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RESUMEN Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre la adicción a internet (AI) y el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes de Odontología de la Universidad de Cartagena. Material y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 402 estudiantes, seleccionados de modo no probabilístico, que respondieron a un cuestionario anónimo autoaplicado que incluía variables sociodemográficas, rendimiento académico (promedio acumulado del último semestre), presencia de AI (test de Young) y variables relacionadas con la AI en función del rendimiento académico. Los datos se analizaron a partir de proporciones, relaciones entre variables con test de la X 2, y la asociación se obtuvo por razones de disparidad (OR) a través de regresión logística nominal. Resultados: El 75,3% de los estudiantes mostraban AI; el 24,63% utilizaba internet mucho menos que la población promedio; el 73,13% mostraba una AI leve; el 2,24%, una AI moderada y no hubo casos de AI grave; el 5,2% tenía bajo rendimiento académico. En el análisis multivariable, el modelo que mejor explica la AI en relación con el rendimiento académico fue: estudiar en semestres inferiores (OR = 0,54; IC95%, 0,32-0,91), estudiar en lugar distinto de la casa (OR = 3,38; IC95%, 1,71-6,68), usar elemento no portátil para estudiar (OR = 0,41; IC95%, 0,19-0,89), chatear por celular (OR = 2,43; IC95%, 1,45-3,06) y demorar más de 18 min (OR = 3,20; IC95%, 1,71-5,99) mientras se estudia. Conclusiones: El rendimiento académico no se asocia con la AI. Sin embargo, estudiar en semestres inferiores, en un lugar distinto de la casa, emplear elementos no portátiles para estudiar e invertir más de 18 min en contestar el celular y chatear mientras se estudia son covariables estadísticamente asociadas con la AI.

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the association between Internet addiction (IA) and academic performance in dental students at the University of Cartagena. Material and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 402 students included through non-probabilistic sampling who answered an anonymous and self-reporting questionnaire that included socio-demographic variables, academic performance (last semester overall grade), presence of IA (Young's Test) and covariates related to IA based on academic performance. Data were analysed by means of proportions, relationships between variables with the X 2 test and strength of association was estimated with odds ratios (OR) using nominal logistic regression. Results: Approximately 24.63% of the students used the Internet much less than the average population, but 75.3% had IA; 73.13% of cases were considered mild and 2.24% moderate. There were no severe cases. Around 5.2% had poor academic performance. In multivariate analysis, the model that best explained IA in relation to academic performance was: studying in lower-level courses (OR=0.54; 95% CI, 0.32-0.91); studying in a different places of the house (OR=3.38; 95% CI, 1.71-6.68); not using laptop for studying (OR=0.41; 95% CI, 0.19-0.89), chatting on mobile phone (OR=2.43; 95% CI, 1.45-3.06); and spending more than 18 minutes on mobile phone while studying (OR=3.20; 95% CI, 1.71-5.99). Conclusions: Academic performance was not associated with AI. However, studying in lower-level courses, in a different place of the house, not using laptop to study, and spending more than 18 minutes answering their mobile phone and chatting on mobile phone while studying were covariates statistically associated with IA.

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RESUMEN Introducción: La valoración de morbilidad psicológica resulta de interés porque la salud mental hace parte de la salud integral de un individuo, y la detección precoz de casos propende al bienestar emocional. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre trastornos mentales comunes y factores relacionados en estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 858 estudiantes de Odontología de Cartagena, Colombia, que respondieron a un cuestionario estructurado anónimo autoaplicado para evaluar la presencia de TMC (Cuestionario General de Salud-12), consumo problemático de alcohol (CAGE), variables sociodemográficas y otras relacionadas. Se realizó estadística descriptiva y análisis bivariable con pruebas de la x2. La fuerza de asociación se computó con razones de prevalencia (RP) e intervalos de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Con regresión log-binomial, se obtuvieron RP e IC95% ajustados. El análisis se realizó empleando Stata v.13.2 para Windows (Stata Corp.; College Station, Texas, Estados Unidos). Resultados: El promedio de edad fue 20,8 ± 3,01 arios y más de la mitad eran mujeres. La prevalencia de TMC fue del 30,3% (IC95%, 27,3-33,5). El modelo de regresión indicó como factores asociados: sexo (RP, 1,54; IC95%, 1,21-1,96), cambios económicos recientes (RP, 1,70; IC95%, 1,37-2,12), conflictos familiares (RP, 2,29; IC95%, 1,89-2,77)], abandono (RP, 1,58; IC95%, 1,23-2,03), historia de abuso (RP, 2,05; IC95%, 1,27-3,31) y consumo problemático de alcohol (RP, 1,35; IC95%, 1,02-1,78). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de TMC fue alta. Ser mujer y tener conflictos familiares, historia de abuso y consumo problemático de alcohol son factores de riesgo de TMC y deben ser cuidadosamente evaluados para la predicción del bienestar emocional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Psychological morbidity assessments are of interest since mental health is part of a person's overall health and early detection promotes emotional well-being. Aim: To determine the association between common mental disorders and related factors in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 858 dental students from Cartagena, Colombia; who answered a structured anonymous self-report questionnaire to assess the presence of common mental disorders (CMD) (General Health Questionnaire-12), problematic alcohol consumption (CAGE), sociodemographic and other related variables. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis was conducted later using x2 tests. The strength of association was obtained with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Finally adjusted PRs, and 95%CIs were obtained using a log-binomial regression model. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v.13.2 for Windows (Stata Corp.; TX, USA). Results: The average age was 20.8 ± 3.01 years of age, and more than half were females. CMD overall prevalence was 30.3% (95%CI, 27.3-33.5). The regression model suggested as associated factors: sex (PR, 1.54; 95%CI, 1.21-1.96), recent economic changes (PR, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.37-2.12), family conflicts [PR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.89-2.77), abandonment (PR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.232.03), history of abuse (PR, 2.05; 95%CI, 1.27-3.31), and problematic alcohol consumption (PR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.02-1.78). Conclusions: CMD prevalence was high. Being female, family conflicts, history of abuse and problematic alcohol consumption are considered as risk factors for CMD development and should be carefully assessed to predict emotional well-being.

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INTRODUCTION: Psychological morbidity assessments are of interest since mental health is part of a person's overall health and early detection promotes emotional well-being. AIM: To determine the association between common mental disorders and related factors in dental students from Cartagena, Colombia. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 858 dental students from Cartagena, Colombia; who answered a structured anonymous self-report questionnaire to assess the presence of common mental disorders (CMD) (General Health Questionnaire-12), problematic alcohol consumption (CAGE), sociodemographic and other related variables. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis was conducted later using χ2 tests. The strength of association was obtained with prevalence ratios (PR) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). Finally adjusted PRs, and 95%CIs were obtained using a log-binomial regression model. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata v.13.2 for Windows (Stata Corp.; TX, USA). RESULTS: The average age was 20.8±3.01 years of age, and more than half were females. CMD overall prevalence was 30.3% (95%CI, 27.3-33.5). The regression model suggested as associated factors: sex (PR, 1.54; 95%CI, 1.21-1.96), recent economic changes (PR, 1.70; 95%CI, 1.37-2.12), family conflicts [PR, 2.29; 95%CI, 1.89-2.77), abandonment (PR, 1.58; 95%CI, 1.23-2.03), history of abuse (PR, 2.05; 95%CI, 1.27-3.31), and problematic alcohol consumption (PR, 1.35; 95%CI, 1.02-1.78). CONCLUSIONS: CMD prevalence was high. Being female, family conflicts, history of abuse and problematic alcohol consumption are considered as risk factors for CMD development and should be carefully assessed to predict emotional well-being.

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Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre pobreza y salud bucal en comunidades afrodescendientes vulnerables. Métodos: Estudio realizado en 240 adultos residentes en Tierra Baja, Manzanillo y Boquilla de Cartagena, Colombia. La selección fue a conveniencia en visita domiciliaria. El estudio conto con una etapa descriptiva y una analítica. En la primera etapa descriptiva se indagó por variables sociodemográficas, presencia de pobreza, condiciones de salud bucal, hábitos de higiene oral y otros nocivos. En la segunda, analítica de corte transversal, se clasificó la pobreza en objetiva, subjetiva y general, como variables independientes en tanto que la condición de salud bucal y hábitos bucales las dependientes. La valoración clínica de la población estuvo a cargo de examinadores entrenados. Los datos se analizaron a partir de frecuencias y proporciones y odds ratio por regresión logística bivariada. Resultados: De los participantes 76,7 por ciento se percibieron pobres y 89,2 por ciento contaban con sus necesidades básicas insatisfechas (pobreza objetiva); el 65,8 por ciento se clasificaron con pobreza general. Se encontraron asociaciones entre la pobreza objetiva y subjetiva y la condición de salud bucal inadecuada (odd ratio: 2,17 y 1,8 respectivamente) y entre hogares con pobreza general y frecuencia del cepillado (odd ratio: 2,18), recambio del cepillo de dientes (odd ratio: 2,3) y hábito del bruxismo (odd ratio: 2,4). Conclusiones: La pobreza ejerce influencia desfavorable en la salud bucal en comunidades afrodescendientes vulnerables. Se demuestra la necesidad de una intervención efectiva en el entorno social(AU)

Objective: To determine the relationship between oral health and the presence of poverty in african descent of Tierra Baja, Manzanillo and Boquilla, Cartagena, Colombia. Methods: Study conducted in 240 adults selected convenience in the home visit. The first descriptive stage asses sociodemographic variables, presence of poverty, oral health condition, oral health habits and other nocuous. In the second analytical stage of cross-section, the poverty classified as objective, subjective and general were the independent variables while the oral health condition and oral habits were the dependent variables. There was calibration of examiners, for clinical assessment. The data were analyzed from frequencies and proportions and odds ratio by bivariate logistic regression. Results: 76,7 percent of participants perceived poor and 89,2 percent had their Dissatisfied Basic Needs (objective poverty); 65,8 percent were classified as general poor people. There were associations between objective and subjective poverty and inadequate oral health condition (OR: 2.17 and 1.8 respectively) and among households with general poverty and frequency of brushing (OR: 2.18), toothbrush replacement (OR: 2,3) and habit of bruxism (OR: 2,4). Conclusions: Poverty has an adverse influence in oral health in vulnerable Afro-descendants communities. It is demonstrated the necessity of effective interventions in the social environment(AU)

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Resumen Objetivos: Describir conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas (CAP) sobre maltrato infantil (MI) en odontólogos de Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en 149 odontólogos, que respondieron un cuestionario estructurado anónimo de autorreporte para evaluar variables sociodemográficas, reporte de sospecha de MI y CAP frente a este. Los datos fueron analizados a través de frecuencia y proporciones. Para establecer relaciones entre la sospecha de MI con algunas variables de interés (sociodemográficas, CAP) se utilizó la prueba x 2 con un nivel de confianza del 95 %. Resultados: La ocurrencia actual de casos de sospecha de MI fue 5,3 % y alguna vez durante su práctica profesional del 34,4 %. Para el nivel de CAP sobre MI se obtuvieron puntajes promedio de 16,8/26 8,7/12 y 2,4/8, respectivamente. Al relacionar el nivel de conocimientos y variables sociodemográficas, las actitudes y prácticas, solo se encontró significancia estadística para el estrato socioeconómico (p=0,001), y entre las actitudes, con el lugar de procedencia (p=0,04) y edad (p=0,002). Conclusiones: El nivel de conocimiento sobre MI fue deficiente, mientras las actitudes fueron favorables; sin embargo, al momento de presentarse un caso de sospecha, sus prácticas son inadecuadas, al no realizar descripción de lesiones, anotaciones en la historia clínica y reporte de casos.

Abstract Objective: To describe knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) on child abuse (AC) in dentists from Cartagena (Colombia). Methods: Cross-sectional study performed on 149 dentists, second period 2013, an anonymous structured respondent's self-report questionnaire to assess demographic variables, reporting of suspected AC and KAP regarding this. Data were analyzed using frequency and proportions. To establish relationships between suspected AC with some variables of interest (sociodemographic, KAP) the x 2 test was used with a 95 %. Results: The current occurrence of cases of suspected CA was 5,3 % and sometime during his practice of 34,4 %. For the level of KAP on average scores of CA 16,8/26, 8,7/12, 2,4/8 they were obtained respectively. By relating the level of knowledge and sociodemographic variables, attitudes and practices, only statistical significance was found for socioeconomic status (p=0,001) and between attitudes to the birthplace (p=0,04) and age(p=0,002). Conclusions: The level ofknowledge of CA was low while attitudes were favorable; However, when presented a case of suspected practices are inadequate to stop doing the descriptions of injuries, medical records and reports do case.

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Resumen Objetivo: Asociar problemas de salud y calidad de vida relacionada con salud (CVRS) en estudiantes de Odontología de una Universidad pública de Cartagena, Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 202 estudiantes mujeres y 125 hombres. Se diseñó y aplicó instrumento para indagar variables sociodemográficas, problemas de salud (presencia de enfermedades en el último mes) y calidad de vida relacionada con salud (WHOQOL-BREF). El análisis incluyó frecuencias, proporciones, regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta para asociar dominios y puntaje total del WHOQOL-BREF con variables sociodemográficas y problemas de salud. Resultados: El 35,4% de estudiantes se encuentran enfermos y 61,8% presentan enfermedades gastrointestinales; según WHOQOL-BREF, 55,3% perciben un buen estado de salud y muy buena calidad de vida relacionada con salud. Ser estudiante adolescente impacta positivamente sobre calidad de vida relacionada con salud, pero al análisis multivariado, las variables que mostraron un impacto negativo fueron: depresión, alteraciones genitourinarias, musculo esqueléticas, varicela y problemas de la piel (X2: 80,4, p= 0,001). Conclusiones: La depresión, alteraciones genitourinarias y musculo-esqueléticas, además de varicela y problemas de la piel impactan negativamente sobre CVRS en estudiantes de odontología. Se requiere que las escuelas de Odontología promuevan estilos de vida saludable que impacten sobre la calidad de vida de sus estudiantes.

Abstract Objective: To associate health and quality of life problems related to health (QLRH) in Dentistry students at a public university in Cartagena, Colombia. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study in 202 female students and 125 men was conducted. An instrument to investigate sociodemographic variables, health problems (presence of diseases in the last month) and quality of life related to health (WHOQOL-BREF) was designed and applied. The analysis included frequencies, proportions, Poisson regression with robust variance to associate domains and total score of the WHOQOL-BREF with sociodemographic variables and health problems. Results: 35.4% of students are sick and 61.8% present gastrointestinal diseases; according to WHOQOL-BREF, 55.3% perceive a state of good health and very good quality of life related to health. Being an adolescent student impacts positively on quality of life related to health. However, in the multivariate analysis, the variables that showed a negative impact were: depression, genitourinary and muscle skeletal alterations, chickenpox and skin problems (X2: 80.4, p= 0.001). Conclusions: Depression, genitourinary and muscle skeletal alterations, in addition to varicella and skin problems negatively impact on QLRH in dentistry students. It is required that the schools of dentistry promote healthy life styles that have an impact on the students' quality of life.

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Objetivo Describir el nivel de empatía de los alumnos que cursan el programa de odontología en la Universidad de Cartagena. Métodos Estudio descriptivo cuantitativo realizado en una muestra de 360 estudiantes de 1° a 5° año de odontología Universidad de Cartagena (Colombia), durante el segundo periodo académico de 2012. En quienes se aplicó la Escala de Empatía Médica de Jefferson (EEMJ) en versión español para estudiantes (versión S). El análisis consistió en la estimación de estadígrafos descriptivos; media aritmética y desviación típica en todos los factores y sus niveles correspondientes. La comparación de las medias se realizó mediante un Análisis de Varianza Bifactorial Modelo III, con interacción de primer orden y se aplicó la prueba de comparación múltiple de Duncan. Resultados Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para las variables "nivel" (p<0,005) y "sexo" (p<0,001), existiendo menores valores de orientación empática para los estudiantes de 1° nivel y mayores valores para las mujeres. No se encontró significación en la interacción entre estos dos factores (p>0,05). Conclusiones Los valores de orientación empática en los estudiantes de odontología evaluados, fueron diferentes en los niveles de estudio y el sexo, lo que puede influir en la formación profesional integral que propenden las instituciones de educación superior dentro de sus Proyectos Educativos y hace imperativo impulsar el desarrollo de habilidades interpersonales en los educandos desde los primeros años de formación, que contribuya a mejorar la calidad de la atención en salud brindada.(AU)

Objective To describe the level of empathy of dental students at the University of Cartagena. Methods A descriptive, quantitative study on a sample of 360 students from 1st to 5th year of Dentistry at the University of Cartagena (Colombia) during the second academic period of 2012. The Spanish version for students (S version) of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) was administered to them. The analysis consisted of calculating descriptive statistics, the arithmetic mean, and standard deviation of all the factors and their corresponding levels. The comparison of means was performed through bifactorial analysis of variance model III, with first-order interaction and application of the Duncan multiple comparison test. Results Statistically significant differences were found for the "year" variables (p<0.005) and gender (p <0.001). Lower empathic orientation values were found for 1st year students and higher value were found for women. No significance was found in the interaction between these two factors (p>0.05). Conclusions Empathic orientation values in the dental students assessed were different depending on the level or year of study and the student's gender. This may influence the comprehensive training promoted by higher education institutions as part of their educational projects. It also provides an imperative for the promotion of interpersonal skills interpersonal skills among students starting in the first years of their training to help improve the quality of health care provided.(AU)

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Objective To describe the level of empathy of dental students at the University of Cartagena. Methods A descriptive, quantitative study on a sample of 360 students from 1st to 5th year of Dentistry at the University of Cartagena (Colombia) during the second academic period of 2012. The Spanish version for students (S version) of the Jefferson Scale of Physician Empathy (JSPE) was administered to them. The analysis consisted of calculating descriptive statistics, the arithmetic mean, and standard deviation of all the factors and their corresponding levels. The comparison of means was performed through bifactorial analysis of variance model III, with first-order interaction and application of the Duncan multiple comparison test. Results Statistically significant differences were found for the "year" variables (p<0.005) and gender (p <0.001). Lower empathic orientation values were found for 1st year students and higher value were found for women. No significance was found in the interaction between these two factors (p>0.05). Conclusions Empathic orientation values in the dental students assessed were different depending on the level or year of study and the student's gender. This may influence the comprehensive training promoted by higher education institutions as part of their educational projects. It also provides an imperative for the promotion of interpersonal skills interpersonal skills among students starting in the first years of their training to help improve the quality of health care provided.

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Objetivo: Describir el nivel de actividad física y su asociación con factores sociodemográficos, antropométricos y conductuales en universitarios de Cartagena (Colombia). Materiales y métodos: Estudio de corte transversal en 670 universitarios seleccionados por muestreo probabilístico. Se diseñó y aplicó una encuesta estructurada para evaluar el nivel de actividad física (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) y los factores asociados (aspectos sociodemográficos, antropométricos (talla, peso) y conductuales (tiempo libre, movilización, prácticas de deportes). Se estimaron ocurrencias (prevalencias), asociaciones (odd ratios), regresión logística multinomial y razones de verosimilitud para las interacciones entre variables. Resultados: Sesenta y tres por ciento de los universitarios presentaron bajo nivel de actividad física según el IPAQ en los últimos 7 días. Adulto joven (19 a 44 años) (OR=1,4; IC 95 %;1,02-2), mujer (OR=2,06; IC 95 %;2,1-4), consumir alimentos tipo mekatos en momentos de estrés (OR=1,6; IC >95 %;1,19-2,2), ver televisión (OR=1,7; IC 95 %; 1,2-2,5), usar el computador en tiempo libre (OR= 2,1; IC 95 %;1,5-3) y no practicar deportes (OR= 5,5; IC 95 %;3,7-9) se encontraron asociados con el bajo nivel de actividad física. El modelo de asociación crudo es el que mejor explica el bajo nivel de actividad física según IPAQ; comparándose los dos modelos a través de las razones de verosimilitud se mantuvieron los siguientes factores: sexo, ver televisión, uso del computador en tiempo libre, práctica de deportes y gasto calórico de acuerdo con el consumo de carbohidratos (valor del modelo; p= 0,000; X2=273). Conclusiones: El sedentarismo y uso de las tecnologías de informática en tiempo libre favorecen bajos niveles de actividad física en universitarios; las universidades pueden invertir en el bienestar estudiantil, a través del diseño de estrategias que ocupen el tiempo libre de sus estudiantes saludablemente y promuevan el movimiento y la salud física de estos.

Objective: Describe the level of physical activity and its association with sociodemographic, anthropometric and behavioral university of Cartagena, Colombia factors. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional study in 670 selected by probability sampling university. We designed and implemented a structured survey to assess the level of physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) and associated factors (socio-demographic, anthropometric and behavioral aspects (size, weight) (time, mobilization, sports practices); occurrence (prevalence), associations (odds ratios) and multinomial logistic regression and likelihood ratios for interactions between variables were estimated. Results: 63 % of university students demonstrated low levels of physical activity according to IPAQ in the last 7 days. Young Adult (19-44 years) (OR = 1,4, 95 % CI; 1,02 - 2), female(OR = 2,06, 95 %CI; 2,1-4), eating food mekatos type during stress (OR = 1,6, 95 % CI; 1,19-2,2), watching television (OR = 1,7, 95 % CI; 1,2-2,5), using a computer in free time (OR = 2,1, 95 % CI; 1,5-3) and not play sports (OR = 5,5, 95 % CI; 3,7-9) were found associated with low physical activity level. The association is crude model best explains the low level of physical activity according to IPAQ, comparing the two models via likelihood ratios remained the following factors: sex, watching TV, computer use in leisure, practice sports and energy expenditure according to carbohydrate intake (value model, p = 0,000,X2 = 273). Conclusions: A sedentary lifestyle and use of information technologies in leisure favoring low levels of physical activity in college; universities can invest in student welfare, through the design of strategies to occupy their free time students and promote healthy movement and physical health of these.

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Objetivo: Asociar estrés académico y funcionalidad familiar en estudiantes de odontología. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal en una muestra probabilística de 251 estudiantes de odontología de una universidad pública de Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Se midieron características sociodemográficas, estrés académico (escala SISCO) y funcionalidad familiar (APGAR familiar). Se estimó ocurrencia (prevalencias), asociación entre variables (odd ratios) y análisis multivariable (regresión logística nominal). Resultados: El estrés académico se presentó en 87,3 % de los estudiantes; la situación más estresante en el entorno académico fue la evaluación docente; la disfuncionalidad familiar se comportó como un factor asociado para el estrés académico (OR=2,32). En el análisis de regresión logística, el modelo que mejor que explica el estrés académico estuvo conformado por los siguientes factores: la participación familiar, sexo y ciclo académico cursado (p= 0,0001; X²= 22,9). Conclusiones: La disfuncionalidad familiar puede agravar las situaciones de estrés académico en estudiantes de odontología e influir en su rendimiento académico, lo que ameritaría la necesidad de una atención permanente a la relación entre el entorno familiar y la universidad en aras del desarrollo integral de los universitarios.

Objective: To evalúate the association between family dysfunction and academic stress in college students. Methodology: Cross-sectional study in 251 dental students from a public university of Cartagena de Indias (Colombia). Were measured socio-demographic characteristics, academic stress (SISCO scale) and family functioning (Family APGAR) through validated instruments. Occurrence was estimated by prevalence and association between variables was quantified by odds ratios and multivariate analysis using logistic regression nominal. Results: Academic stress was present in 87.3 % and the most concern among students was the teacher evaluation, dysfunctional families behaved as a factor related to stress. (OR = 2.32, 95 % CI: 1.09 to 4.92, P = 0.02). In logistic regression analysis, the model that best explains academic stress consisted of the following factors: family involvement, sex, and completed academic year (p = 0,0001, X² = 22, 9). Conclusions: The family dysfunction may aggravate stressful situations that occur within academic college students and influence their academic performance compromis-ing their life projects while in college.

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Objetivo: describir la prevalencia de actividad sexual y resultados no deseados en salud sexual y reproductiva en estudiantes universitarios.Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo de corte transversal realizado en 979 estudiantes de una universidad pública en Cartagena matriculados durante el segundo periodo de 2012 en los programas diurnos y presenciales. Se hizo un muestreo de forma probabilística a fijación proporcional. Se aplicó cuestionario autoadministrado, anónimo para evaluar antecedentes sociodemográficos y actividad sexual (edad de inicio, tipo y condiciones de la relación sexual, métodos de anticoncepción) y resultados no deseados (embarazos, abortos). Se estimó la prevalencia de actividad sexual y de los resultados no deseados a través de proporciones e intervalos de confianza del 95%. Para explorar las posibles relaciones con variables sociodemográficas y variables relacionadas con el rol del estudiante, se aplicó el test de chi2 (p < 0,05).Resultados: la edad promedio de inicio de actividad sexual fue de 16,6 años (DE = 2,0); 8,5% de los universitarios reportaron embarazos, de los cuales 79,5% fueron no deseados; por otra parte, 7% ocurrieron como producto de una relación bajo efectos del alcohol. Se encontró una prevalencia de aborto del 6, 7 % y el 47, 2 % fueron inducidos. El 2,8% manifestó haber sido diagnosticado alguna vez con una ITS reportándose más en mujeres y estudiantes de sexto a décimo semestre (p < 0,05).Conclusión: el inicio precoz de actividad sexual en universitarios provoca desenlaces no deseados como embarazo y aborto ocasionados principalmente por relaciones sexuales sin protección y bajo los efectos del alcohol.

Objective: To describe the prevalence of sexual activity and the undesired results in sexual and reproductive health in university students.Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study conducted among 979 students from a public university in Cartagena enrolled during the second term of 2012 in day and classroom courses. A probabilistic proportional fixation sampling was performed. An anonymous self-administered questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic history and sexual activity (initiation age, type and conditions of the sexual relation, contraception methods), as well as undesired results (pregnancies, abortions). The prevalence of sexual activity and undesired results was estimated by means of proportions and 95% confidence intervals. The chi square test (p < 0.05) was used to explore potential relations with socio-demographic variables and variables associated with the student role.Results: The mean age of initiation of sexual activity was 16.6 years (SD = 2.0); 8.5% of the university students reported pregnancies, of which 79.5% were undesired and 7% occurred as a result of intercourse under the influence of alcohol. Of these, 6.7% ended in abortion and were induced in 47.2%. Of the respondents, 2.8% reported having been diagnosed at some point with a sexually transmitted disease, with a higher number among women and students in their sixth to tenth academic semester (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Early initiation of sexual activity among university students gives rise to undesired outcomes such as pregnancy and abortion as a result mainly of unprotected intercourse or under the influence of alcohol.

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Objetivo: Asociar caries dental con el nivel de riesgo familiar total en escolares de la Boquilla, Cartagena. Metodología: Estudio de corte transversal, en 202 escolares. Se evaluó clínicamente la prevalencia, experiencia y severidad de las lesiones de caries dental (índice COP, ICDAS II) en escolares y a través de un cuestionario aplicado a las familias de los niños se evaluaron los factores socio demográficos y familiares (estructura, rol y autoridad de los padres, antecedentes médicos familiares), el nivel de riesgo familiar total (RFT 5-33) y la funcionalidad familiar (Apgar Familiar). Se realizó estadística descriptiva y estimación de razones de disparidad (OR). Resultados: La prevalencia de caries dental fue del 95% (IC 95%; 92-98). El 55% (IC 95%; 48 - 61,9) de las familias se encuentran en el nivel de riesgo familiar de amenaza. Para el nivel de riesgo familiar total no se encontró asociado con la presencia de caries dental pero al asociar los factores de riesgo de manera individual se encontró asociación entre ingresos < de 1 Salario Mínimo Legal Vigente (SMMLV) (OR: 3,83; IC 95%: 1,04-14; p = 0,04), presencia de antecedentes médicos familiares (OR: 5,14; IC 95% 1,06-24,8; p = 0,04), rol no ejercido por el padre (OR: 0,25; IC 95%: 0,06-0,94; p = 0,04) y la presencia de caries dental en niños. Conclusiones: Las familias con ausencia de figuras paternas, escasos recursos económicos y con presencia de antecedentes médicos familiares comprometen la salud bucal de los niños.

Objective: To associate dental caries with total family risk level of the school from Boquilla, Cartagena. Methods: Cross-sectional study in 202 schools. Prevalence was evaluated clinically, experience and severity of dental caries (COP index, ICDAS II) in school and through a questionnaire given to the families of the children were assessed socio-demographic and family factors (structure, role and authority of parents, family medical history), the total family risk level (RFT 5-33) and family functioning (family Apgar). Descriptive statistics and estimated odds ratios (OR). Results: The prevalence of dental caries was 95% (95% CI 92-98). 55% (95% CI 48- 61.9) of families are on the level of familial risk of threat. The total family risk level are not associated with the presence of tooth decay but to associate risk factors individually was found between income <1 legal minimum wage (SMMLV) (OR: 3.83, 95%: 1.04-14; p = 0.04), presence of family medical history (OR: 5.14, 95% CI 1.06-24.8; p = 0.04), no role exercised by the parent (OR: 0.25, 95% CI 0.06-0.94, p = 0.04) and the presence of dental caries in children. Conclusions: Families with no father figures, low income and the presence of family medical history compromise children's oral health.

Objetivo: associar o nível de risco de cárie dental familiar total da escola, Boquilla, Cartagena. Métodos: Estudo transversal em 202 escolas. A prevalência foi avaliada clinicamente, experiência e severidade da cárie dentária (COP índice, ICDAS II) na escola e através de um questionário às famílias das crianças foram avaliadas fatores sociodemográficos e familiares (papel, estrutura e autoridade dos pais, história médica familiar), o nível de risco total da família (RFT 5-33) e funcionamento da família (Apgar familiar). Estatística descritiva e cerca de odds ratio (OR). Resultados: A prevalência de cárie foi de 95% (95% CI 92-98). 55% (95% CI 48-61,9) das famílias são sobre o nível de risco familiar de ameaça. O nível de risco total da família não está associado com a presença de cárie dentária, mas a associar fatores de risco individualmente foi encontrada entre a renda <1 salário mínimo legal (SMMLV) (OR: 3,83, 95 % de 1,04 a 14 p = 0,04), presença de histórico médico familiar (OR: 5,14, IC 95% 1,06-24,8, P = 0,04), nenhum papel exercido pelo pai (OR: 0,25, 95% CI 0,06-0,94, P = 0,04) e a presença de cárie dentária em crianças. Conclusões: Famílias sem figuras paternas, baixa renda e a presença de crianças de Saúde da Família de histórico médico de compromisso da oral.

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Objetivos: Estimar la asociación entre síntomas depresivos, ansiosos y de estrés con factores sociodemográficos, académicos y sociales entre estudiantes de odontología. Métodos: Estudio transversal realizado con estudiantes de odontología de una universidad de Cartagena, seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple, quienes respondieron a un cuestionario anónimo autoaplicable de 20 preguntas, que incluy ó características sociodemográficas, depresión, ansiedad y estrés (escala DASS 21), función familiar (APGAR familiar) y otros factores asociados con el contexto académico, económico y social. Los datos se analizaron a partir de proporciones y la asociación se obtuvo por razones de disparidad y regresión logística nominal. Resultados: La prevalencia de síntomas ansiosos, depresivos y de estrés fueron del 37,4, el 56,6 y el 45,4 % respectivamente. Los factores asociados a los síntomas depresivos fueron falta de apoyo de amigos (odds ratio [OR ] = 6,2; intervalo de confianza del 95 % [IC95 %], 2,6-14,5), disfunción familiar (OR = 3,6; IC95 %, 1,9-6,6) y dificultades económicas (OR = 2,2; IC95 %, 1,2-3,9 ). Los asociados a síntomas ansiosos fueron la disfuncionalidad familiar (OR = 3,1; IC95 %, 1,8-5,3) y falta de apoyo de amigos (OR = 2,1; IC95 %, 1,1-5,8). Asimismo, para los síntomas de estrés, los factores disfunción familiar (OR = 2,3; IC95 %, 1,4-4,1), ingresos económicos (OR = 2,4; IC95 %, 1,2-4,9 ) y tiempo para descansar (OR = 2,3; IC95 %, 1,4-4,0). Conclusiones: Entre los estudiantes de odontología hay altas prevalencias de síntomas ansiosos, depresivos y de estrés. Los factores asociados son los recursos económicos, la función familiar, la falta de tiempo para el descanso y el apoyo social.

Objectives: To estimate the relationship between depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress and socio-demographic, academic and social factors among dental students. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on dental students from a university in Cartagena, selected by simple random sampling. Students answered a self-report anonymous questionnaire of 20 questions that included demographic characteristics, depression, anxiety and stress symptoms (DASS scale 21), family function (APGAR family) and other factors associated with the academic, economic and social context. Data were analyzed computing odds ratios by binomial logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress were 37.4 %, 56.6 % and 45.4 %, respectively. Factors associated with depressive symptoms were lack of support from friends (OR =6.2; 95 %CI, 2.6-14.5), family dysfunction (OR =3.6; 95 %CI, 1.9-6.6) and economic hardship (OR =2.2; 95 %CI, 1.2-3.9 ). The anxiety symptoms were associated with family dysfunction (OR =3.1; 95 %CI, 1.8-5.3) and lack of support from friends (OR =2.1; 95 %CI, 1.1-5.8). Also for symptoms of stress factors family dysfunction (OR =2.3; 95 %CI, 1.4-4.1), income (OR =2.4; 95 %CI, 1.2-4.9 ) and time to rest (OR =2.3; 95 %CI, 1.4-4.0). Conclusions: Dental students report a high prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress. Associated factors are economic resources, family function, lack of time for rest, and social support.

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Objetivo Describir la prevalencia de accidentes ocupacionales en estudiantes de Odontología y asociarla con factores propios de su práctica clínica. Métodos Estudio de corte transversal, desarrollado en una universidad pública de la ciudad de Cartagena en 2010. Participaron 213 estudiantes que se encontraban en prácticas pre-clínicas y clínicas de odontología, que corresponden al 96,8 % de la población de referencia. Se aplicó un cuestionario auto-administrado para evaluar la ocurrencia de accidentes al igual que factores asociados. Los datos fueron analizados mediante prevalencias con intervalos de confianza al 95 %, usando la prueba chi², con nivel de significancia (p<0,05). La fuerza de asociación se estimó mediante OR y el análisis multivariable a través de regresión logística nominal. Resultados La prevalencia de accidentes ocupacionales fue de 46 %, el tipo de accidente ocurrido con mayor frecuencia fue el pinchazo (48,7 %), causado principalmente por el explorador (28,9 %). El 58,1 % de los accidentados notifican y siguen el protocolo de atención. El 87,7 % de los estudiantes enfundan la aguja luego de ser utilizada. A nivel bivariable sólo se presentó significancia entre accidentes ocupacionales y semestre, siendo más frecuente para los semestres más avanzados (p=0,004). Conclusiones Con la alta prevalencia de accidentes ocupacionales es necesario insistir en la implementación de estrategias que proporcionen ambientes seguros y adecuados para el desarrollo de las prácticas formativas para los estudiantes.

Objective Describe the prevalence of occupational accidents students of dentistry and associate it with factors of their clinical practice. Methods Cross-sectional study, developed in a public university in the city of Cartagena in 2010. Participants included 213 students in l pre-clinics and clinics practice of dentistry, selected by simple random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to evaluate the occurrence of accidents as well as the associated factors. The data were analyzed by prevalence rates with confidence intervals of 95 %, using the chi² test, with significance levels of 0.05. The Association Strength was estimated by OR and the multivariate analysis through nominal logistic regression. Results The prevalence of occupational accidents is 46 %, the type of accident most often is prick (48.7 %), caused mainly by the Explorer (28.9 %). 58.1 % of the accidents are reported and continue care protocol. 87.7 % of the students enfold the needle after use. At bivariate level, only statistically significant association between occupational accidents and semester was presented, being more frequent for the more advanced semesters (p=0.004). Conclusions because of high prevalence of occupational accidents, it is necessary to insist on the implementation of strategies for safe and appropriate environments for the development of educational practices for students.

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OBJECTIVE: Describe the prevalence of occupational accidents students of dentistry and associate it with factors of their clinical practice. METHODS: Cross-sectional study, developed in a public university in the city of Cartagena in 2010. Participants included 213 students in l pre-clinics and clinics practice of dentistry, selected by simple random sampling. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to evaluate the occurrence of accidents as well as the associated factors. The data were analyzed by prevalence rates with confidence intervals of 95 %, using the chi2 test, with significance levels of 0.05. The Association Strength was estimated by OR and the multivariate analysis through nominal logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of occupational accidents is 46 %, the type of accident most often is prick (48.7 %), caused mainly by the Explorer (28.9 %). 58.1 % of the accidents are reported and continue care protocol. 87.7 % of the students enfold the needle after use. At bivariate level, only statistically significant association between occupational accidents and semester was presented, being more frequent for the more advanced semesters (p=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: because of high prevalence of occupational accidents, it is necessary to insist on the implementation of strategies for safe and appropriate environments for the development of educational practices for students.

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OBJECTIVES: To estimate the relationship between depressive symptoms, anxiety and stress and socio-demographic, academic and social factors among dental students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out on dental students from a university in Cartagena, selected by simple random sampling. Students answered a self-report anonymous questionnaire of 20 questions that included demographic characteristics, depression, anxiety and stress symptoms (DASS scale 21), family function (APGAR family) and other factors associated with the academic, economic and social context. Data were analyzed computing odds ratios by binomial logistic regression. RESULTS: The prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress were 37.4%, 56.6% and 45.4%, respectively. Factors associated with depressive symptoms were lack of support from friends (OR=6.2; 95%CI, 2.6-14.5), family dysfunction (OR=3.6; 95%CI, 1.9-6.6) and economic hardship (OR=2.2; 95%CI, 1.2-3.9). The anxiety symptoms were associated with family dysfunction (OR=3.1; 95%CI, 1.8-5.3) and lack of support from friends (OR=2.1; 95%CI, 1.1-5.8). Also for symptoms of stress factors family dysfunction (OR=2.3; 95%CI, 1.4-4.1), income (OR=2.4; 95%CI, 1.2-4.9) and time to rest (OR=2.3; 95%CI, 1.4-4.0). CONCLUSIONS: Dental students report a high prevalence of symptoms of anxiety, depression and stress. Associated factors are economic resources, family function, lack of time for rest, and social support.

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OBJECTIVE: Evaluating maternal practice regarding diarrhoea and the common cold. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional descriptive study which was conducted on the island of Barú, near Cartagena, Colombia. It involved 127 mothers of African descent and their 138 children aged less than 5 years of age; convenience sampling was used. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) instrument was used for the survey during a one-day healthcare session. The prevalence of diarrhoea and the common cold during the 7 days immediately before the survey were estimated, as were maternal practice regarding these and the occurrence of other risks and protective factors; a history of breastfeeding, complementary feeding and vaccination was compiled. Descriptive statistics were used and the χ² test was used for ascertaining the significance of the relationships between variables. RESULTS: Diarrhoea prevalence was 71.7 % (64-79 95 % CI), this being lower for girls aged 2 months to 5 years-old (p = 0,02) and common cold prevalence was 99.2 % (97-100 95 % CI), this being higher in girls aged older than 2 months (p=0.004). 86.9 % (81-92 95 % CI) of the mothers did not know how to identify warning signs for these diseases, 84.9 % (78-90 95 % CI) of the practices were inadequate and 73.3% of the mothers took their children to a doctor as their first line medical practice (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Efforts must be increased regarding the implementation of the IMCI strategy in vulnerable communities, through effective channels of communication and innovative ways to reduce child morbidity and mortality indices, thereby promoting the island's social development.

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Introducción: el uso de instrumentos cortopunzantes durante la formación odontológica y la inexperiencia que tienen los estudiantes para su buen manejo incrementan el riesgo de accidentes ocupacionales. Objetivos: describir la ocurrencia de accidentes ocupacionales en estudiantes de odontología y su relación con conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre los riesgos a los que están expuestos. Métodos: la muestra estuvo conformada por 210 estudiantes que se encontraban en prácticas preclínicas y clínicas en la Universidad de Cartagena, durante el primer periodo académico de 2011. Se utilizó una encuesta estructurada para evaluar las variables de estudio. Los datos fueron analizados a través de distribuciones de frecuencia y proporciones. Para establecer relaciones entre los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas con la ocurrencia de los accidentes y las variables sociodemográficas, se utilizó la prueba Ji cuadrada con un límite de significación de 0,05. Resultados: los accidentes ocupacionales estuvieron presentes en 95 (45,2 %) estudiantes, se registró un nivel bueno de conocimientos en 111 (52,8 %) participantes, actitudes favorables en 182 (86,6 %) estudiantes y 190 (90,4 %), presentaron prácticas desfavorables; no se observaron relaciones estadísticamente significativas entre la ocurrencia de los accidentes y los conocimientos, actitudes y las practicas de los estudiantes. Conclusiones: la ocurrencia de accidentes ocupacionales se considera alta y no se relaciona con los conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas, lo que permite suponer la necesidad de un ambiente y una cultura saludable que continuamente esté educando y velando por el cumplimiento de las medidas de bioseguridad desde las practicas estudiantiles.

Introduction: both the use of sharp cutting instruments for dental training and the lack of experience of the students in properly handling them increase the risk of occupational accidents. Objective: to describe the occurrence of occupational accidents in dentistry students and its relationship with the knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the risks they are exposed to. Methods: the sample included 210 dentistry students, who were in pre-clinical and clinical practices in the University of Cartagena, during the first academic period of 2011. A structured survey to evaluate the study variables was used. Frequency and ratio distributions served to analyze data. The Chi square test was used to establish relationships between knowledge, attitudes and practices and the prevalence of occupational accidents and the socio demographic variables, assuming a significance limit of 0,05. Results: ninety five students (45.2 %) suffered occupational accidents; a good level of knowledge was found in 111 students (52.8 %); favorable attitudes were seen in 182 (86,6%) whereas 190 (90.4 %) students presented with negative practices. There was no statistically significant relationship between the occurrence of accidents and the knowledge, attitudes and practices of the students. Conclusions: the prevalence of occupational accidents is high, but unrelated to the knowledge, attitudes and practices, which allows assuming that healthy environment and culture are required to continue educating the students and ensuring compliance with the biosafety measures since the stage of student practices.

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Objetivo: Determinar historia, severidad de caries y necesidades de tratamiento periodontal y su relación con variables demográficas en estudiantes de odontología. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en una muestra probabilística de 221 estudiantes de odontología de una universidad pública de Cartagena. Se hicieron mediciones clínicas a través de los índices COP, ICDAS II, INTCP, higiene oral simplificado de Green y Vermillion. Se realizó análisis univariado y bivariado usando razones de disparidad y prueba estadística x2 para la significancia estadística. Resultados: El promedio del COP-D fue de 4,2 y la severidad de caries COP < 6 fue de 77,3% y COP >7 de 22,6%. En cuanto al tratamiento periodontal, los participantes necesitan: instrucción de higiene oral y motivación (29,4%), detartraje supragingival, profilaxis, higiene oral, motivación (22,6%), tratamiento complejo, profilaxis, higiene oral y motivación (41,1%). El análisis de razones de disparidad mostró asociación entre la higiene oral y la severidad de caries (OR=3,3) y enfermedad periodontal (OR=2,9). Conclusiones: Dada la carga de morbilidad en salud oral en esta población, se hace necesario implementar políticas que faciliten y fortalezcan una cultura de prevención y promoción en salud desde el ámbito universitario.

Objetive: To determined history, severity of tooth decay and needs of periodontal treatment in student of dentristry and its relationship with variable population. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried on a sample probability of 221 student of dentistry at a public University of Cartagena. Clinical measurements were carried out through the indices COP, ICDAS II, CPITN, simplified oral hygiene of Green and Vermillion. Was achieved univariate and bivariado analysis using reasons for disparity and the statistical test x2 for significance statistics. Results: The average of the COP-D was 4.2 and the severity of tooth decay COP <: 6 was 77, 3% and COP > 7:22, 6%. Periodontal treatment, participants need: instruction of oral hygiene (HO) and motivation (29, 4%), detartraje supragingival, prophylaxis, oral hygiene, motivation (22, 6%), complex treatment, prophylaxis, oral hygiene and motivation (41, 1%). The analysis of reasons for disparity showed association between oral hygiene and the severity of tooth decay (OR = 3, 3) and periodontal disease (OR = 2, 9). Conclusions: Due to the high burden of disease in oral health in this population, it is necessary to implement policies to facilitate and strengthen a culture of prevention and promotion in health from the University level.