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A focus on water quality has intensified globally, considering its critical role in sustaining life and ecosystems. Wastewater, reflecting societal development, profoundly impacts public health. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has emerged as a surveillance tool for detecting outbreaks early, monitoring infectious disease trends, and providing real-time insights, particularly in vulnerable communities. WBE aids in tracking pathogens, including viruses, in sewage, offering a comprehensive understanding of community health and lifestyle habits. With the rise in global COVID-19 cases, WBE has gained prominence, aiding in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 levels worldwide. Despite advancements in water treatment, poorly treated wastewater discharge remains a threat, amplifying the spread of water-, sanitation-, and hygiene (WaSH)-related diseases. WBE, serving as complementary surveillance, is pivotal for monitoring community-level viral infections. However, there is untapped potential for WBE to expand its role in public health surveillance. This review emphasizes the importance of WBE in understanding the link between viral surveillance in wastewater and public health, highlighting the need for its further integration into public health management.

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The application of oils in the food industry is challenging, owing to their inherent factors such as oxidation. Therefore, new technologies, such as nanoencapsulation, are being developed. Among the nanoencapsulated oils, essential oils (EO) and edible oils stand out for their high consumer demand. This review analyzes the production, characterization, stability, and market scenario of edible and EO nanoparticles applied in foods. Homogenization was found to be the most common technique for producing oil nanoparticles. Different encapsulants were used, and Tween 80 was the main emulsifier. Approximately 80% of the nanoparticles were smaller than 200 nm, and the polydispersibility index and zeta potential values were satisfactory, mainly for nanoparticles containing EO, whereas encapsulation efficiency varied based on the technique and the type of oil used. Oil nanoparticles were mainly applied on meat products. The temperatures and times used in the stability tests of foods containing oil nanoparticles varied depending on the food matrix, especially in microbiological and physicochemical analyses. Only one product with nanoencapsulated oil in its composition was found in the market. Oil nanoparticles have great potential in the development of innovative, economically viable, and sustainable techniques for producing new food products that are high in nutrition value.

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Novel bioactive nanoparticles derived from crude palm oil (CPO), palm olein, and palm stearin for use in foodstuff products were produced, and their physicochemical characteristics and stability were evaluated. The nanoparticles were prepared by homogenization, using biodegradable casein or gum arabic as an encapsulating material. The encapsulation efficiency (EE), morphology, long-term stability, particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, pH, apparent viscosity, color parameters, total carotenoids, and antioxidant activity were determined. All nanoparticles methods produced spherical nanoparticles with EE higher than 85%. Highly homogeneous small particles (<300 nm) showing a tendency toward a yellow color were observed after 60 days of storage at 4 °C. The nanoparticles showed a carotenoid retention index higher than 40% and an antioxidant activity higher than 1,000 µM Trolox/g oil. The bioactive nanoparticles retained the carotenoids and are proposed as a green innovative product to replace synthetic colorants and antioxidants in foodstuffs.

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BACKGROUND: Avocado (Persea Americana, Mill.), belonging to the Lauraceae family, is considered a tropical fruit originating in Central America, with Mexico being the largest producer in the world. The fruit stands out for its economic potential and high nutritional value and its oil has good commercial value, however, its production is still incipient, being mainly used by the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. Despite producing a significant amount of oil, the avocado seed is still considered a by-product of fruit processing. METHODS: Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the technological potential of the oil obtained from the avocado and avocado seed through the research and analysis of patent documents available worldwide, in order to identify the main countries that have the technology researched as well as, the main areas of application. We revised all the patents related to acquisition, application and the use of avocado oil. For this, a search was carried out for the database of the Derwent Innovation Index (DII), which compiles the collection of documents published around the world. RESULTS: A total of 144 patent documents were identified, which were evaluated for the country of origin of thepublisher, the type of thepublisher, inventors, rate of publication over time and areas of application. There has been an increase in the number of patents producded as of 2011, which proves it to be a current and interesting technology. The main countries were the United States and the European Union. CONCLUSION: The documents identified referred to different processes applied to obtain oil, as well as the application for the development of new food, cosmetic and veterinary products. In this way, although incipient, the researched technology proved to be a promising area of research to be explored by universities and companies in view of the characteristics and potential of the product.

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The bottled butter consisted of anhydrous fat, consequently it is highly susceptible to lipid oxidation, and also it is crafts manly prepared without adequate processing control. In this context, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the composition of fatty acids, predominantly on saturated fat and trans fatty acids, in 10 bottled butter produced and marketed in different regions of Bahia, Brazil. Also, the stability of bottled butter for period of seven months in samples stored at 5ºC was assessed by determining the peroxide index and acidity. The saturated fatty acids contents in analyzed samples ranged from 67.13 to 69.22% and the unsaturated ranged from 23.73 to 24.28%. The 18:1 trans fatty acids contents varied from 3.69 to 3.94%.All of analyzed butter samples showed high amount of peroxide at initial time (2.01-2.31 mEq / kg) and as light change after being stored for seven months (2.10-2.42 mEq / kg). The same pattern was observed in relation to acidity, being at first time 0.53-0.62% of oleic acid and 0.54-0.61% after seven months of storage. Although these bottled butter samples are handmade products, similarities on the identity characteristics were found among bottled butter samples on the market at different microregions of Bahia, Brazil.

A manteiga de garrafa é constituída de gordura anidra e, portanto, muito susceptível à oxidação lipídica, cujo processo de fabricação é artesanal e sem adequado controle das etapas de processamento. O objetivo desse estudo foi de determinar a composição de ácidos graxos, principalmente quanto às gorduras saturadas e dos isômeros trans, em amostras de manteiga de garrafa de produção artesanal e comercializadas em diferentes regiões da Bahia, Brasil. Foi também avaliada a estabilidade dessas amostras no período de sete meses, estocadas em geladeira a 5ºC, determinando-se o índice de peróxido e acidez. Os teores de saturados nas amostras analisadas variaram de 67,13 a 69,22% e os de insaturados de 23,73 a 24,28%. Os teores de ácidos graxos 18:1 trans variaram de 3,69 a 3,94%. Todas as amostras de manteiga avaliadas apresentaram elevados índices de peróxido no tempo inicial (2,01-2,31mEq/Kg) com pouca alteração após sete meses de estocagem (2,10-2,42 mEq/Kg). O mesmo comportamento foi observado para os teores de acidez, passando de 0,53-0,62% de ácido oléico para 0,54-0,61% após sete meses de estocagem. Apesar de a produção ser artesanal, os resultados demonstram estreita similaridade quanto às características de identidade entre as manteigas de garrafa comercializadas em diferentes microrregiões da Bahia.