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Candida yeasts are generally found in the vaginal microbiota; however, disruption of the balance maintained by host factors and microorganisms results in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC). This study evaluated the antagonistic activity of vaginal Lactobacillus spp. on Candida albicans to verify whether active compounds of Lactobacillus spp. had antifungal and antivirulence activity. The antagonism assay showed that 15 out of 20 Lactobacillus strains had an inhibitory effect on C. albicans. Biosurfactants displayed surface-tension-reducing activity, with the best value obtained for Lactobacillus gasseri 1. Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595, Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 4356, and Lactobacillus paracasei 11 produced biosurfactants that decreased C. albicans adhesion and disrupted biofilm formation. The best results were obtained in the pre-incubation assay for L. gasseri 1 and L. paracasei 11. Overall, Lactobacillus strains showed significant anti-Candida activity, and their biosurfactants exhibited considerable anti-adhesion and antibiofilm activity against C. albicans. To be considered safe for use in vivo, the safety of biosurfactant (BS) should be investigated using cytotoxicity assays.
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Cutaneous fungal infections include onychomycosis, an infection of the nail that affects both healthy and immunocompromised patients. This study investigated the in vitro hydrolytic enzymes production, adhesion and biofilm formation capacity of Candida parapsilosis complex species and Kodamaea ohmeri isolates from onychomycoses of HIV/AIDS patients and also established the antifungal sensitivity profiles of these isolates. Onychomycosis in HIV/AIDS patients showed a high prevalence of emerging yeasts, among which C. parapsilosis complex species and K. ohmeri were the most frequent. Three C. parapsilosis sensu stricto and two C. orthopsilosis isolates were resistant to amphotericin B and 83% of isolates were resistant to terbinafine. All three different species evaluated were proteinase and hemolysin producers. All isolates adhered to stainless steel and siliconized latex surfaces, and carbohydrates intensified adhesion of all isolates. Isolates adhered to keratinous nail and 50% formed biofilms with strong intensity. In multispecies or polymicrobial biofilms, C. albicans and Staphylococcus aureus regulated the biofilm formation of the analyzed species, decreasing the number of their cells in biofilms. The isolation of emerging yeast species from onychomycosis which are great producers of hydrolytic enzymes and with high adhesion and biofilm formation capacity is a result that should be considered relevant in clinical practice. In addition, half of the isolates was resistant to at least one of the tested antifungals. Taken together these data corroborate the infectious capacity and viability of these isolates under favorable conditions.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Candida parapsilosis/isolamento & purificação , Onicomicose/microbiologia , Saccharomycetales/isolamento & purificação , Adulto , Anfotericina B/farmacologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Candida parapsilosis/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA Fúngico , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Feminino , HIV , Humanos , Látex , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Onicomicose/epidemiologia , Saccharomycetales/efeitos dos fármacos , Aço Inoxidável , Terbinafina/farmacologia , Virulência , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Candida genus comprises opportunistic fungi that can become pathogenic when the immune system of the host fails. Candida albicans is the most important and prevalent species. Polyenes, fluoropyrimidines, echinocandins, and azoles are used as commercial antifungal agents to treat candidiasis. However, the presence of intrinsic and developed resistance against azole antifungals has been extensively documented among several Candida species. The advent of original and re-emergence of classical fungal diseases have occurred as a consequence of the development of the antifungal resistance phenomenon. In this way, the development of new satisfactory therapy for fungal diseases persists as a major challenge of present-day medicine. The design of original drugs from traditional medicines provides new promises in the modern clinic. The urgent need includes the development of alternative drugs that are more efficient and tolerant than those traditional already in use. The identification of new substances with potential antifungal effect at low concentrations or in combination is also a possibility. The present review briefly examines the infections caused by Candida species and focuses on the mechanisms of action associated with the traditional agents used to treat those infections, as well as the current understanding of the molecular basis of resistance development in these fungal species. In addition, this review describes some of the promising alternative molecules and/or substances that could be used as anticandidal agents, their mechanisms of action, and their use in combination with traditional drugs.
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INTRODUCTION: Candida yeasts are commensals; however, if the balance of normal flora is disrupted or the immune defenses are compromised, Candida species can cause disease manifestations. Several attributes contribute to the virulence and pathogenicity of Candida, including the production of extracellular hydrolytic enzymes, particularly phospholipase and proteinase. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro activity of phospholipases and acid proteinases in clinical isolates of Candida spp. METHODS: Eighty-two isolates from hospitalized patients collected from various sites of origin were analyzed. Phospholipase production was performed in egg yolk medium and the production of proteinase was verified in a medium containing bovine serum albumin. The study was performed in triplicate. RESULTS: Fifty-six (68.3%) of isolates tested were phospholipase positive and 16 (44.4%) were positive for proteinase activity. C. tropicalis was the species with the highest number of positive isolates for phospholipase (91.7%). Statistically significant differences were observed in relation to production of phospholipases among species(p<0,0001) and among the strains from different sites of origin (p=0.014). Regarding the production of acid protease, the isolates of C. parapsilosis tested presented a larger number of producers (69.2%). Among the species analyzed, the percentage of protease producing isolates did not differ statistically (χ2=1.9 p=0.5901 (χ2=1.9 p=0.5901). CONCLUSIONS: The majority of C. non-albicans and all C. albicans isolates were great producers of hydrolytic enzymes and,consequently, might be able to cause infection under favorable conditions.
Assuntos
Candida/enzimologia , Peptídeo Hidrolases/biossíntese , Fosfolipases/biossíntese , Animais , Candida/classificação , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Bovinos , HumanosRESUMO
Microtúbulos säo filamentos compostos por dímeros das tubulinas alfa e beta e têm uma variedade de funçöes nas células vivas. Em fungos, os corpúsculos polares dos fusos säo geralmente considerados os centros organizadores dos microtúbulos. Com o objetivo de contribuir para uma melhor compreensäo dos processos de nucleaçäo dos microtúbulos no fungo filamentoso A. nidulans, nós utilizamos a droga antimicrotúbulo Benomil em experimentos de bloqueio e liberaçäo para depolimerizar e repolimerizar os microtúbulos. Após 20 segundos de reincubaçäo em meio sem Benomil, pequenos microtúbulos foram formados a partir de pontos distribuídos pela célula, sugerindo que os pontos de nucleaçäo de microtúbulos säo aleatoriamente distribuídos pelas hifas de A. nidulans. Como em A. nidulans o movimento nuclear é dependente de microtúbulos foi analisado se mutantes defectivos na distribuiçäo de núcleos ao longo das hifas (mutantes nud) possuíam algum defeito evidente nos microtúbulos. Os microtúbulos citoplasmáticos, dos fusos e astrais estäo presentes e aparentam-se normais em todos os mutantes nud, mas foi observada uma pequena distorçäo na proporçäo de fusos mitóticos longos e curtos nestes mutantes, comparados com o controle. Isto sugere que alguns núcleos de mutantes nud näo alcançam a fase tardia da divisäo celular, em temperatura näo restritiva.