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Capybaras are the largest rodents cohabiting with humans within urban and peri-urban green areas and are known by their prolificity. Surgical contraception has been recommended by official organizations as a way to control capybara populations in areas of zoonotic disease transmission, but little data are available concerning surgical anatomy. To obtain objective anatomical descriptions related to reproductive organs, eight female capybaras cadavers were dissected. The stratigraphy of the lateral (flank) and ventral, post-umbilical (on the linea alba) abdominal wall is described as well as the vascular anatomy of reproductive organs and their syntopy with the abdominal viscera. We commented on the access to the uterine tubes and uterine horns for each approach, and for better description of abdominal wall stratigraphy, abdominal ultrasonography was performed in one live female. All of the animals were provenient from "in situ" population management projects that were properly authorized. Similar abdominal wall stratigraphy was found in comparison to domestic mammals, with emphasis on a thick cutaneous muscle, a thin linea alba, and a large, loose cecum. The uterine tubes were easily accessed by bilateral laparotomy, allowing tubal removal/ligation procedures, while uterine horn exposure was more readily reached by a midline post umbilical celiotomy, favoring horn ligature and hysterotomy techniques. This study can help achieve more efficient contraceptive surgeries in capybaras, reducing the total surgical time and enhancing animal welfare.

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Estrogens and progestogens are hormones produced by maternal organs and it is required for recognition and maintenance of pregnancy. In addition, the embryo may also be a source. For this, the aim was to identify steroidogenic expression on Galea spixii embryos early in the embryonic period. Embryos were collected on Days 10 and 15 of gestation; some were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for morphological and immunohistochemical analysis (P450arom), whereas others had RNA extracted to determine presence of CYP19a1 gene. In addition, for immunochemistry, maternal ovaries were collected as positive control tissues. Maternal tissues had positive staining for aromatase, whereas none of the embryos stained for P450 aromatase. Based on qPCR reactions, CYP19a1 gene were expressed in all embryos. Galea spixii embryos expressed steroidogenic genes during the post-implantation period, indicating they have the potential to produce steroid hormones.(AU)

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Capybaras are the primary hosts of Amblyomma sculptum tick, vectors of Rickettsia rickettsia bacteria, and the zoonotic agent of Brazilian Spotted Fever (BSF). In this context, contraceptive methods have been suggested for population control in order to reduce the number of free-ranging capybaras cohabiting with humans in urban and rural areas and acting as disease amplifiers. To maintain the group's expected behavior and social hierarchy, sterilization techniques that preserve the gonads are recommended. On 126 female capybaras in the Brazilian state of São Paulo, a new surgical technique named "Passos Nunes" uterine horn ligature was performed after adequate general anesthesia. It achieved effective surgical sterilization, with an incision length of about 3 cm in the periumbilical linea alba, cranial to the pubis. After entering the abdominal cavity, the urinary bladder is pulled laterally to access the uterine horns and the cervix. The uterine horn is folded up, forming a strap; the distal portion of the strap is ligated and its distal end sectioned. The exact process is performed on the opposite horn. After the surgical procedure, the musculature is sutured in a sultan pattern and the subcutaneous tissue with a horizontal mattress pattern. The skin is sutured in a separate simple format, using nylon 2.0 for all steps. The wide exposure of the uterine horns facilitates the confirmation of pregnancy, allowing the surgeon to choose between salpingo hysterectomy or ligature of the uterine horns. The present study presents a new technique of surgical sterilization that can be used in female free-ranging mammals in which maintenance of the gonads is recommended, and births of offspring should not occur.(AU)

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Sex steroid hormones are critical in gonadal differentiation in turtles. The gonads are not the only organs responsible for producing these hormones during this phase. Mesonephros play an important role in steroidogenesis. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of steroidogenic cells in mesonephros of Podocnemis expansa during gonadal differentiation and to evaluate their morphology and ultrastructure. Ten embryos of P. expansa were collected from 5 nests on day 36 of incubation, during spawning period on an artificial beach. Embryos were extracted from eggs by slicing the shell and euthanized. They were dissected under a stereoscopic microscope to collect the gonad-mesonephro complex, in which were fixed and subsequently processed for light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy analysis. During histological analysis was observed mesonephros has typical morphological structure. Immunohistochemistry showed immunoreaction to aromatase in cells of intertubular space. Confirming these findings, it was possible to observe a type of intertubular cell in several regions of mesonephro, being more predominant in region close to blood vessels, distal and proximal tubules. In ultrastructural analysis these cells were characterized by having a clear, large, and rounded nucleus with evident nucleolus and cytoplasm rich in electron-dense droplets. This study demonstrated for the first time the presence of cells with morphological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characteristics similar to steroid-producing cells in P. expansa mesonephrons, suggesting that this organ may contribute to gonadal differentiation in this species.(AU)

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SUMMARY: This study aimed to construct three-dimensional (3D) anatomical models of the tongue of domestic mammals of veterinary interest. The tongues were obtained from the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Veterinary Macroscopic Anatomy in the Surgery Department of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo. Tongues from a cow, dog, horse, and pig were selected for scanning and creation of the 3D-printed models. The printer used a filamentous thermoplastic material, acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS), which was deposited together with a support resin. In addition to the printing of models, an interactive 3D PDF was generated, creating a didactic collection for students. The anatomical characteristics and peculiarity of the tongues were easily identified in the scanned and printed images. The 3D scanning and printing offered an innovative method of visualizing different anatomical structures and, together with the existing methods, can optimize anatomy teaching in an educational context.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo construir modelos anatómicos tridimensionales (3D) de la lengua de mamíferos domésticos de interés veterinario. Las lenguas se obtuvieron de la colección didáctica del Laboratorio de Anatomía Macroscópica Veterinaria del Departamento de Cirugía de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia de la Universidad de São Paulo. Se seleccionaron lenguas de vaca, perro, caballo y cerdo para escanear y crear los modelos impresos en 3D. La impresora utilizó un material termoplástico filamentoso, acrilonitrilo-butadieno-estireno (ABS), que se depositó junto con una resina de soporte. Además de la impresión de modelos, se generó un PDF 3D interactivo, creando una colección didáctica para los estudiantes. Las características anatómicas y la peculiaridad de las lenguas se identificaron fácilmente en las imágenes escaneadas e impresas. El escaneo e impresión 3D ofrecieron un método innovador para visualizar diferentes estructuras anatómicas y, junto con los métodos existentes, puede optimizar la enseñanza de la anatomía en un contexto educativo.

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Letrozole is used as a therapeutic agent in reproductive disorders caused by high estrogen levels. Letrozole inhibits cytochrome P450 aromatase and reduces estrogen levels. However, the effects of longterm use on reproductive traits are unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prolonged use of letrozole in the gonads of rodents (Spix's yellow-toothed cavy; Galea spixii). Forty-eight rodents (24 males and 24 females) were randomly divided into the treated and control groups. Letrozole administration started at 15 days of age and continued weekly until 30, 45, 90, and 120 days of age. The body, testis, and ovary weights were analyzed, as well as the morphological progression of spermatogenesis and folliculogenesis. Macroscopically, body weight gain and gonads weight were increased in the letrozole group. Microscopically, the ovaries of treated females showed stratified epithelium and a cellular disorder of the tunica albuginea. In the testes of treated males, the development of seminiferous tubules was delayed and sperm was absent. The collective findings indicate that the prolonged use of letrozole alters secondary sexual characteristics, and causes weight gain, reproductive changes, and male infertility.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of racial crossing on seminal parameters of eight Santa Inês and crossbred (Santa Inês x Dorper) rams submitted to heat stress, and to monitor the return of these parameters to previously reported. Before to place the insulation bags, two collects of semen through electroejaculation were performed. The insulation pouches were made with double-layer plastic, internally lined with cotton, and fixed around the spermatic funiculus and scrotum with adhesive tape and bandage remaining on the testes of the animals for seven days. The first collect was performed on the day that the pouches were taken (day 0) and thereafter, every seven days, totalizing 15 measurements. Data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA). The analyzed variables were subjected to Dunnett test at 5% probability to compare the values obtained before treatment with those obtained in the following days. In this study it was found that the animals restored normal seminal parameter after the insulation effects, however, the return rate differed slightly among the studied breeds. The crossbred animals restored the seminal patterns, on average, a week before Santa Inês. It is concluded that the racial crossing influences the semen parameters of rams submitted to heat stress.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do cruzamento racial sobre parâmetros seminais de oito carneiros Santa Inês e mestiços, submetidos ao estresse térmico e monitorar o retorno desses parâmetros aos relatos anteriormente. Antes de colocar as bolsas de insulação, foram realizadas duas coletas de sêmen por meio de eletroejaculação. As bolsas de insulação foram confeccionadas com plástico de camada dupla, revestidas internamente com algodão, fixadas ao redor do funículo espermático e escroto com fita adesiva e bandagem, permanecendo nos testículos dos animais por sete dias. A primeira coleta foi realizada no dia em que as bolsas foram retiradas (dia 0) e a partir daí, a cada sete dias, totalizando 15 coletas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA). As variáveis analisadas foram submetidas ao teste de Dunnett a 5% de probabilidade para comparar os valores obtidos antes do tratamento com aqueles obtidos nos dias seguintes. Neste estudo verificou-se que os animais restauraram os parâmetros seminais normais após os efeitos da insulação, porém, a taxa de retorno diferiu ligeiramente entre as raças estudadas. Os animais mestiços restauraram os padrões seminais, em média, uma semana antes da Santa Inês. Conclui-se que o cruzamento racial influencia os parâmetros seminais de carneiros submetidos ao estresse térmico.

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To contribute knowledge of an important experimental model for studies on skin embryology, a study was carried out to describe the morphological events of the skin during the intrauterine life of Cavia porcellus from the 10th to the 60th day of gestation. Embryos and fetuses were dissected, and the skin of the nasal, cranial, lumbar and anal regions was processed byoptical microscopy. At 30 days the first hairs, called lanugos, were observed in the cranial region. The morphological description showed that a few days can make a great difference in development.

Con el objetivo de contribuir al conocimiento de un importante modelo experimental para estudios sobre embriología de la piel, se llevó a cabo un estudio para describir los eventos morfológicos de la piel durante la vida intrauterina de Cavia porcellus desde el día 10 hasta el día 60 de gestación. Los embriones y los fetos se disecaron y se procesó la piel de las regiones nasal, craneal, lumbar y anal, mediante microscopía óptica. A los 30 días se observaron los primeros vellos, llamados lanugos, en la región craneal. La descripción morfológica mostró que unos pocos días pueden marcar una gran diferencia en el desarrollo.

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Background: The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas suchas: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components hasgained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers.Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensionalscanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedicsurgical planning.Materials, Methods & Results: In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D modeland a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of thebones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibulabones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs.Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can beused to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the useof cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as abasis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well asfor surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as thetomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both...(AU)

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Background: The 3D printer came in the 1980s. Since then, its innovation has allowed its use in many areas suchas: engineering, art, industry, education and medicine. The scanning and 3D printing of anatomical components hasgained relevance in recent years due to the advancement in the technology of scanning equipment and 3D printers.Since 3D models are useful in several areas of health, the present study aimed to standardize the three-dimensionalscanning and printing of the coxal bones and the long ones of the pelvic limbs of dogs. The aim was to build a dynamic3D digital collection, as well as generate templates for didactic use, or for use in both prostheses and orthopedicsurgical planning.Materials, Methods & Results: In present study, a 3D macroscopic scanning system, Creaform brand Go! Scan 3D modeland a Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D Printer (Stratasys Mojo Printer) were used. After proper maceration of thebones under study, these were scanned, edited, printed and washed. Replicas of the coxal and left femur, tibia and fibulabones were obtained, as well as generating digital files that can be converted into PDFs.Discussion: From the models scanned in 3D, a dynamic digital collection was built for anatomical study, which can beused to complement practical classes. The creation of a collection of anatomical pieces printed in 3D can reduce the useof cadavers in class. The printed material can also be used as a template for orthopedic surgical planning or serve as abasis for the manufacture of prostheses, contributing to the improvement of the surgical and orthopedic clinic. 3D printing can be successfully used in veterinary medicine through the production of prostheses for injured animals as well asfor surgical planning of orthopedic procedures. The scan allows the generation of a collection for bioprinting, just as thetomography does in medical practice. Such steps are important in the final generation of parts to be used for both...

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BACKGROUND: The synthesis of sex steroids is controlled by several enzymes such as17α-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450c17) catalyzing androgen synthesis and aromatase cytochrome P450 (P450arom) catalyzing estrogen synthesis, both of which must complex with the redox partner NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) for activity. Previous studies have identified expression of steroidogenic enzymes in vaginal tissue, suggesting local sex steroid synthesis. The current studies investigate P450c17, P450aromatase and CPR expression in vaginal mucosa of Galea spixii (Spix cavy) by immuno-histochemical and western immunoblot analyses. METHODS: Stages of estrous cyclicity were monitored by vaginal exfoliative cytology. After euthanasia, vaginal tissues were retrieved, fixed and frozen at diestrus, proestrus, estrus and metestrus. The ovaries and testis were used as positive control tissues for immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Data from cytological study allowed identification of different estrous cycle phases. Immunohistochemical analysis showed different sites of expression of steroidogenic enzymes along with tissue response throughout different phases of the estrous cycle. However, further studies are needed to characterize the derived hormones synthesized by, and the enzymes activities associated with, vaginal tissues. CONCLUSION: Current results not only support the expression of enzymes involved in sex steroid synthesis in the wall of the vagina, they also indicate that expression changes with the stage of the cycle, both the levels and types of cells exhibiting expression. Thus, changes in proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells and the differentiation of the mucosa may be influenced by local steroid synthesis as well as circulating androgens and estrogens.

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The Myrmecophaga tridactyla (family Pilosa), popularly known in Brazil as the giant anteater is classified as an endangered species by the main survey agencies of biodiversity preservation around the world. The adrenal glands are important organs, which are related to homeostasis of the animal. This study aimed to describe the morphology of the adrenal glands of M. tridactyla, providing data for future studies related to the production of steroid hormones in specimens exposed to different stress factors. The adrenal glands of 14 specimens were used. The glands were measured, photodocumented and described by light microscopy. The adrenals were positioned in the cranial extremity of the kidneys (left and right) and related medially to the caudal vena cava. The right adrenal gland had an elongated shape while the left adrenal gland had pyramidal or triangular shape. The weight was 4.765±0.129g for the right adrenal and 3.975±0.213g for the left adrenal. The length was 4.50±0.14cm for the right adrenal and 4.28±0.11cm for the left adrenal. The width was 2.60±0.13cm for the right adrenal and 2.37±0.12cm for the left adrenal. The thickness was 0.45±0.11cm for the right adrenal and 0.68±0.14cm for the left adrenal. Statistical differences (p<0.05) between right and left adrenals for all values analyzed were observed. Microscopically it was observed a capsule composed by modeled dense connective tissue lining the organ. Below this capsule, from the outermost to the innermost layer, it was observed a cortical region divided into glomerular, fasciculata and reticular zones with a medullar region occupying the center of the organ. Further studies related to steroidogenesis with specimens collected at different periods of the year are necessary, aiming to observe if there are morphological or hormonal variations in the adrenal glands due to seasonal periods. This information would be of great importance because it could reflect the behavioral habits of this species.

O Myrmecophaga tridactyla (família Pilosa), conhecido popularmente no Brasil como Tamanduá- Bandeira, é uma espécie classificada como ameaçada de extinção pelos principais órgãos de levantamento e preservação da biodiversidade no mundo. As glândulas adrenais são importantes órgãos, relacionados com a homeostasia dos animais. Neste estudo, objetivou-se descrever a morfologia das glândulas adrenais de M. tridactyla, fornecendo dados para futuros estudos relacionados à produção de hormônios esteroides em espécimes expostos a diferentes fatores de stress. Esta pesquisa traz a análise das glândulas adrenais em 14 espécimes de M. tridactyla, as quais foram mensuradas, fotodocumentadas, processadas e analisadas por microscopia de luz. Encontrou-se que as glândulas adrenais pares estavam posicionadas na extremidade cranial dos rins e relacionadas medialmente com a veia cava caudal. Sendo que, a glândula adrenal direita possuía formato mais alongado que a glândula adrenal esquerda, a qual apresentou formato piramidal ou triangular. A massa da glândula adrenal direita foi de 4,765±0,129g, enquanto a esquerda pesou 3,975±0,213g. O comprimento foi de 4,50±0,14cm para a glândula direita e 4,28±0,11cm para a esquerda. A largura foi de 2,60±0,13cm para a glândula direita e 2,37±0,12cm para a esquerda. A espessura da glândula direita foi de 0,45±0,11cm e da esquerda foi 0,68±0,14. Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas (p<0,05) entre as glândulas direitas e esquerdas em todas as dimensões analisadas. Com auxílio de microscopia de luz observou-se uma cápsula de tecido conjuntivo denso modelado, revestindo o órgão. Abaixo dessa cápsula, foi possível evidenciar, da camada mais externa para a mais interna, uma região cortical, dividida em zonas glomerular, fasciculada e reticular, com uma região medular ocupando o centro do órgão. Futuros estudos relacionados à esteroidogênese adrenal com espécimes em diferentes épocas do ano poderiam demonstrar se as glândulas adrenais apresentam variações sazonais em sua conformação morfológica ou na produção de hormônios adrenais decorrentes dessas variações, sendo que, estes dados seriam de grande importância, pois poderiam refletir os hábitos comportamentais nesta espécie.

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In order to improve the knowledge of the structure and function of the primates placenta, this review discuss about the similarities of the primates placental structure comparing with human placentation. In this review article, we will consider the arrangement of the foetal membrane, the area of joint and maternal-foetal interdigitation, and the inter hematic barrier. In addition, the differences among the Old World, Neotropical and Prosimian primates in maternal-foetal relation are compared and gaps in knowledge identified for further research. We conclude that the Old World monkeys are ideal models for the detection of placental pathologies, given their close phylogenetic proximity to humans. There is a significant difference between the placental structure of Neotropical and Old World primates, including humans, and further studies are needed for a better understanding of the differences between the phyla of primates, especially Neotropical primates.

A fim de melhorar o conhecimento da estrutura e da função da placenta de primatas, esta revisão discutir sobre as semelhanças entre à estrutura placentária de primatas comparando com placentação humana. Neste artigo de revisão, vamos considerar o arranjo da membrana fetal, a área de interdigitação conjunta e materno-fetal, e a barreira hemática. Além disso, as diferenças entre os primatas do velho mundo, neotropicais e prossimios na relação materno-fetal são comparados e lacunas de conhecimento foram identificadas para futuras pesquisas. Conclui-se que os primatas do velho mundo são modelos ideais para a detecção de patologias placentárias, dada a sua proximidade filogenética para os seres humanos. Há uma diferença significativa entre a estrutura da placenta de primatas neotropicais e do velho mundo, incluindo seres humanos, e mais estudos são necessários para uma melhor compreensão das diferenças entre os filos de primatas, especialmente os primatas neotropicais.

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The Kerodon rupestris are wild rodents bred in captivity in order to their conservation and development of researches. The aim of this study was describe the morphology of the tongue from eight animals by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, beyond macroscopic studies. The tongues of K. rupestris had 3.15 ± 0.28 cm of length; 1.0 ± 0.20 cm width at the root; 0.38 ± 0.10 cm width at the body; and, 1.10 ± 0.09 cm width at the apex. Thickness measurements were 0.50 ± 0.09 cm at the apex; 0.30 ± 0.10 cm at the body; and, 0.70 ± 0.10 cm at the root. The free apex had 0.50 ± 0.10 cm in length. The dorsal surface of the tongue contained the fungiform and filiform papillae at the apex and body; conical papillae and a pairs of vallate papillae at the root, and foliated papillae dorsolaterally positioned in the root region. The proper lamina of the dorsal surface of the tongue was composed by keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, in which lingual papillae were found; and, a rich network of skeletal striated muscle and non-modeled dense connective tissue, in which vessels, nerves, mucous and serous acini and their respective ducts were found. In summary, dorsal surface of the tongue of K. rupestris had filiform and conical papillae with mechanical function, and, fungiform, vallate and foliated papillae with taste buds responsible by gustatory function. Moreover, the tongue of these animals showed some peculiarities as the eminence on the apex in sagittal plane, which needs further studies.

Os Kerodon rupestris são roedores silvestres criados em cativeiro para sua conservação e desenvolvimento de pesquisas. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a língua destes animais por meio de microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e estudos macroscópicos. As línguas de K. rupestris tinham 3,15 ± 0,28 cm de comprimento; 1,00 ± 0,20 cm de largura na raiz, 0,38 ± 0,10 cm de largura no corpo e 1,10 ± 0,09 de largura no ápice. As medidas de espessura foram 0,50 ± 0,09 cm no ápice, 0,30 ± 0,10 cm no corpo e 0,70 ± 0,10 cm na raíz. O ápice livre possuía 0,50 ± 0,10 cm de comprimento. A superfície dorsal da língua continha papilas fungiformes e filiformes no ápice e corpo; papilas cônicas e um par de papilas valadas na raiz; e, papilas foliadas posicionadas dorsolateralmente na região da raiz. A lâmina própria da superfície dorsal da língua estava composta por epitélio estratificado pavimentoso queratinizado, no qual as papilas linguais foram encontradas; e, uma rica rede de músculo estriado esquelético e tecido conjuntivo denso não modelado, no qual veias, nervos e ácinos serosos e mucosos e seus respectivos ductos foram encontrados. Em conclusão, a superfície da língua de K. rupestris apresentou papilas filiformes e cônicas com função mecânica e papilas fungiformes, valadas e foliadas com botões gustativos responsáveis pela função gustativa. Além disso, a língua desses animais apresentou ainda particularidades, como uma eminência no plano sagital do ápice que necessita de futuros estudos.

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In order to improve the knowledge of the structure and function of the primates placenta, this review discuss about the similarities of the primates placental structure comparing with human placentation. In this review article, we will consider the arrangement of the foetal membrane, the area of joint and maternal-foetal interdigitation, and the inter hematic barrier. In addition, the differences among the Old World, Neotropical and Prosimian primates in maternal-foetal relation are compared and gaps in knowledge identified for further research. We conclude that the Old World monkeys are ideal models for the detection of placental pathologies, given their close phylogenetic proximity to humans. There is a significant difference between the placental structure of Neotropical and Old World primates, including humans, and further studies are needed for a better understanding of the differences between the phyla of primates, especially Neotropical primates. (AU)

A fim de melhorar o conhecimento da estrutura e da função da placenta de primatas, esta revisão discutir sobre as semelhanças entre à estrutura placentária de primatas comparando com placentação humana. Neste artigo de revisão, vamos considerar o arranjo da membrana fetal, a área de interdigitação conjunta e materno-fetal, e a barreira hemática. Além disso, as diferenças entre os primatas do velho mundo, neotropicais e prossimios na relação materno-fetal são comparados e lacunas de conhecimento foram identificadas para futuras pesquisas. Conclui-se que os primatas do velho mundo são modelos ideais para a detecção de patologias placentárias, dada a sua proximidade filogenética para os seres humanos. Há uma diferença significativa entre a estrutura da placenta de primatas neotropicais e do velho mundo, incluindo seres humanos, e mais estudos são necessários para uma melhor compreensão das diferenças entre os filos de primatas, especialmente os primatas neotropicais. (AU)

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The yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii) is a hystricomorph rodent of the Caviidae family. In Brazil, G. spixii are bred in captivity to provide an alternative protein source and to preserve the species. However, there is a lack of data on the animal´s female genital organs. Current research describes the morphology of the species´s adult female genital organs, regardless of the stage of its estrous cycle, and permits basic knowledge on its anatomy that will be a help for future projects in reproduction in captivity. Adult female genital organs of G. spixii comprise two ovaries with follicles at several developmental stages; uterine tubes whose epithelium and muscular layer thickness modify themselves throughout the isthmus, ampulla and infundibulum regions; double uterus and uterine horns with uterine glands that open to a single cervix which is linked to the vagina by the fornix; a variegated vaginal epithelium from different animals; a vulva with a clitoris trespassed by the urethra which features a lack of vaginal vestibule and the presence of a vaginal closure membrane. The morphology of G. spixii female genitalia has interesting characteristics such as the vaginal closure membrane and a clitoris trespassed by urethra that needs further studies. Other investigations on developmental biology could demonstrate a possible intrauterine masculinization in the G. spixii female.

O preá silvestre do semiárido (Galea spixii) é um roedor histricomorfo da família Caviidae. No Brasil, G. spixii são criados em cativeiro com intuito de gerar uma fonte alternativa de proteína e preservar a espécie. Embora, existam poucos dados sobre os órgãos genitais femininos destes animais. A presente pesquisa descreve a morfologia dos órgãos genitais femininos de G. spixii adultas, sem considerar as fases do ciclo estral e permite conhecimento básico sobre a anatomia que poderá ajudar futuros projetos de reprodução em cativeiro. Os órgãos genitais femininos de G. spixii adultas compreendem dois ovários com folículos em diversos estados de desenvolvimento; tubas uterinas, cujo epitélio e camada muscular se modificam ao longo das regiões do istmo, ampola e infundíbulo; útero duplo e dois cornos uterinos com glândulas, os quais se abrem em uma única cérvix, a qual se conecta com a vagina pelo fórnix; uma vagina com epitélio variado entre diferentes animais; uma vulva com clitóris transpassado pela uretra; ausência de vestíbulo vaginal e a presença de uma membrana de oclusão vaginal. A morfologia da genitália feminina de G. spixii possui interessantes características como a membrana de oclusão vaginal e um clitóris transpassado pela uretra, as quais necessitam de maiores estudos. Outras pesquisas sobre biologia do desenvolvimento poderiam demonstrar uma possível masculinização intrauterina das fêmeas de G. spixii.

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The reptile Kinosternon scorpioides is a freshwater chelonian, popularly known as jurará, and is found in the Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão State, Brazil. Due to the lack of scientific information on the reproductive biology of the species, current paper describes the body and testicular biometry and the gonad -somatic index (GSI) in adult specimens collected from the natural environment. Twenty male adults were collected in the rainy (n = 10) and dry (n = 10) seasons. Data were derived from the body, testis size and GSI and tests of correlation between these measures were performed. The body biometrics of free-living Kinosternon scorpioides is similar to those found in other studies for adult animals bred in captivity. The body weight was higher in animals collected in the rainy season than that in animals collected in the dry season. The testis size presents variations among animals captured during the rainy and dry season, but the gonadossomatic index did not vary between different groups of animals. Further studies were suggested related to the levels of sexual steroid hormones and behavioral studies to understand the factors related to the species´s reproductive cycle.

O réptil Kinosternon scorpioides é um quelônio de água doce popularmente conhecido como jurará, encontrado na Baixada Maranhense, Maranhão, Brasil. Diante da carência de informações científicas sobre a biologia reprodutiva desta espécie, objetivamos descrever a biometria testicular e corporal, assim como, e o índice gonadossomático (IGS), em espécimes adultos provenientes de habitat natural. Utilizamos 20 indivíduos machos adultos, coletados no período chuvoso (n = 10) e período seco (n = 10), dos quais extraímos informações da biometria corpórea e testicular, assim como o índice gonadossomático e testes de correlação entre estas medidas. Encontramos que a biometria corpórea de Kinosternon scorpioides de vida livre é semelhante ao encontrado em outros estudos com animais adultos criados em cativeiro. No entanto, o peso corpóreo foi maior em animais coletados no período chuvoso que o encontrado em animais coletados no período seco. A biometria testicular apresenta variações entre os animais de período chuvoso e seco, no entanto os índices gonadossomáticos não variaram entre os animais dos diferentes grupos, portanto sugerimos estudos relacionados a níveis de hormônios esteroides sexuais e estudos comportamentais para auxiliar na compreensão dos fatores relacionados ao ciclo reprodutivo da espécie.

Assuntos

RESUMO

This study aimed to characterize the morphology of the vas deferens of Kinosteron scorpioides by macroscopic and microscopic analysis. Were used 20 adult male jurarás collected at regular intervals during the year and divided into four experimental groups in the rainy and dry seasons, being processed for light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Morphometry for tubular and luminal diameters and epithelial height were also performed. On rainy season, vas deferens presented pseudostratified epithelium with cylindrical cells, spermatozoids and milky fluid in the lumen, with cytoplasmic organelles and lipid vesicles. On dry season, epithelium was pseudostratified with cuboid cells, with cellular debris and no spermatozoids. There was significant variation (p<0,05) for morphometry of vas deferens, with lower values of tubular and luminal diameters on rainy season, and higher epithelial height on dry season.

Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar a morfologia dos ductos deferentes de Kinosteron scorpioides por meio de análise macroscópica e microscópica. Foram utilizados 20 machos adultos, coletados em intervalos regulares durante o ano, os quais foram divididos em quatro grupos experimentais nas estações chuvosa e seca. Os ductos deferentes foram processados para análise por microscopia de luz, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Morfometria para diâmetros tubular e luminal e altura epitelial também foram realizadas. Na época das chuvas, o ducto deferente apresentou epitélio pseudoestratificado com células cilíndricas, espermatozoides e líquido leitoso no lúmen, além de com organelas citoplasmáticas e vesículas lipídicas. Na estação seca, o epitélio do ducto deferente foi do tipo pseudoestratificado com células cuboides e debris celulares, sendo que nenhum espermatozoide foi encontrado nesta estação. Houve variação significativa (p <0,05) para a morfometria dos ductos deferentes, com menores valores de diâmetros tubular e luminal na estação chuvosa, e maior altura do epitélio na estação seca.

RESUMO

Foi avaliada a existência de correlação entre diferentes anexos fetais de mocós e determinada a relação entre peso do feto e peso da placenta, a relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do cordão umbilical e a relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do feto. Foram utilizados anexos fetais e fetos de três, cinco e seis fêmeas, respectivamente, no terço inicial, médio e final de gestação, obtidas no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS-UFERSA). Os dados foram expressos em média ± desvio-padrão, bem como valores mínimos e máximos, avaliados pelo programa estatístico GraphPad Prism Versão 6.0. Após a análise dos pressupostos paramétricos, os dados foram submetidos aos Testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney, e regressão linear. A relação entre peso do feto e peso da placenta demonstrou expressão y = 33,73 + 16,38x com cálculo do coeficiente de correlação entre o peso do feto e o peso da placenta elevado e positivo, evidenciando dependência entre as variáveis (R2 = 0,7251). A relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do cordão umbilical demonstrou expressão y = 35,64 + 25,64x e a análise de correlação entre as variáveis, positiva (R2 = 0,7201) indicando elevada dependência entre as variáveis. Quanto à relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do feto, identificou-se uma relação do tipo y = a + bx, cuja expressão definida foi y = 1,26 + 0,41x, com análise de correlação das variáveis apresentando elevada correlação considerando-se o valor de R2 = 0,7890. As variáveis analisadas demonstram uma influência direta no desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal em mocós confirmando a correlação destes com o tamanho do feto.(AU)

We evaluated the correlation between different fetal membranes of rock cavies and determined the relationship between fetal weight and placental weight, the relationship between fetal weight and length of the umbilical cord and the relationship between fetal weight and length of the fetus. The fetuses and fetal membranes of three, five and six females respectively in the first third, middle and late gestation were used, obtained from Multiplication Center for Wild Animals of the Federal University Rural of Semiarid (CEMAS-UFERSA). The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, evaluated by the statistical program GraphPad Prism version 6.0. After analysis of parametric assumptions, the data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitneys test and linear regression. The relationship between fetal weight and placental weight showed the expression y = 33.73 + 16.38x with an estimate of the coefficient of correlation between fetal weight and placental weight high and positive, showing dependence between variables (R2 = 0.7251). The relationship between fetal weight and length of the umbilical cord showed expression y = 35.64 + 25.64x and the correlation analysis between variables, positive (R2 = 0.7201) indicating high dependence between variables. Regarding the relationship between fetal weight and length of the fetus, we identified a relationship of the type y = a + bx, whose expression was defined y = 1.26 + 0.41x, with correlation analysis of the variables showing high correlation considering the value of R2 = 0.7890. The variables analyzed demonstrate a direct influence on embryonic andfetal development in rock cavies confirming the correlation of these with the size of the fetus.(AU)

Assuntos

RESUMO

Foi avaliada a existência de correlação entre diferentes anexos fetais de mocós e determinada a relação entre peso do feto e peso da placenta, a relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do cordão umbilical e a relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do feto. Foram utilizados anexos fetais e fetos de três, cinco e seis fêmeas, respectivamente, no terço inicial, médio e final de gestação, obtidas no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS-UFERSA). Os dados foram expressos em média ± desvio-padrão, bem como valores mínimos e máximos, avaliados pelo programa estatístico GraphPad Prism Versão 6.0. Após a análise dos pressupostos paramétricos, os dados foram submetidos aos Testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney, e regressão linear. A relação entre peso do feto e peso da placenta demonstrou expressão y = 33,73 + 16,38x com cálculo do coeficiente de correlação entre o peso do feto e o peso da placenta elevado e positivo, evidenciando dependência entre as variáveis (R2 = 0,7251). A relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do cordão umbilical demonstrou expressão y = 35,64 + 25,64x e a análise de correlação entre as variáveis, positiva (R2 = 0,7201) indicando elevada dependência entre as variáveis. Quanto à relação entre o peso do feto e comprimento do feto, identificou-se uma relação do tipo y = a + bx, cuja expressão definida foi y = 1,26 + 0,41x, com análise de correlação das variáveis apresentando elevada correlação considerando-se o valor de R2 = 0,7890. As variáveis analisadas demonstram uma influência direta no desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal em mocós confirmando a correlação destes com o tamanho do feto.

We evaluated the correlation between different fetal membranes of rock cavies and determined the relationship between fetal weight and placental weight, the relationship between fetal weight and length of the umbilical cord and the relationship between fetal weight and length of the fetus. The fetuses and fetal membranes of three, five and six females respectively in the first third, middle and late gestation were used, obtained from Multiplication Center for Wild Animals of the Federal University Rural of Semiarid (CEMAS-UFERSA). The data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation, minimum and maximum values, evaluated by the statistical program GraphPad Prism version 6.0. After analysis of parametric assumptions, the data were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis’ test and Mann-Whitney’s test and linear regression. The relationship between fetal weight and placental weight showed the expression y = 33.73 + 16.38x with an estimate of the coefficient of correlation between fetal weight and placental weight high and positive, showing dependence between variables (R2 = 0.7251). The relationship between fetal weight and length of the umbilical cord showed expression y = 35.64 + 25.64x and the correlation analysis between variables, positive (R2 = 0.7201) indicating high dependence between variables. Regarding the relationship between fetal weight and length of the fetus, we identified a relationship of the type y = a + bx, whose expression was defined y = 1.26 + 0.41x, with correlation analysis of the variables showing high correlation considering the value of R2 = 0.7890. The variables analyzed demonstrate a direct influence on embryonic andfetal development in rock cavies confirming the correlation of these with the size of the fetus.

Assuntos