fresh citrus pulp used up to 30% as a feed ingredient in feedlot rations does not negatively affect animal performance or meat quality but, rather, has a positive effect on dry matter intake and a better feed conversion ratio.
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Pre-slaughter fasting duration affect blood parameters related to stress and metabolism, decrease live and carcass weights and impact beef quality of cattle. In three experiments, 1100 steers and heifers, finished on feedlot or on pasture, were evaluated to assess the influence of the site and duration of fasting before slaughter on physiological, carcass and meat quality traits. Cattle were allocated to one of two fasting duration - long (23-29 h) or short (2-6 h) - and to one of two sites of fasting- farm or abattoir. All animals had access to water ad libitum until slaughter, except during transportation. Cattle were assigned to two (long fasting on abattoir/normal lairage time, short fasting on farm/minimal lairage time) or three (long fasting on abattoir/normal lairage time, short fasting on farm/minimal lairage time, long fasting on farm/minimal lairage time) treatments. Seventeen slaughters were considered in a randomized complete block design. There was no effect of the site of fasting on any variable. Cattle with short fasting duration had higher carcass weights and water consumption than those under long fasting duration. Haematocrit, globulin, total protein, and lactate dehydrogenase at the time of slaughter increased with fasting duration. There was no effect of the duration of fasting on blood ions, meat quality traits, urine pH, liver weight and volume, and skin dry matter. A reduction in the fasting duration returned to farmers and abattoirs 1.2% additional kilograms of carcass, suggesting an improvement in animal welfare according to a better hydration level of cattle at the time of slaughter.
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Bovinos/fisiologia , Privação de Alimentos , Carne/análise , Criação de Animais Domésticos , Bem-Estar do Animal , AnimaisRESUMO
Fifty-seven primiparous Angus, Hereford, and crossbred cows were used to study the effect of strategic supplementation on metabolic, productive, and reproductive responses. The experiment had two periods including four phases: prepartum supplementation (phase I; 52 days), early postpartum (phase II; 43 days), pre-mating supplementation (phase III; 21 days), and the last phase including mating, gestation, and lactation until weaning (phase IV; 103 days). Phases I and II were considered as period 1, and phases III and IV were considered as period 2. During phase I (−52±2 days before calving to birth), half of the cows received a supplement (S-), and the rest only grazed native swards (C-). For phase III (59±2 days postpartum [DPP] until mating), cows from the previous treatments (C- or S-) were sorted in two levels of pre-mating supplementation, supplemented (-S) or not supplemented (-C), resulting in four treatment combinations (CC, CS, SC, and SS). The supplement was 1 kg dry matter/cow per day of whole rice bran and 550 mL/cow per day of crude glycerin. In period 1, cows receiving prepartum supplementation increased concentration of cholesterol, glucose, and albumin and decreased concentration of non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and urea. This improvement in energy balance was reflected in a higher body condition score at calving. Alternatively, in period 2, pre-mating supplementation only increased cholesterol concentration. None of the supplementation periods affected the weaning weight of calves. Prepartum, but not pre-mating, supplementation increased total pregnancy rate. A short prepartum supplementation improves pregnancy rate of primiparous cows managed under extensive production systems. However, there is no additional benefit of supplementation during the pre-mating period.(AU)
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Animais , Feminino , Bovinos/metabolismo , Suplementos Nutricionais/análise , Pastagens , Farinha/efeitos adversos , Glicerol/análiseRESUMO
Infection with Haemonchus contortus is the most economically important gastrointestinal nematode parasitosis and the most important cause of mortality in sheep production. The aim of this study was to estimate variance components of gastrointestinal parasite resistance traits, maternal efficiency (ME) and ewe adult weight (AW) in Santa Inês breed in tropical conditions. The phenotypic records were collected from 700 animals, belonging to four flocks located south-east and north-east in Brazil. The evaluated traits were as follows: degree of anaemia assessed using the FAMACHA chart (FMC), haematocrit (HCT), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), haemoglobin (HGB), platelets (PLT), faecal egg count (EPGlog ), ME, metabolic maternal efficiency (MME), AW and metabolic ewe adult weight (MAW). From the 700 animals, 576 (82% of the evaluated population) were genotyped with the Ovine SNP12k BeadChip (Illumina, Inc.). Markers with unknown genomic position, located on sex chromosomes, monomorphic, with minor allele frequency <0.05, call rate <90% and with excess heterozygosity were excluded. The variance components were estimated using a single-trait animal model with ssGBLUP procedure. The correlation between the parasite's resistance indicators and the ME suggested that selecting animals with both higher adult weight and ME will also favour the selection of animals with better resistance to gastrointestinal nematodes parasites, specially H. contortus. Therefore, since there are few or no studies with Santa Inês breed in this area, it is important to study those traits to better manage selection programs.
Assuntos
Trato Gastrointestinal/fisiologia , Trato Gastrointestinal/parasitologia , Haemonchus/fisiologia , Ovinos/genética , Ovinos/parasitologia , Animais , Feminino , Trato Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Genótipo , Masculino , Fenótipo , Ovinos/fisiologiaRESUMO
Sarcocystis spp. are causative agents of bovine eosinophilic myositis and/or myocarditis, which are chronic subclinical myopathies that are occasionally responsible for condemnation at slaughterhouses. Sarcocystis cruzi is a protozoan parasite of worldwide distribution transmitted by canids, most commonly associated with subclinical infection in cattle. Although S. cruzi infections can rarely lead to fatal systemic disease, fatal cardiac cases with confirmation of the etiologic diagnosis have not been reported, to our knowledge. We describe herein an unusual case of S. cruzi-induced fatal bovine eosinophilic myocarditis. A 22-mo-old, Holstein-Hereford heifer, in a group of 110 cattle on pasture, manifested growth retardation and died in February 2017. Autopsy revealed myriad yellow-green 1-3-mm coalescing foci, surrounded by fibrosis, affecting ~75% of the ventricular myocardium. Pulmonary edema, ascites, and hydrothorax were consistent with chronic congestive heart failure. Histology revealed severe eosinophilic, granulomatous, necrotizing myocarditis, with multinucleate giant cells, fibrosis, and mineralization. Numerous thin-walled protozoan cysts resembling Sarcocystis spp. were present in the necrotic foci and within the sarcoplasm of adjacent cardiomyocytes. PCR and sequencing of the 18S rRNA gene revealed 99.9-100% homology with S. cruzi. Sarcocystosis can be a rare cause of fatal myocarditis in cattle.
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Doenças dos Bovinos/parasitologia , Miocardite/veterinária , Sarcocistose/veterinária , Animais , Bovinos , Doenças dos Bovinos/epidemiologia , Evolução Fatal , Feminino , Miocardite/parasitologia , Miocardite/patologia , Miocárdio/patologia , RNA de Protozoário/genética , RNA Ribossômico 18S/genética , Sarcocystis/genética , Sarcocystis/isolamento & purificação , Sarcocistose/epidemiologia , UruguaiRESUMO
Johne's disease (JD) is an economically important disease of ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis (MAP), which also infects other species including humans. Two major MAP strain types are currently recognized: sheep (S) and cattle (C) types. Information on JD prevalence and MAP types infecting small ruminants in South America is limited, and all but one of the MAP types reported from this region are of the C type. This study describes clinicopathological, molecular and microbiological findings in 11 cases of JD caused by a type S MAP strain, and estimated true within-flock prevalence in a ~735-sheep operation in Uruguay. Postmortem examination and histology (hematoxylin-eosin and Ziehl-Neelsen stains) of samples from 41 selected sheep revealed lymphohistiocytic/granulomatous enteritis and mesenteric lymphadenitis in 11 animals, with moderate/severe multibacillary lesions in 6 clinical cases, and minimal/mild paucibacillary lesions in 5 sub-clinical cases. Immunohistochemistry using an antibody against Mycobacterium bovis that cross-reacts with MAP (2 cases), and transmission electron microscopy (1 case), revealed myriads of intrahistiocytic mycobacteria. MAP was isolated in one case and detected by PCR in 6 cases. The S type of MAP was identified using a multiplex PCR that distinguishes between S and C types, and PCR-REA. The estimated true within-flock prevalence was ≤ 2.3%. This represents the first communication on within-flock prevalence of JD associated with a type S MAP strain in South America and the second documentation of this strain in the subcontinent. Additional studies are required to better understand the molecular epidemiology of the different MAP types in the region.
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OBJECTIVE: In rodents, progesterone (P4) pretreatment increases anxiety and response to stressors. Social isolation is a stressor that generates physiological and behavioural stress responses in sheep. The aim of the study was to compare the stress response of anoestrous ewes previously treated or not with P4 to the social isolation test. DESIGN: Ten ewes received P4 treatment during 13 d (group P4-W) and another 10 remained untreated as controls (group Con). The ewes were individually isolated in a novel place during 10 min, 24 h after the end of P4 pretreatment and their behaviours were recorded. Cortisol and P4 concentrations as well as body surface temperature were recorded before and after the test. RESULTS: Ewes of the P4-W group presented higher cortisol levels 0, 10, 20 and 30 min after the social isolation and had greater area under the curve of cortisol compared to Con ewes (41,785%±4,156% vs. 25,682%±4,565% during 75 min). Progesterone and body surface temperature increased after social isolation, with no differences between P4-W and Con ewes. There were no differences in behavioural responses to social isolation. CONCLUSIONS: P4 pretreatment appears to augment the stress response to social isolation in anoestrous ewes.
Assuntos
Progesterona/farmacologia , Progestinas/farmacologia , Ovinos/sangue , Isolamento Social , Estresse Fisiológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Temperatura Corporal , Esquema de Medicação , Feminino , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Progesterona/administração & dosagem , Progesterona/sangue , Progestinas/administração & dosagem , Progestinas/sangue , Ovinos/fisiologia , Estresse Fisiológico/fisiologiaRESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar três tipos de silagem de grão úmido de sorgo (alto tanino, baixo tanino e branco), na forma de silagem de grão úmido, combinados com duas formas de fornecimento da ração (volumoso e concentrado fornecidos de forma separada ou misturada), sobre o consumo de matéria seca, evolução do peso vivo, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar e principais características de carcaça (área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e marmorização in vivo e post mortem) e carne (cor, maciez e pH) de novilhos cruzados Hereford-Angus. Foram utilizados 48 bovinos machos, castrados, cruzados Hereford-Angus, com idade média de 20 meses, divididos em blocos casualizados, em fatorial 3 × 2. A regressão do ganho de peso de cada tratamento foi comparada utilizando-se contrastes ortogonais. Para consumo de matéria seca relativo, houve efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,002) e forma de fornecimento da ração (P=0,0005). A forma de fornecimento da ração pode interferir sobre o consumo de matéria seca absoluto e peso vivo médio (P=0,0001). Para a conversão alimentar foi observado efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,04. Observou-se efeito da forma de fornecimento da ração para a marmorização (P=0,04) post mortem. Não houve efeito do tipo de sorgo e da forma de fornecimento da ração sobre as características de carcaça e pesos dos cortes cárneos.
This work aimed to evaluate three varieties of sorghum as wet grain silage (high, low and white tannin), combined with two form of food supply (concentrated with roughage separated or mixed) on dry matter intake, body weight evolution, average daily growth, feed conversion, main meat and carcass traits (rib eye area, fat thickness and marbling in vivo and post mortem) in Hereford-Angus crossbred steers. Forty eight males castrated with 20 months of age were used, divided into randomized blocks, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial. The regression coefficients for the weight gain of each treatment was compared using orthogonal contrasts. Dry matter intake was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.002) and the form of food supply (P=0.0005). The form of food supply can interfere with the dry matter intake (P=0.0001) and weight (P=0.0001). Feed conversion and marbling, was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.04). Meat marbling measured at deboning was affected by the form of food supply (P=0.04). The type of sorghum and form of food supply did not influence carcass characteristics and weights of meat cuts. The concentrated with roughage separated supply is nutritionally and operationally preferable.
Assuntos
Animais , Carne/análise , Carne/efeitos adversos , Ração Animal , Ração Animal/análise , Silagem , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , SorghumRESUMO
SUMMARY This work aimed to evaluate three varieties of sorghum as wet grain silage (high, low and white tannin), combined with two form of food supply (concentrated with roughage separated or mixed) on dry matter intake, body weight evolution, average daily growth, feed conversion, main meat and carcass traits (rib eye area, fat thickness and marbling in vivo and post mortem) in Hereford-Angus crossbred steers. Forty eight males castrated with 20 months of age were used, divided into randomized blocks, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial. The regression coefficients for the weight gain of each treatment was compared using orthogonal contrasts. Dry matter intake was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.002) and the form of food supply (P=0.0005). The form of food supply can interfere with the dry matter intake (P=0.0001) and weight (P=0.0001). Feed conversion and marbling, was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.04). Meat marbling measured at deboning was affected by the form of food supply (P=0.04). The type of sorghum and form of food supply did not influence carcass characteristics and weights of meat cuts. The concentrated with roughage separated supply is nutritionally and operationally preferable.
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar três tipos de silagem de grão úmido de sorgo (alto tanino, baixo tanino e branco), na forma de silagem de grão úmido, combinados com duas formas de fornecimento da ração (volumoso e concentrado fornecidos de forma separada ou misturada), sobre o consumo de matéria seca, evolução do peso vivo, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar e principais características de carcaça (área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e marmorização in vivo e post mortem) e carne (cor, maciez e pH) de novilhos cruzados Hereford-Angus. Foram utilizados 48 bovinos machos, castrados, cruzados Hereford-Angus, com idade média de 20 meses, divididos em blocos casualizados, em fatorial 3 × 2. A regressão do ganho de peso de cada tratamento foi comparada utilizando-se contrastes ortogonais. Para consumo de matéria seca relativo, houve efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,002) e forma de fornecimento da ração (P=0,0005). A forma de fornecimento da ração pode interferir sobre o consumo de matéria seca absoluto e peso vivo médio (P=0,0001). Para a conversão alimentar foi observado efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,04. Observou-se efeito da forma de fornecimento da ração para a marmorização (P=0,04) post mortem. Não houve efeito do tipo de sorgo e da forma de fornecimento da ração sobre as características de carcaça e pesos dos cortes cárneos. O fornecimento do volumoso separado do concentrado na alimentação de bovinos confinados é viável do ponto de vista operacional e nutricional.
RESUMO
Objetivou-se avaliar três tipos de silagem de grão úmido de sorgo (alto tanino, baixo tanino e branco), na forma de silagem de grão úmido, combinados com duas formas de fornecimento da ração (volumoso e concentrado fornecidos de forma separada ou misturada), sobre o consumo de matéria seca, evolução do peso vivo, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar e principais características de carcaça (área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e marmorização in vivo e post mortem) e carne (cor, maciez e pH) de novilhos cruzados Hereford-Angus. Foram utilizados 48 bovinos machos, castrados, cruzados Hereford-Angus, com idade média de 20 meses, divididos em blocos casualizados, em fatorial 3 × 2. A regressão do ganho de peso de cada tratamento foi comparada utilizando-se contrastes ortogonais. Para consumo de matéria seca relativo, houve efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,002) e forma de fornecimento da ração (P=0,0005). A forma de fornecimento da ração pode interferir sobre o consumo de matéria seca absoluto e peso vivo médio (P=0,0001). Para a conversão alimentar foi observado efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,04. Observou-se efeito da forma de fornecimento da ração para a marmorização (P=0,04) post mortem. Não houve efeito do tipo de sorgo e da forma de fornecimento da ração sobre as características de carcaça e pesos dos cortes cárneos.(AU)
This work aimed to evaluate three varieties of sorghum as wet grain silage (high, low and white tannin), combined with two form of food supply (concentrated with roughage separated or mixed) on dry matter intake, body weight evolution, average daily growth, feed conversion, main meat and carcass traits (rib eye area, fat thickness and marbling in vivo and post mortem) in Hereford-Angus crossbred steers. Forty eight males castrated with 20 months of age were used, divided into randomized blocks, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial. The regression coefficients for the weight gain of each treatment was compared using orthogonal contrasts. Dry matter intake was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.002) and the form of food supply (P=0.0005). The form of food supply can interfere with the dry matter intake (P=0.0001) and weight (P=0.0001). Feed conversion and marbling, was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.04). Meat marbling measured at deboning was affected by the form of food supply (P=0.04). The type of sorghum and form of food supply did not influence carcass characteristics and weights of meat cuts. The concentrated with roughage separated supply is nutritionally and operationally preferable.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Carne/efeitos adversos , Carne/análise , Silagem , Ração Animal/análise , Ração Animal , Ovinos/crescimento & desenvolvimento , SorghumRESUMO
SUMMARY This work aimed to evaluate three varieties of sorghum as wet grain silage (high, low and white tannin), combined with two form of food supply (concentrated with roughage separated or mixed) on dry matter intake, body weight evolution, average daily growth, feed conversion, main meat and carcass traits (rib eye area, fat thickness and marbling in vivo and post mortem) in Hereford-Angus crossbred steers. Forty eight males castrated with 20 months of age were used, divided into randomized blocks, arranged in a 3 × 2 factorial. The regression coefficients for the weight gain of each treatment was compared using orthogonal contrasts. Dry matter intake was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.002) and the form of food supply (P=0.0005). The form of food supply can interfere with the dry matter intake (P=0.0001) and weight (P=0.0001). Feed conversion and marbling, was affected by the type of sorghum (P=0.04). Meat marbling measured at deboning was affected by the form of food supply (P=0.04). The type of sorghum and form of food supply did not influence carcass characteristics and weights of meat cuts. The concentrated with roughage separated supply is nutritionally and operationally preferable.
RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar três tipos de silagem de grão úmido de sorgo (alto tanino, baixo tanino e branco), na forma de silagem de grão úmido, combinados com duas formas de fornecimento da ração (volumoso e concentrado fornecidos de forma separada ou misturada), sobre o consumo de matéria seca, evolução do peso vivo, ganho de peso médio diário, conversão alimentar e principais características de carcaça (área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea e marmorização in vivo e post mortem) e carne (cor, maciez e pH) de novilhos cruzados Hereford-Angus. Foram utilizados 48 bovinos machos, castrados, cruzados Hereford-Angus, com idade média de 20 meses, divididos em blocos casualizados, em fatorial 3 × 2. A regressão do ganho de peso de cada tratamento foi comparada utilizando-se contrastes ortogonais. Para consumo de matéria seca relativo, houve efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,002) e forma de fornecimento da ração (P=0,0005). A forma de fornecimento da ração pode interferir sobre o consumo de matéria seca absoluto e peso vivo médio (P=0,0001). Para a conversão alimentar foi observado efeito do tipo de sorgo (P=0,04. Observou-se efeito da forma de fornecimento da ração para a marmorização (P=0,04) post mortem. Não houve efeito do tipo de sorgo e da forma de fornecimento da ração sobre as características de carcaça e pesos dos cortes cárneos. O fornecimento do volumoso separado do concentrado na alimentação de bovinos confinados é viável do ponto de vista operacional e nutricional.
RESUMO
BACKGROUND: On two farms it was noted that after routine treatment with monepantel, fecal egg counts failed to drop. This was accompanied by lambs mortality due to Haemonchus contortus infection. The aim of this work was to evaluate the efficacy of monepantel to control gastrointestinal nematodes (GIN) in two sheep farms, in Uruguay. FINDINGS: A Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) was subsequently performed at the Experimental Stations Glencoe of INIA Tacuarembó (Farm 1) and Sheep Unit of INIA La Estanzuela (Farm 2) using the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology guidelines. On Farm 1 the FECRT was performed using 6-8 month old Corriedale or Merino Dohne x Corriedale male lambs naturally infected with GIN. On day 0 pre-treatment, three groups of 15 lambs each were selected, blocked by fecal egg count level (FEC) and randomly assigned to one of the following: Group 0 = untreated control, Group 1 = treated with monepantel (Zolvix®, Novartis Animal Health Inc.) from stock previously purchased; Group 2 = treated with monepantel from stock provided by the supplier, at the recommended dose of 2.5 mg/kg of body weight. Fecal samples were collected directly from the rectum from each lamb on day 0 and on day 9 post-treatment. On Farm 2, the FECRT was conducted on a group of 8 month old male lambs Milchschaff x Finn. At this farm, 10 lambs were randomly allocated to be treated with monepantel (Group 1) and 10 lambs were randomly allocated to remain as untreated control (Group 0) using the same protocols as Farm 1. On farm 1 the FECR was 0.0% (95% CI = 0.0-49.0) and 42.0% (95% CI = 0.0-75.0) for Group 1 and Group 2 respectively. For Farm 2, the FECR was 82.1% (95% CI = 36.0-99.0). Haemonchus spp was the resistant genus. CONCLUSIONS: Poor effcicacy of monepantel in treating GIN parasites was demonstrated on both farms.