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El uso de antibióticos en el tratamiento de la mastitis en la industria lechera, ha acarreado una problemática con potencial impacto en la salud pública, como la resistencia antimicrobiana. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la acción antimicrobiana del extracto alcohólico de hojas, tallos y flores de Tithonia diversifolia sobre el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus y Escherichia coli en cultivo in vitro. Se evaluó el efecto inhibitorio en el crecimiento bacteriano a través de un ensayo de sensibilidad. En ambas bacterias el control positivo presentó un halo de inhibición superior a 30 mm, con diferencia significativa de los extractos de T. diversifolia. Los cuales presentaron para S. aureus un halo de 9.7 y 10.4 mm y para E. coli de 6.5 y 9.4 mm para tallo-hoja y flores respectivamente. El extracto alcohólico de flores de T. diversifolia se perfila como una herramienta potencial para inhibir el crecimiento bacteriano

The use of antibiotics in the treatment of mastitis in the dairy industry has led to a problem with potential impact on public health, such as antimicrobial resistance. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of the alcoholic extract of leaves, stems and flowers of Tithonia diversifolia on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli in in vitro culture. The inhibitory effect on bacterial growth was evaluated through a sensitivity test. In both bacteria, the positive control showed an inhibition halo greater than 30 mm, with a significant difference from the extracts of T. diversifolia. These presented for S. aureus a halo of 9.7 and 10.4 mm and for E. coli of 6.5 and 9.4 mm for stem-leaf and flowers, respectively. The alcoholic extract of T. diversifolia flowers is emerging as a potential tool to inhibit bacterial growth.

O uso de antibióticos no tratamento da mastite na indústria leiteira tem levado a um problema com potencial impacto na saúde pública, como a resistência antimicrobiana. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana do extrato alcoólico das folhas, caules e flores de Tithonia diversifolia sobre o crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli em cultura in vitro. O efeito inibitório sobre o crescimento bacteriano foi avaliado por meio de um teste de sensibilidade. Para ambas as bactérias, o controlo positivo mostrou um halo de inibição de mais de 30 mm, com uma diferença significativa em relação aos extractos de T. diversifolia. Estes mostraram para S. aureus uma auréola de 9,7 e 10,4 mm e para E. coli uma auréola de 6,5 e 9,4 mm para as folhas do caule e as flores, respetivamente. O extrato alcoólico das flores de T. diversifolia está a emergir como uma ferramenta potencial para inibir o crescimento bacteriano.

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Introducción y objetivos: La enfermedad cardiovascular es la primera causa de muerte en Costa Rica, razón por la cual seplantea el estudio de nuevos factores de riesgo en una población adulta de la provincia de San José.Métodos: Este estudio evaluó las concentraciones séricas del perfil lipídico, glucosa, lipoproteína (a), apoproteínas A1, B100y otros factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular en una población de 430 adultos con edades entre los 20 y 60años del área metropolitana de San José, Costa Rica.Resultados: La prevalencia de hiperlipoproteinemia (a) (≥ 0,3 g/L), hiperapoproteinemia B (> 0,65 g/L), hipercolesterolemia(> 5,17mmol/L), intolerancia a la glucosa (5,55-6,98 mmol/L) y diabetes mellitus (≥ 6,99 mmol/L) en la población es de67,8%, 87,4%, 46,3%, 14,2% y 5,7% respectivamente, sin diferencias significativas por sexo. La prevalencia de hipertrigliceridemia(>1,69 mmol/L) en la población es de 45,3%, siendo significativamente mayor en hombres que en mujeres (53,4%vs 37,2%; p = 0,001). Un porcentaje considerable de la población estudiada con niveles elevados de lipoproteína (a) (n =313) mostró simultáneamente uno o varios parámetros del perfil lipídico y la glucosa elevados. El 52,1 % presentó colesteroltotal ≥ 5,17 mmol/L; 44,4% triglicéridos ≥ 1,69 mmol/L; 25,2% HDL-colesterol < 1,03 mmol/L; 67,4 % LDL-colesterol ≥2,58 mmol/L, 45,0 % índice de Castelli ≥ 4,5, 17,9% glucosa ≥ 5,55 mmol/L y 88,8% apoproteína B > 0,65g/L. La prevalenciade síndrome metabólico en la población en estudio y según los criterios diagnósticos establecidos por la OrganizaciónMundial de la Salud es de 4,2%, fue mayor entre el género masculino (7,3% vs 1,7%; p = 0,008)...

Introduction and objectives: Cardiovascular disease is the first death cause in Costa Rica. This investigation proposes thestudy of new risk factors in an adult population of the province of San José.Methods: This study evaluated the lipid profile, glucose and other related cardiovascular risk factors in 430 adults aged20 to 60 years, residents of the metropolitan area of San José, Costa Rica.Results: The prevalences of hyperlipoprotein (a) (≥ 0,3 g/L), hyperapoprotein B (> 0,65 g/L), hypercholesterolemia (> 5,17mmol/L), impaired glucose tolerance (5,55-6,98 mmol/L) and diabetes mellitus (≥ 6,99 mmol/L) were 67,8%, 87,4%, 46,3%, 14,2% and 5,7% respectively, without significant differences between genders. The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia(>1, 69 mmol/L) was 45,3%, being higher among the male population (53,4% vs. 37,2%; p = 0,001). A significantpercentage of the people included in this study had simultaneously high levels of lipoprotein (a) (n =313) and high levelsof another coronary risk factors such as: high cholesterol (52,1% had levels ≥ 5,17 mmol/L); high triglycerides (44,4% hadlevels ≥ 1,69 mmol/L); low HDL-cholesterol (25,2% had levels < 1,03 mmol/L); high LDL-cholesterol (67,4% had levels ≥2,58 mmol/L), high Castelli Index (45,0% had levels ≥ 4,5) , high glucose (17,9% had levels ≥ 5,55 mmol/L) and finally highlevels of apoprotein B (88,8% had levels > 0,65 g/L). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the studied population,according to the World Health Organization diagnostic criteria, was 4,2%, being higher among the male group (7,3% vs.1,7%; p = 0,008)...

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Background: milk fatty acid composition has become very important for consumers due to the positive relationship that has been found between some fatty acids and human health. In recent years, content and fatty acid composition in the different fractions of milk lipids has also become important due to reported potential technological and sensory implications. Objective: the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation with several lipid supplements on the proportion of neutral (triglycerides) and polar lipids (phospholipids) of milk fat, alterations of the fatty acid composition and Conjugated Linolenic Acid isomers (CLA) of total milk lipids. Methods: 18 first lactation German Holstein cows were assigned to three dietary treatments for 10 weeks as follows: Rumen-stable fractionated palm fat, linseed oil plus algae, and sunflower oil plus algae. Results: dietary polyunsaturated fat supplements increased the proportion of phospholipids and decreased triglycerides in milk fat compared to Rumen-stable fractionated palm fat. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids were preferentially deposited into phospholipids. Diet effect was more pronounced in triglycerides than in phospholipids. Plant oil/algae supplemented diets induced lower proportions of total saturated fatty acids and higher proportions of total unsaturated fatty acids in triglycerides. Conclusions: linseed oil plus algae feeding generated the best results in reference to fatty acids related to human health. Sunflower oil plus algae caused accumulation of CLAtrans-10,cis-12, CLAtrans-7,cis-9, CLAtrans-7,trans-9 and CLAtrans-10,trans-12 and decrease of CLAtrans-9,trans-11 in total milk fat, whereas linseed oil plus algae increased CLAtrans-12,trans-14, CLAtrans-11,trans-13, and CLAtrans-11,cis-13 deposition compared to rumen-stable fractionated palm fat.

Antecedentes: la composición de ácidos grasos de la leche ha tomado gran importancia para los consumidores a causa de la relación positiva que se ha encontrado entre algunos ácidos grasos y la salud humana. En los últimos años, el contenido y composición de ácidos grasos en las diferentes fracciones de los lípidos de la leche también ha tomado importancia debido a las posibles implicaciones tecnológicas y sensoriales que se han reportado. Objetivo: el objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar los cambios en la proporción de lípidos neutros (triglicéridos) y lípidos polares (fosfolípidos) y alteraciones de la composición de ácidos grasos e isómeros del Ácido Linoléico Conjugado (CLA) del total de lípidos de la leche como resultado de la suplementación dietaria con diferentes suplementos lipídicos. Métodos: 18 vacas Holstein Alemán de primera lactancia fueron asignadas a tres tratamientos dietarios durante 10 semanas, así: grasa de palma fraccionada y estable al rumen, aceite de lino más alga, y aceite de girasol más alga. Resultados: la suplementación con ácidos grasos poliinsaturados incrementó la proporción de fosfolípidos y disminuyó la de triglicéridos en la grasa de la leche comparado con grasa de palma fraccionada y estable al rumen. Los ácidos grasos poliinsaturados de cadena larga fueron preferencialmente depositados en los fosfolípidos. El efecto de la dieta fue más pronunciado en los triglicéridos que en los fosfolípidos. Las dietas suplementadas con aceite vegetal y alga indujeron a menores proporciones de ácidos grasos saturados y mayores proporciones de ácidos grasos insaturados en los triglicéridos. Conclusiones: la suplementación con aceite de lino más alga generó los mejores resultados respecto a la composición de ácidos grasos relacionados con la salud humana. El aceite de girasol más alga causó una acumulación de isomeros CLAtrans-10,cis-12, CLAtrans-7,cis-9, CLAtrans- 7,trans-9 y CLAtrans-10,trans-12 y disminuyó CLAtrans-9,trans-11 en la grasa total de la leche mientras que el aceite de lino más alga incrementó CLAtrans-12,trans-14, CLAtrans-11,trans-13, y CLAtrans-11,cis-13 comparado con la grasa de palma fraccionada y estable al rumen.

Antecedentes: a composição de ácidos graxos do leite tem-se tornado muito importante para os consumidores devido à relação positiva encontrada entre alguns ácidos graxos e a saúde humana. Nos últimos anos, o conteúdo e composição dos ácidos graxos nas diferentes frações lipídicas no leite também se tornaram importantes devido às consequências tecnológicas e sensoriais que tem sido reportada recentemente. Objetivo: realizou-se um estudo para avaliar as mudanças na proporção de lipídios neutros (triglicerídeos) e polares (fosfolipídios) na gordura do leite e as alterações da composição dos ácidos graxos e os isômeros do Ácido Linoleico Conjugado (CLA) no total dos lipídeos do leite como resultado da suplementação na dieta com diferentes suplementos lipídeos. Métodos: 18 vacas Holandesas na Alemanha, todas de primeira lactação foram avaliadas em três tratamentos com regimes alimentares diferentes durante 10 semanas, assim: óleo de palma fracionada e estável no rúmen, óleo de linhaça mais algas e óleo de girassol mais algas. Resultados: a suplementação com ácidos graxos poli-insaturados incrementou a proporção de fosfolipídios e diminuiu a proporção de triglicerídeos na gordura do leite, comparado com o óleo de palma fracionada e estável no rúmen. Os ácidos graxos poliinsaturados de cadeia longa foram preferencialmente depositados nos fosfolipídios. O efeito da dieta foi mais pronunciado nos triglicerídeos que nos fosfolipídios. As dietas que foram suplementadas com óleo vegetal mais algas reduziram a proporção de ácidos graxos saturados, e aumentaram a proporção de ácidos graxos insaturados nos triglicerídeos. Conclusões: a suplementação com óleo de linhaça mais alga gerou os melhores resultados respeito à composição dos ácidos graxos relacionados com a saúde humana. O óleo de girassol mais alga causaram uma acumulação de CLAtrans-10, cis-12, CLAtrans-7, cis-9, CLAtrans-7, trans-9 e CLAtrans-10, trans-12 e diminuiu CLAtrans-9, trans-11 na gordura total do leite, enquanto que óleo de linhaça mais alga aumentou a deposição de CLAtrans-12, trans-14, CLAtrans-11, trans-13, e CLAtrans-11, cis-13, em comparação com o óleo de palma fracionada e estável no rúmen.

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BACKGROUND: The present study investigated tissue-specific responses of muscle and mammary gland to a 10 week intervention of German Holstein cows (n = 18) with three different dietary fat supplements (saturated fat; linseed oil or sunflower oil plus docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae) by analysing fatty acid profiles and quality parameters of meat and milk. RESULTS: Plant oil/algae intervention affected neither fat content nor quality parameters of meat but decreased fat content and saturated fatty acid amounts of milk. Linseed oil/algae intervention caused significantly higher concentrations of C18:3n-3 (meat, 1.0 g per 100 g; milk, 1.2 g per 100 g) and C22:6n-3 (meat, 0.3 g per 100 g; milk, 0.14 g per 100 g). Sunflower oil/algae intervention increased n-6 fatty acid contents in milk (4.0 g per 100 g) but not in meat. Elevated amounts of C18:1trans isomers and C18:1trans-11 were found in meat and especially in milk of plant oil/algae-fed cows. C18:1cis-9 amounts were found to be increased in milk but decreased in meat after plant oil/algae intervention. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated that dietary fatty acid manipulation substantially shifted the fatty acid profiles of milk and to a lesser extent of meat, whereas meat quality traits were not affected. Indications of tissue-specific responses of mammary gland and muscle were identified.

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There are different sources for the generation of solid waste, and marketplaces are considered one of them. Fruit and vegetable waste (FV) from a marketplace in Colombia was quantitatively and nutritionally characterized to contribute to its use in bovine feeding and to contribute minimizing its environmental impact. The evaluation was carried out 7 days per week during 4 periods of the year. FV was grouped by cluster analysis using SAS(®) 2006. FV was composed of 43% fruit, 30% vegetables and 27% stems, leaves, leaf wrappers, corncobs, roots, refuse and others. FV was defined in four main groups. On average, FV contained 10% crude protein (CP), 36.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 29.6% acid detergent fiber (ADF), 87.8% ruminal degradability at 24 h, 3657 kcal/kg, 0.59% calcium (Ca(+2)), and 0.21% phosphorous (P). There were no statistical differences between days or between periods of evaluation (p > 0.05) for CP or for Ca(+2). As for NDF and ADF, there were statistically significant differences between periods but not between days. The microbiological parameters only increased when the humidity was up to 12%. FV represents a potential feedstuff for bovine feeding, and its recycling could avoid the discharge of a large amount of waste to landfills, which would minimize its environmental impact.

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Organic waste from markets represents about 10-20% of the total waste of a city. A large proportion comes from the overproduction of fruit and vegetables, turning them into potential pollutant. The nutritional value found for fruit and vegetable waste (FV) from a marketplace, in a previous work, showed that this product might be considered as a potential alternative for animal feeding. This study evaluated the use of FV as feedstuff for diets of lactating Holstein cows with an emphasis on milk yield and quality. FV was included in 0, 6, 8, 12, and 18% of the concentrate. A 4 x 4 Latin squares model was used to analyze data (4 animal groups, 4 periods of evaluation, and 4 treatments). No statistical differences in milk yield per kilogram of eaten concentrate or concentrate intake were recorded between groups fed FV and the control group. There was a significant effect of the treatment on cis-9,trans-11 CLA and α-linolenic acid content in milk. These results showed that FV can be used as a dietary ingredient for high-yield lactating cows without detriment in the milk yield and with improvement in the milk quality. FV could be included at proportions of between 6% and 18% in the concentrate, as long as the animal's dietary requirements are covered. The main impact of these results is the alternative generated for the improvement of the environment.

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Este trabajo evaluó la altura corporal, perímetro torácico y longitud corporal de bovinos Lucerna y sus correlaciones con el peso vivo, con base en ocho modelos matemáticos, utilizando 52 machosy 1221 hembras en diferentes grupos por edades y en grupos totales de hembras, machos y de la raza. La longitud y el peso se han incrementado en las vacas a través de los años; la altura y el perímetro mhan permanecido estables. En los machos la longitud se ha incrementado pero el perímetro y el peso han disminuido. Las hembras mostraron crecimiento rápido hasta los tres años de edad; lento de los 3-7 y estabilización a partir de los 7 años. El perímetro tuvo la mayor correlación con el peso. El modelo Cuadrático presentó el mejor ajuste en los diferentes grupos por edades de hembras y los modelos Gamma y Logarítmico en los grupos totales de hembras, machos y de la raza.

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Con base en el perímetro torácico y por barimetría se predijo el peso vivo de la raza Lucerna, utilizando 1273 animales de ambos sexos, con edades de un día a ocho años. Se realizó análisis de regresión con el modelo matemático Gamma (Y= AeBX XC + Ei ), con el cual se obtuvo la ecuación de predicción del peso vivo para esta raza. Una prueba de bondad de ajuste determinó la confiabilidad de los valores estimados y los resultados, establecieron que no hubo diferencia significativa y que hubo concordancia entre los pesos observados y los estimados para la elaboración de la tabla predictiva del peso vivo en la raza Lucerna.

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