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BACKGROUND: Theobroma cacao is a major source of flavonoids such as catechins and their monomers proanthocyanidins (PAs), widely studied for their potential benefits in cardiovascular diseases. Light has been shown to promote plant secondary metabolite production in vitro. In this study, cacao cells cultured in 7.5 L stirred tank photobioreactors (STPs) were exposed to a change of white to blue LED lights for 28 days (d). RESULTS: Transcriptomic analyses were performed in three time points comparing changing expression patterns, after cell exposure to white light (d0-VS-d14), after a shift from white to blue light (d14-VS-d15), and after an extended period of blue light for the following 15 days (d15-VS-d28). Under white light, there was enrichment in metabolic pathways associated with cell growth (carbon, glycolysis, and amino acid biosynthesis) accompanied by a significant increase in the PAs content. In the shift to blue light, further increase in PAs content was observed concomitantly with the significant expression of TWO-COMPONENT RESPONSE REGULATOR genes involved in the early stress responses via circadian clock and hormone pathways. Under blue light exposure, we observed a depletion of PAs content associated with ROS-mediated stress pathways. CONCLUSIONS: Light effects on large-scale cell cultures in photobioreactors are complex and pleiotropic; however, we have been able to identify key regulatory players upstream cacao flavonoid biosynthesis in STPs, including TWO-COMPONENT SYSTEM and ROS-signaling genes. The crosstalk between flavonoid biosynthesis and regulatory networks led to understand the dynamics of flavonoid production and degradation in response to light-driven ROS signals. This can be used to optimize the time, and the yield of in vitro targeted metabolites in large-scale culture systems.
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Cacau , Cacau/genética , Flavonoides , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Fotobiorreatores , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Microalgae biomass exploitation as a carbon-neutral energy source is currently limited by several factors, productivity being one of the most relevant. Due to the high absorption properties of light-harvesting antenna, photosynthetic cells tend to capture an excessive amount of energy that cannot be entirely channeled through the electron transfer chain that ends up dissipated as heat and fluorescence, reducing the overall light use efficiency. Aiming to minimize this hurdle, in this work we studied the effect of decreasing concentrations of Magnesium (Mg2+) on the chlorophyll a content, photosynthetic performance, biomass and lipid production of autotrophic cultures of Botryococcus braunii LB 572. We also performed, for the first time, a comparative lipidomic analysis to identify the influence of limited Mg2+ supply on the lipid profile of this algae. The results indicated that a level of 0.0037 g L-1 MgSO4 caused a significant decline on chlorophyll a content with a concomitant 2.3-fold reduction in the biomass absorption coefficient. In addition, the Mg2+ limitation caused a decrease in the total carbohydrate content and triggered lipid accumulation, achieving levels of up to 53% DCW, whereas the biomass productivity remained similar for all tested conditions. The lipidome analysis revealed that the lowest Mg2+ concentrations also caused a differential lipid profile distribution, with an enrichment of neutral lipids and an increase of structural lipids. In that sense, we showed that Mg2+ limitation represents an alternative optimization approach that not only enhances accumulation of neutral lipids in B. braunii cells but also may potentially lead to a better areal biomass productivity due to the reduction in the cellular light absorption properties of the cells.
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Abstract To develop a biorefinery concept applied in the brewery industry, Chlorella pyrenoidosa and a consortium of associated bacteria were cultivated mixotrophically in a continuous photobioreactor using brewery low-value subproducts as an integrative process. Beer production residues were biochemically characterized to assess the most promising options to be used as a nutrient source for microalgal cultivation. Due to its physical and chemical properties, pre-treated weak wort was used to prepare an organic complex culture medium for microalgal biotransformation. Filtration and nitrogen supplementation were necessary to improve nutrient removal and biomass productivity. Maximal removal of nitrate and phosphate obtained were 90% and 100% respectively. Depending on operation conditions, total carbohydrates depuration ranged from 50 - 80%. The initial concentration of total carbohydrates of the weak wort must be adjusted to 2 - 4g/L to maintain a stable equilibrium between microalgal and bacterial growth. The biochemical composition of produced biomass varied depending on the cultivation conditions as well as on its final use. Upon continuous mixotrophic conditions evaluated in this study, C. pyrenoidosa was composed mainly of carbohydrates and protein.
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Animais , Cerveja , Fenômenos Bioquímicos , Biotransformação , Chlorella/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Microalgas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Carboidratos , Chlorella/química , Biomassa , Fotobiorreatores/microbiologiaRESUMO
ABSTRACT Citrus fruits are recognized as an important source of bioactive molecules such as limonin and nomilin. However, these molecules exhibit low bioavailability, therefore, obtaining these molecules using biotechnological techniques may be an alternative to harvesting them directly from fruits. The aim of this study was to quantify and identify limonoids in the dichloromethane extracts of Citrus seeds of Criolla orange, Oneco tangerine, Tangerine-lemon, Sour orange and Valencia orange from department of Antioquia-Colombia by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection, and high-resolution mass spectrometry. Although in all the samples total glycosidic free limonoids were present, Oneco tangerine seeds had the highest concentration, followed by Tangerine-lemon seeds, equivalent to 0.75% and 0.53% per total dry weight, respectively. These results suggest Oneco tangerine seeds may be used as an elite material for biotechnological processes looking for increased production of limonoids to support research and drug development.
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ABSTRACT Protoplasts are microbial or vegetable cells lacking a cell wall. These can be obtained from microalgae by an enzymatic hydrolysis process in the presence of an osmotic stabilizer. In general, protoplasts are experimentally useful in physiological, genetic and biochemical studies, so their acquisition and fusion will continue to be an active research area in modern biotechnology. The fusion of protoplasts in microalgae constitutes a tool for strain improvement because it allows both intra and interspecific genetic recombination, resulting in organisms with new or improved characteristics of industrial interest. In this review we briefly describe the methodology for obtaining protoplasts, as well as fusion methods and the main applications of microalgal platforms.
RESUMEN Los protoplastos son células microbianas o vegetales que carecen de pared celular. Estos pueden obtenerse a partir de microalgas por un proceso de hidrólisis enzimática en presencia de un estabilizador osmótico. En general, los protoplastos son experimentalmente útiles en estudios fisiológicos, genéticos y bioquímicos, por lo que su obtención y fusión continuarán siendo un área de investigación activa en la biotecnología moderna. La fusión de protoplastos en microalgas constituye una herramienta para el mejoramiento de cepas pues permite la recombinación genética intra e interespecífica, logrando así organismos con nuevas características de interés industrial. En esta revisión, describimos brevemente la metodología para obtener protoplastos, métodos de fusión y las principales aplicaciones de las plataformas basadas en microalgas.
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The green synthesis of biomaterials is of significant interest as it enables the safe and sustainable preparation of noble metallic nanoparticles for medical applications. Microalgae polysaccharides have received attention due to their outstanding properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability and low cost. In addition, due to their variety of remarkable biological and physicochemical properties, polysaccharide-based nanoparticles have advantageous features yet to be explored. The primary objective of the current research was to investigate exopolysaccharides isolated from green microalgae Botryococcus braunii (EPBb) and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (EPCp), as both reducing and stabilizing agents, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Their antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli), and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) was studied, as well as their cytotoxicity to human dermal fibroblasts. The presently synthesized AgNPs were spherical in shape and exhibited characteristic surface plasmon resonance at 430â¯nm. The main population had a particle size which ranged between 5 and 15â¯nm as analyzed by transmission electron micrographs. Zeta potentials averaged -51.81⯱â¯3.01â¯mV using EPBb and -12.16⯱â¯2.41â¯mV using EPCp. More importantly, AgNPs possessed strong antibacterial activity in a dose-dependent manner, even against drug-resistant bacteria. The enhanced antibacterial activity of these particles is explained due to extensive reactive oxygen species generation and bacterial cell membrane damage. In contrast, such AgNPs were not cytotoxic at the same therapeutic range to fibroblasts (0.5-10.0⯵g/mL). In summary, these results showed that polysaccharide-capped AgNPs have a strong potential for numerous medical applications, such as antibacterial agents in pharmaceutical and biomedical areas.
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Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Nanopartículas Metálicas/química , Microalgas/química , Polissacarídeos/farmacologia , Prata/farmacologia , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/efeitos dos fármacos , Escherichia coli/ultraestrutura , Fibroblastos/citologia , Humanos , Nanopartículas Metálicas/ultraestrutura , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente à Meticilina/efeitos dos fármacos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/metabolismo , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de FourierRESUMO
In addition to plant-derived, fungal pigments have become an alternative in respect to synthetic ones. Besides Monascus sp., several pigment-producing fungi do not have culture conditions well-established yet. In this research, media composition, light wavelength and co-culture were evaluated, results were reported in Absorbance Units per gram of biomass (AU/Bgr). For Fusarium oxysporum a C:N ratio above 7 was advantageous, using both complex and defined media; blue LED light increased the AU/Bgr value from 18013 to 344; co-culture did not enhance pigment production. In Aspergillus chevalieri a high C:N ratio with glucose as carbon source was ideal. When exposing cultures to light, UV and red light gave the highest pigmentation; moreover, differential UV-VIS spectra in all wavelengths suggested production of additional pigments. Particularly a pigment observed when cultured in green light was also found in co-culture with yeast and there was an improvement of AU/Bgr value of 52549%. This is the first report regarding light effect and co-culture for these fungi, as well as C:N ratio for A. chevalieri.
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Catechins, including catechin (C) and epicatechin (E), are the main type of flavonoids in cacao seeds. They play important roles in plant defense and have been associated with human health benefits. Although flavonoid biosynthesis has been extensively studied using in vitro and in vivo models, the regulatory mechanisms controlling their accumulation under light/dark conditions remain poorly understood. To identify differences in flavonoid biosynthesis (particularly catechins) under different light treatments, we used cacao cell suspensions exposed to white-blue light and darkness during 14 days. RNA-Seq was applied to evaluate differential gene expression. Our results indicate that light can effectively regulate flavonoid profiles, inducing a faster accumulation of phenolic compounds and shifting E/C ratios, in particular as a response to switching from white to blue light. The results demonstrated that HY5, MYB12, ANR and LAR were differentially regulated under light/dark conditions and could be targeted by overexpression aiming to improve catechin synthesis in cell cultures. In conclusion, our RNA-Seq analysis of cacao cells cultured under different light conditions provides a platform to dissect key aspects into the genetic regulatory network of flavonoids. These light-responsive candidate genes can be used further to modulate the flavonoid production in in vitro systems with value-added characteristics.
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Cacau/genética , Catequina/biossíntese , Flavonoides/biossíntese , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Sementes/genética , Fatores de Transcrição/genética , Cacau/citologia , Cacau/metabolismo , Cacau/efeitos da radiação , Catequina/genética , Flavonoides/genética , Redes Reguladoras de Genes , Luz , Fotoperíodo , Células Vegetais/metabolismo , Células Vegetais/efeitos da radiação , Proteínas de Plantas/classificação , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Sementes/citologia , Sementes/metabolismo , Sementes/efeitos da radiação , Análise de Sequência de RNA , Fatores de Transcrição/classificação , Fatores de Transcrição/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Abstract Polyphenols are a large diversity of chemical types and interactions that can be responsible for a multiplicity of protective functions ranging from toxicity and light/UV shielding to signal transduction. Bacharis antioquensis has been described as a potential source of new photoprotective compounds with antioxidant capacity associated to polyphenols compounds. The aim of the present work was to develop a micropropagation protocol of B. antioquensis and evaluate the production of polyphenols by in vitro plants exposure to UVB radiation. Branches in juvenile stage of B. antioquensis were collected, desinfected and cultured on half strength Murashige and Skoog medium, supplemented or not with growth regulators (TDZ, BA or GA3) on light/darkness conditions and liquid/solid media. After UV treatments, the absorption coefficient in the UVA-UVB range, the antioxidant capacity and the total phenol content (TPC) from all tissue cultures and the wild tissue were evaluated. Growth regulators, light conditions and type of culture medium (solid or liquid) had a favorable effect on the response of explants. Treatments containing BA + GA3 regulators (2 and 0.5 mg/L respectively) and TDZ (0.5 mg/L) showed positive results in bud growth in liquid medium and darkness. Results showed that UVR exhibited promoting effects on the accumulation of polyphenols, enhancing the absorption coefficient in the UVA-UVB range, the antiradical capacity and the TPC of B. antioquensis in vitro plants. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 754-764. Epub 2018 June 01.
Resumen Los polifenoles son compuestos químicos con una diversidad de interacciones que pueden ser responsables de muchas funciones, que van desde la toxicidad hasta la protección y blindaje contra la luz/UV. Baccharis antioquensis es una fuente potencial de compuestos fotoprotectores con capacidad antioxidante. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue desarrollar un protocolo de micropropagación para B. antioquensis y evaluar la producción de polifenoles in vitro por exposición a la radiación UVB. Ramas juveniles fueron colectadas y cultivadas en medio de Murashige y Skoog (MS) y suplementadas o no con reguladores de crecimiento (TDZ, BA o GA3) en diferentes condiciones de luz/oscuridad y medios líquidos/sólidos. Después de los tratamientos UVR, se midió el espectro de absorción UV y se evaluó el coeficiente de absorción en la región UVA-UVB, la capacidad antioxidante y TPC tanto en las plantas in vitro como en las plantas silvestres. Los tratamientos que contenían reguladores BA + GA3 (2 y 0.5 mg / L respectivamente) y TDZ (0.5 mg / L) mostraron resultados positivos en el crecimiento del brote en medio líquido y en condiciones de oscuridad. Los resultados mostraron que la UVR tiene efectos promotores sobre la acumulación de metabolitos secundarios, aumentando el coeficiente de absorción en la región UVA-UVB, la capacidad antiradicalaria y TPC en las plantas in vitro.
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Raios Ultravioleta , Asteraceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Baccharis/metabolismo , Processos Fotoquímicos , Polifenóis , Fator de Proteção SolarRESUMO
Currently, plants have gained widespread interest as a source of natural sunscreen. Specifically, plants from high altitude ecosystems are exposed to high UVR levels; therefore, they must produce an adaptive chemical response. The aim of this study was to evaluate the photo-protection and antioxidant capacity in vitro of nine plants from high altitude ecosystems in Antioquia, Colombia (Sphagnum meridense, Calamagrostis effusa, Lycopodiella alopecuroides, Morella parvifolia, Baccharis antioquensis, Pentacalia pulchella, Castilleja fissifolia, Hesperomeles ferruginea and Hypericum juniperinum). B. antioquensis and P. pulchella extracts showed the best results over a broad spectrum UVA-UVB with antioxidant capacity in vitro. However, B. antioquensis extracts presented the highest absorption coefficient in UVB-UVA range among plants under study. Furthermore, the gel formulation containing the crude extract of B. antioquensis showed significant values of UVAPF, UVA/UVB ratio, critical wavelength (λc ) and SPF (3, 0.78 380 nm and 4.73 ± 0.26; respectively), indicating interesting photostability and antiradical capacities. All of these properties could be improve in order to satisfy the requirements for broad-spectrum UVB/UVA protection. Finally, P. pulchella and B. antioquensis extracts could be a potential source of a new natural sunscreen compounds with photostable and antiradical properties.
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Altitude , Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Ecossistema , Plantas/metabolismo , Protetores Solares/farmacologia , Colômbia , Técnicas In VitroRESUMO
Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes (Rubiaceae Juss), es una especie vegetal con reconocidas propiedades medicinales. Esta especie se encuentra en peligro crítico de extinción, debido a la sobreexplotación de las poblaciones naturales. Conociendo además las dificultades para su propagación por medio de semillas (debido a la baja tasa de germinación y elevada muerte prematura de las plántulas) y por vía vegetativa (lento crecimiento), el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar el potencial de propagación vía embriogénesis somática directa. Segmentos de hojas jóvenes de plantas mantenidas en casa malla fueron desinfectados y sembrados en el medio de cultivo MS (Murashige y Skoog) suplementado con diferentes concentraciones y combinaciones de reguladores de crecimiento. Las combinaciones IBA y BAP a 1 y 2 mg/L y 2 y 1 mg/L, respectivamente; mostraron ser efectivas en la formación de embriones somáticos en esta especie. La procedencia de la planta donadora parece tener influencia en la sensibilidad del tejido foliar a la respuesta. Este es el primer reporte de embriogénesis somática directa para esta especie y el primer reporte de cultivo in vitro de poblaciones colombianas.
Psychotria ipecacuanha (Brot.) Stokes (Rubiaceae Juss), is a specie with known medicinal properties. This species is critically endangered due to overexploitation of natural populations.Besides knowing the difficulties in propagation by seed (due to the low rate of germination and high seedling premature death) and by vegetative (slow growth), the present study evaluated the potential for propagation by using direct somatic embryogenesis.Young leaves segments from plants cultivated in a greenhouse were disinfected and planted in MS medium (Murashige y Skoog), supplemented with different concentrations of growth regulators. IBA and BAP combinations at 1 and 2 mg / L and 2 and 1 mg / L, respectively, shown to be effective in the formation of somatic embryos in this species. The origin of the donor plant seems to influence foliar tissue sensitivity to the answer. This is the first report of direct somatic embryogenesis for this species and the first report of in vitro culture of Colombian populations.
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Espécies em Perigo de Extinção , Ipecacuanha , Plantas Medicinais , Política Ambiental , RegeneraçãoRESUMO
Candida guilliermondii (teleomorph Meyerozyma guilliermondii) is an ascomycetous species belonging to the fungal CTG clade. This yeast remains actively studied as a result of its moderate clinical importance and most of all for its potential uses in biotechnology. The aim of the present study was to establish a convenient transformation system for C. guilliermondii by developing both a methionine auxotroph recipient strain and a functional MET gene as selection marker. We first disrupted the MET2 and MET15 genes encoding homoserine-O-acetyltransferase and O-acetylserine O-acetylhomoserine sulphydrylase, respectively. The met2 mutant was shown to be a methionine auxotroph in contrast to met15 which was not. Interestingly, met2 and met15 mutants formed brown colonies when cultured on lead-containing medium, contrary to the wild-type strain, which develop as white colonies on this medium. The MET2 wild-type allele was successfully used to transfer a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) gene-expressing vector into the met2 recipient strain. In addition, we showed that the loss of the MET2-containing YFP-expressing plasmid can be easily observed on lead-containing medium. The MET2 wild-type allele, flanked by two short repeated sequences, was then used to disrupt the LYS2 gene (encoding the α-aminoadipate reductase) in the C. guilliermondii met2 recipient strain. The resulting lys2 mutants displayed, as expected, auxotrophy for lysine. Unfortunately, all our attempts to pop-out the MET2 marker (following the recombination of the bordering repeat sequences) from a target lys2 locus were unsuccessful using white/brown colony colour screening. Nevertheless, this MET2 transformation/disruption system represents a new versatile genetic tool for C. guilliermondii.
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Candida/metabolismo , Metionina/biossíntese , Acetiltransferases/genética , Acetiltransferases/metabolismo , Vias Biossintéticas/genética , Candida/enzimologia , Candida/genética , Clonagem Molecular , Cisteína Sintase/genética , Cisteína Sintase/metabolismo , Marcadores Genéticos/genética , Marcadores Genéticos/fisiologia , Proteínas Luminescentes/genética , Metionina/genética , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Mutagênese Insercional , Transformação GenéticaRESUMO
The chitin was isolated from the Ganoderma lucidum submerged cultures mycelium as potential source of chitin under biotechnological processes. The extraction of chitin was carried out through 5 different assays which involved mainly three phases: pulverization of the mushroom, deproteinization of the mycelia with NaOH solution, and a process of decolorization with potassium permanganate and oxalic acid. The chitin contents extracted from 9-day mycelia were 413, 339, 87, 78, and 144 mg/g(-1) (milligrams of chitin/grams of dry biomass) for A1, A2, A3, A4, and A5, respectively. Obtained chitin was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and by thermal analysis (TGA). The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum chitin has similar characteristic of chitin from different fonts. The advantage of the biotechnological processes and the fact that Ganoderma lucidum fungus may be used as a potential raw material for chitin production were demonstrated.
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Biotecnologia , Técnicas de Cultura de Células , Quitina/química , Quitina/isolamento & purificação , Biomassa , Reatores Biológicos , Reishi/química , Espectroscopia de Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier , Difração de Raios XRESUMO
Choibá (Dipteryx oleifera Benth) es un árbol de la familia Fabaceae (Papilionoideae), con una distribución geográfica reportada desde Nicaragua hasta Colombia a una altura de hasta 1000 msnm. Crece en bosque húmedo, muy húmedo o premontano húmedo. Esta especie es considerada vulnerable debido a la sobreexplotación de su madera, ya que es un árbol altamente apetecido por esta y por sus frutos. Su almendra almacena una buena cantidad de aceites con potencial para la industria alimentaria, lo que podría resultar en una nueva fuente alimenticia, por lo cual el cultivo in vitro de vegetales con el propósito de producir compuestos de interés, marca un punto de partida para reducir el uso del suelo y lograr componentes bioactivos bajo condiciones controladas. En este trabajo, como una primera etapa experimental, se evaluó el crecimiento celular en suspensiones, a partir de callo inducido en explantes de cotiledón; se ensayaron 6 tratamientos diferentes, la mitad de estos con MS como medio basal y la otra mitad con B5, cada uno de los dos grupos con un control y la combinación hormonal de 2.5 mg/L de 2,4-D y 1 mg/L de BAP o kinetina, suplementado con adenina, biotina, glutamina y ácido pantoténico y 30 g/L de sacarosa, bajo completa oscuridad. Se encontró que dos tratamientos con MS en combinación con 2.5 mg/L de 2,4-D y 1 mg/L de kinetina o BAP fueron los mejores.
Choibá (Dipteryx olifera) is a tree of the Fabaceae family, with a geographical distribution reported from Nicaragua to Colombia, nearly 1.000 msnm in a tropical rain forest. This species is a highly desired tree for its timber and fruits, the kernel store a lot of important oils for the food industry, resulting in a new possible food source, so we are making in vitro cultivation of vegetables with the purpose of producing compounds of interest and that mark a starting point on the reduction of land use and it achieves bioactive components under controlled conditions. In this work, as a first experimental step was evaluated the tissue cell growth in suspension, using fragments of cotyledon and testing 6 different treatments, the half of those with MS as basal medium and the other half with B5, each of the two groups with one control and hormone combination of 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP or kinetin, supplemented with adenine, biotin, pantothenic acid and glutamine and 30 g l sucrose under complete darkness. It was found that two treatments with MS in combination with 2.5 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L kinetin or BAP were the best.
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Biomassa , Dipteryx , Cultura em Câmaras de Difusão , FabaceaeRESUMO
Antecedentes: Las estatinas presentan principalmente un efecto hipocolesterolémico, pero asimismo acciones biológicas adicionales, como efecto antiinflamatorio e inmunomodulador, actividad antioxidante, reducción de la incidencia de algunos tipos de cáncer, efectos benéficos en el metabolismo óseo y en el tratamiento de enfermedades neurodegenerativas y el SIDA. Se dividen en dos clases: las estatinas naturales y las sintéticas, las cuales surgen como producto de la necesidad de potencializar el efecto de las primeras. Estas propiedades han impulsado las investigaciones encaminadas a la comprensión de su comportamiento químico y sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, así como la comprensión de la relación entre sus estructuras y las ya mencionadas actividades. Su estudio ha permitido el desarrollo de técnicas analíticas eficientes tanto para su determinación en diferentes matrices, como la optimización de los procesos de extracción, separación, cuantificación y elucidación estructural, así como ahondar en el planteamiento de sus rutas biosintéticas, lo que aportará herramientas para poder intervenir, mediante la biotecnología, en los procesos biosintéticos, buscando el aumento de su producción por un organismo específico. Objetivos: El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar una revisión de la química, biosíntesis, farmacocinética y técnicas analíticas para la determinación de las estatinas con el fin de aportar, de manera rápida, conocimientos a quienes realizan investigaciones sobre estos metabolitos. Métodos: La revisión abarcó los últimos 12 años y se efectuó realizando la selección de aquellas investigaciones más relevantes que permiten conocer la química, las variaciones estructurales, las técnicas analíticas empleadas para la determinación de las estaninas y sus rutas biosintéticas. Asimismo, se pretendió abarcar un conocimiento general de sus acciones biológicas, farmacología y farmacocinética, tópicos estrechamente relacionados con sus diferencias estruc...
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Doença das Coronárias , Doenças Cardiovasculares , Farmacocinética , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA RedutasesRESUMO
Las estatinas de tipo I son metabolitos f¨²ngicos de gran inter¨¦s no s¨®lo por su efecto hipocolesterolemiante sino por el n¨²mero de efectos pleiotr¨®picos que presentan. El papel de las estatinas en la reducci¨®n de l¨ªpidos en la sangre est¨¢ ampliamente documentado. En la actualidad, los estudios cl¨ªnicos han puesto en evidencia que las estatinas impactan positivamente en varios ¨®rganos y en diferentes estados de algunas enfermedades, independientemente de la reducci¨®n en los niveles de colesterol. Exhiben efecto antiinflamatorio, antioxidante y acci¨®n inmunomoduladora, lo que les confiere potencial impacto terap¨¦utico en el tratamiento de varias enfermedades. Estudios recientes las posicionan como antirretrovirales, impidiendo la replicaci¨®n del virus de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (VIH). El hecho de que generan pro-apoptosis, inhibici¨®n en el crecimiento y respuesta a favor de la diferenciaci¨®n de las c¨¦lulas neopl¨¢sicas de diversos or¨ªgenes, las hace ¨²tiles en el tratamiento de leucemia, c¨¢ncer de mama, c¨¢ncer colo-rectal, de pulm¨®n, de pr¨®stata y de p¨¢ncreas. No se deben dejar de lado los efectos ben¨¦ficos sobre el metabolismo ¨®seo, gracias a su asociaci¨®n con el aumento en la densidad mineral ¨®sea y el efecto protector contra el Alzheimer y otros tipos de demencia, posiblemente debido a su participaci¨®n en la relaci¨®n entre el ¦Â-amiloide y los niveles de colesterol.
Statins of type I are fungic metabollites of great importance not only by its hypocholestorolemic but also by its number pleoitropic effects that they show. The role of statins in the reduction of lipids in the blood is broadly reported. Currently, clinic surveys have put into evidence that statins both impact in a positive manner on several organs and in different stages of some diseases, regardless of the cholesterol reduction levels. They show an anti-inflammatory effect, anti-oxidant, and immune modulator action, which give them a therapeutic potential in the treatment of several diseases. Recent studies place them as anti-retrovirus avoiding the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The fact that they generate pro-apoptosis, inhibition on growing, and an favorable effect of the neo-plastic cell differentiation of diverse origins make them useful in the leukemia treatment, breast-cancer, colorectal, lung cancer, prostate cancer, and pancreas cancer. The beneficial side effects on bone metabolism should not be left aside due to its association with the increase of bone mineral density, the protector effect against Alzheimer and other types of dementia, possibly due to its participation in the relationship between ¦¢-amyloid and the cholesterol levels.
Assuntos
Biotecnologia , Coenzima A , Lipídeos , Sangue , HIV , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , LeucemiaRESUMO
Recent increases in energy demands as a consequence of population growth and industrialization, and pollution caused during the extraction and combustion of fossil fuel sources have driven the development of new energy sources that do not cause pollution and are inexpensive and renewable. Consequently, it is necessary to develop alternative ways of generating biofuels that put less pressure on agricultural lands and water supplies, and ensure ecosystems conservation. In order to achieve the proposed goals related to energetic coverage and independence, several approaches have been developed, including biodiesel production using vegetal oils as feedstock. The aim of the current research project was to apply a nonconventional bioprocess for in vitro biomass and oil production of Jatropha curcas, for assessing different J. curcas varieties, where seed tissue was isolated and used for callus induction. Once friable callus was obtained, cell suspension cultures were established. The cell viability, fatty acid content, and characteristics were used to select the most promising cell line according to its fatty acid profile and ability to grow and develop under in vitro conditions. Oil produced by cell suspension culture of the Jatropha varieties studied was extracted and characterized by GC/MS. Differences encountered among Jatropha varieties were related to their fatty acid profiles, oil content (% on dry basis), and cell viability measurements (%).
Assuntos
Biocombustíveis/análise , Técnicas de Química Analítica/métodos , Ácidos Graxos/análise , Jatropha/metabolismo , Óleos/química , Óleos de Plantas/análise , Fontes de Energia Bioelétrica , Biomassa , Biotecnologia/métodos , Linhagem Celular , Células Cultivadas , Conservação de Recursos Energéticos , Meios de Cultura/química , Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas/métodos , Técnicas In Vitro , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The effect of different non-conventional carbon sources was studied in the submerged culture of Lingzhi or Reishi medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, for simultaneous production of mycelial biomass, bioactive ganoderic acid, and polysaccharides, in less time, using non-conventional carbon sources to minimize the high costs of current culture media. The optimal medium composition was defined as (g/L): 50 of barley flour, 0.2 of KH2PO4, 0.1 of MgSO4â±7H2O, and 1 NH4Cl. Cultivated under this complex culture medium, the mycelial biomass production was 23.49 ± 0.37 g/L; the extracellular polysaccharides production was 2.72 ± 0.11 g/L; the intracellular polysaccharides production was 2.22 ± 0.06 g/L; the ganoderic acids production was 299.67 ± 11.63 mg/L. One liter of culture medium developed in this project was priced at USD $ 0.11 if barley flour is used as carbon source or $ 0.13 with oat flour in order to get a good amount of products of interest.
Assuntos
Biomassa , Carbono/metabolismo , Polissacarídeos/biossíntese , Reishi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Reishi/metabolismo , Triterpenos/metabolismoRESUMO
Protocormos in vitro de Phalaenopsis de tres meses de edad se transfirieron a contenedores RITA® con el fin depropagarlos masivamente. Los factores evaluados fueron la concentración de sacarosa en el medio y la frecuencia de inmersión. Se dispusieron cinco pares de contenedores RITA® con medio de cultivo líquido a concentraciones de sacarosa de 0, 15, 30, 45 y 60 g/L. El medio utilizado fue el MS a la mitad de la concentración de las sales, suplementado con vitaminas y tidiazuron (5 mg/L). El experimento se realizó en dos etapas, cada una con duración de dos meses. La primera etapa con una frecuencia de inmersión de cuatro horas y la segunda con una frecuencia de inmersión de ocho horas, ambas con un tiempo de inmersión de un minuto. Los resultados mostraron que la mejor respuesta proliferativa, con 8,2 protocormos adventicios por protocormo por mes, se obtuvo en el medio con 15 g/L de sacarosa y un tiempo de inmersión de un minutocada cuatro horas.
In order to massively propagate Phalaenopsis orchids, three months old in vitro protocorms were transferred to RITA® vessels. The evaluation factors were the sucrose concentration in the culture medium and the frequency immersion. There was a set of five pairs of RITA® vessels with liquid culture medium containing sucrose at 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 g/L. A half-strength MS medium plus vitamins, supplemented with vitamins and thidiazuron (5 mg/L) was used. The experiment had two stages, each lasting two months. Each stage had a one minute immersion. The first stage had a four hour immersion frequency and the second one had an eight hour immersion frequency. Results showed that the best proliferating response was reached in a 15 g/L of sucrose medium with one minute of immersion time every four hours, resulting in 8,2 adventitious protocorms per protocorm per month.
Assuntos
Imersão , Orchidaceae/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sacarose/análise , Sacarose/efeitos adversosRESUMO
El licopeno es un carotenoide de elevado poder antioxidante que se obtiene a partir de fuentes naturales especialmente frutas y vegetales; también puede ser producido mediante el cultivo de microoganismos. En el presente artículo se estudia la síntesis de licopeno a partir del cultivo sumergido de Clavibacter michiganeses sub. michiganenses. Se considera el diseño de medios de cultivo y la separación, cuantificación y caracterización del carotenoide. Con el fin de establecer los niveles más apropiados para los factores de estudio (fuente de carbono, fuente de nitrógeno y sales), se programa un diseño de factor único; para el estudio de optimización se emplea un diseño central compuesto (33), cuya variable respuesta es la concentración de producto. El ajuste estadístico de los resultados experimentales muestra valores de fuente de carbono (glucosa: 7.5 g/L), nitrógeno (peptona: 10g/L y extracto de levadura: 10 g/L) y sales (cloruro de sodio: 10 g/L y fosfato dipotásico: 1 g/L), como constituyentes del medio de cultivo para lograr la mayor concentración de pigmento (2.85 mg carotenos/mL).