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This paper aims to implement a laser-induced ultrasound imaging reconstruction method based on the delay-and-sum beamforming through the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT) for a circular scanning, performed with a tomograph that had one acoustic sensor and a system that rotates the sample around a fixed axis. The proposed method, called the Single-sensor Scanning Synthetic Aperture Focusing Technique, considers the size of the sensor and the detection procedure inside the SAFT's algebra. This image reconstruction method was evaluated numerically, using the Green function for the laser-induced ultrasound wave equation to generate a forward problem, and experimentally, using a solid object of polylactic acid, and a Sprague-Dawley rat heart located in a tissue-mimicking phantom. The resulting images were compared to those obtained from the time reversal and the conventional delay-and-sum reconstruction algorithms. The presented method removes the sidelobe artifacts and the comet tail sign, which produces a more distinguishable target on the image. In addition, the proposed method has a faster performance and lower computational load. The implementation of this method in photoacoustic microscopy techniques for image reconstruction is discussed.

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OBJECTIVE: Determine the proportion of vaccinated patients in a private hematology and internal medicine outpatient clinic and potential factors in adherence in at-risk patients (due to onco-hematological diseases). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study of outpatients from a private clinic. We applied a non-validated instrument to all patients attending the outpatient clinic from May to October 2021. According to the primary diagnosis, we classified patients into onco-hematological and non-onco-hematological patients. Since national authorities exclusively executed and planned the rollout of vaccines, the order and eligibility defined by authorities of vaccination was considered when conducting the analysis and patients were classified according to the their corresponding group. RESULTS: 397 participants were accrued, 269 (68%) had an onco-hematological condition. In the whole group, 73 (18.3%) had a history of infection. Vaccination history was present in 286 persons (72%); 82% had two doses. In the subset of 269 persons with an onco-hematological condition, 191 (71%) were vaccinated, whereas 95 participants with non-hematological conditions (73%) had received the vaccine. Vaccination status was associated with age (OR 1.07, 95%CI: 1.03,1.10, p<0.0001) and body mass index (OR 1.11, 95%CI: 1.04,1.17, p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: According to our study, vaccination adherence at our center is significantly different from the nationwide proportion of vaccines.

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The results of treatment of adolescents and adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remain unsatisfactory. Pediatric-inspired treatments seem to be related with better outcomes. 126 adolescent and adult patients with ALL were treated in a 37-year period with a pediatric inspired combined chemotherapy (PICC) schedule, delivered on an outpatient basis and based on the St. Jude´s TOTAL XI pediatric protocol employing vincristine, prednisone, asparaginase, daunorubicin, etoposide, cytarabine, methotrexate, mercaptopurine and triple intrathecal therapy. 80 % of patients were able to receive the initial seven-week period of induction / consolidation fully as outpatients and 77 % achieved a complete remission. In adolescents and young adults (AYAs) the median probability of overall survival (OS) was 44 months, whereas the 5-year OS was 48 %. In adults, the median probability of OS was 24 months, and the 5-year OS was 32 %. Patients with T-cell ALL did significantly worse than those with a B cell phenotype (OS at 5 years 17 versus 40 %, respectively). These figures are better than those informed in our country employing more aggressive, in-hospital schedules such as the hyper-CVAD. We found that, in AYAs and adult patients with ALL, the use of an asparaginase-containing PICC delivered on an outpatient basis renders acceptable results, better than those obtained in similar socioeconomic circumstances employing adult-oriented schedules. Additional studies are needed to assess the usefulness of these PICC treatments in adult individuals with ALL treated in underprivileged circumstances, such as those prevailing in LMIC.

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INTRODUCTION: The decision to get involved in the study and practice of medicine is not easy. Within the scientific environment, achieving both professional and personal success requires a strict discipline, where effort becomes an essential part of daily life; in addition, having family support becomes crucial in order for not to lose hope when confronting the different adversities that arise during medical training. OBJECTIVE: To identify families where at least two members belong to the Academia Nacional de Medicina de México (ANMM). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify families of Mexican doctors where at least two members, consanguineous or in-laws, have been or are ANMM members through a review of 2017 ANMM Directory and personal contact with the different academics. RESULTS: Information on 45 families belonging to the ANMM was collected. CONCLUSIONS: From this study, it is possible to show the great influence that some doctors have in their family environment, which makes the study of medicine attractive as a life project.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La decisión de involucrarse en el estudio y la práctica de la medicina no es fácil. Dentro del ambiente científico, alcanzar el éxito tanto profesional como personal requiere de una disciplina estricta en donde el esfuerzo se vuelve parte esencial de la vida diaria, además, el tener el apoyo familiar se vuelve un pilar para no perder la ilusión ante las distintas adversidades que se presentan en la formación médica. OBJETIVO: Identificar a las familias donde mínimo dos miembros pertenecen a la Academia Nacional de Medicina. MÉTODOS: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal para analizar las familias de médicos mexicanos en las que por lo menos dos miembros, consanguíneos o políticos, han sido o son miembros de la Academia Nacional de Medicina de México por medio de la consulta del Directorio de la Academia Nacional de Medicina del año 2017 y el contacto de manera personal con los distintos académicos. RESULTADOS: Se recolectó información de 45 familias pertenecientes a la Academia Nacional de Medicina de México. CONCLUSIONES: A partir de este estudio es posible evidenciar la gran influencia que emiten algunos médicos en su entorno familiar, que hace que el estudio de la medicina sea atractivo como proyecto de vida.

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Resumen Introducción: La decisión de involucrarse en el estudio y la práctica de la medicina no es fácil. Dentro del ambiente científico, alcanzar el éxito tanto profesional como personal requiere de una disciplina estricta en donde el esfuerzo se vuelve parte esencial de la vida diaria, además, el tener el apoyo familiar se vuelve un pilar para no perder la ilusión ante las distintas adversidades que se presentan en la formación médica. Objetivo: Identificar a las familias donde mínimo dos miembros pertenecen a la Academia Nacional de Medicina. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal para analizar las familias de médicos mexicanos en las que por lo menos dos miembros, consanguíneos o políticos, han sido o son miembros de la Academia Nacional de Medicina de México por medio de la consulta del Directorio de la Academia Nacional de Medicina del año 2017 y el contacto de manera personal con los distintos académicos. Resultados: Se recolectó información de 45 familias pertenecientes a la Academia Nacional de Medicina de México. Conclusiones: A partir de este estudio es posible evidenciar la gran influencia que emiten algunos médicos en su entorno familiar, que hace que el estudio de la medicina sea atractivo como proyecto de vida.

Abstract Introduction: The decision to get involved in the study and practice of medicine is not easy. Within the scientific environment, achieving both professional and personal success requires a strict discipline, where effort becomes an essential part of daily life; in addition, having family support becomes crucial in order for not to lose hope when confronting the different adversities that arise during medical training. Objective: To identify members where at least two members belong to the Academia Nacional de Medicina de México" (ANMM). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out to identify families of Mexican doctors where at least two members, consanguineous or in-laws, have been or are ANMM members of the through a review of 2017 ANMM Directory personal contact with the different academics. Results: Information on 45 families belonging to the ANMM was collected. Conclusions: From this study, it is possible to show the great influence that some doctors have in their family environment, wich makes the study of medicine attractive as a life project.

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INTRODUCTION: High-dose melphalan (HD-Mel) has been successfully employed in autografting patients with multiple myeloma. An advantage of this regimen is that the total dose of Mel can be delivered in a single day, being particularly useful when non-frozen hematopoietic stem cells are employed in the autograft. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All consecutive patients with R/R lymphomas, both HL and NHL studied and treated at two different centers were prospectively included in a study of ASCT employing a single dose of HD-Mel (200 mg/m2). A group of R/R HL or NHL autografted employing BEAM-like preparative regimens was constructed matched by diagnosis and age. The primary endpoint of the study was overall survival (OS), the secondary endpoint was event-free survival (EFS). RESULTS: Twenty-five R/R HL/NHL patients were prospectively accrued in the study. There were 8 (32%) females, 13 (52%) patients had at least 1 adverse effect: 7 (28%) developed mucositis, 5 (20%) neutropenic fever, and 6 (24%) grade IV nausea. In the HD-Mel group, median overall survival (OS) was not achieved and OS at 36 months was 71%, the transplant-related mortality being 0%. In the control group, median OS was not achieved and the 36-month OS was 76%, results not statistically significant (p 0.5). The EFS was also similar in both groups (p 0.5). CONCLUSION: HD-Mel alone is non-inferior to a BEAM-like regimen as a preparative regimen for autografting patients with R/R HL and NHL. The regimen is adequate to graft persons with non-frozen stem cells.

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There is data suggesting that the clinical behavior of multiple myeloma (MM) may be different in Latin Americans than in Caucasian or African-Americans, consistent with a less aggressive course of MM in Latinos. We analyzed the overall survival (OS) of 139 persons with MM in a single institution in México, as well the variables which were associated with long-term OS. Of all patients, the median OS was 11 years whereas the 5-year and 10-year OS were 75% and 55% respectively. The analysis of variables showed that the variable related with five-year survival was having hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), whereas the variables related with 10-year survival were HSCT, age at diagnosis (patients younger than 50 survived longer), light chain type (kappa survived longer) and ISS stage (stage I patients survived longer). The only variable associated with both 5 and 10-year survival was HSCT. A plateau in the OS was reached after 10 years, both in grafted and non-grafted patients. We have confirmed the critical role of HSCT in the prognosis of persons with MM, independent of the induction treatment or the maintenance post-transplant, and we have identified a better prognosis in this cohort, as compared with African-Americans or Caucasians, since the proportion of long-term survivors in our group is seemingly better than those in other populations.

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Abstract Introduction: Various research has used field tests to establish cardiorespiratory fitness from VO.max obtained; however, under high altitude conditions there may be variations that influence the behavior of this variable untrained and untrained healthy subjects. Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the VO.max obtained by means of two field tests: Cooper Run Test and Shuttle Run Test 20 meters (CRT and SRT-20m) and the values obtained by ergospirometry in trained university students above 2600 masl. Method: Descriptive cross-sectional study;30 trained subjects (8 women 22 men) participated, with ± an average age of 19.0 to 2.2 years for women and 20.1 ± to 2.1 years for men. A one-way variance analysis was applied; a post hoc analysis was subsequently performed with the Games-Howell procedure which is most powerful in small samples (p<0.01). Results: No significant differences were founding the VO.max mean for SRT-20m and the direct method, however, with respect to the CRT, differences were presented (p <0.01), reflecting the higher accuracy of the SRT-20m test to estimate the VO.max in the sample evaluated. Conclusions: Our results suggested that SRT-20m predicted VO.max closely to data reported in ergospirometry in both men and women living at high altitude. Additional research with larger sample sizes is warranted. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 19-26.

Resumen Introducción: Diversas investigaciones han empleado las pruebas de campo con la finalidad de establecer el fitness cardiorrespiratorio a partir del VO.máx obtenido; no obstante, en condiciones de gran altitud pueden existir variaciones que influencien el comportamiento de esta variable en sujetos sanos entrenados y no entrenados. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el VO.max obtenido mediante dos pruebas de campo: Cooper Run Test y Shuttle Run Test 20 metros (CRT y SRT-20m) y los valores obtenidos mediante ergoespirometría. Método: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal; participaron 30 sujetos entrenados (8 mujeres 22 hombres), con una edad promedio de 19,0 ± 2,2 años para las mujeres y 20,1 ± 2,1 años para los hombres. Se aplicó un análisis de varianza de una vía; posteriormente se realizó un análisis post hoc con el procedimiento de Games-Howell, que es más poderoso en muestras pequeñas (p<0.01). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la media del VO.max para SRT-20m y el método directo, sin embargo, con respecto al CRT, se presentaron diferencias (p <0.01), reflejando la mayor precisión de la prueba SRT-20m para estimar el VO.max. en la muestra evaluada. Conclusiones: Nuestros resultados sugirieron que SRT-20m predijo los valores de VO.máx de manera cercana a los datos reportados en ergoespirometría tanto en hombres como en mujeres que habitan a gran altitud. Se justifica la investigación adicional con tamaños de muestra más grandes. MÉD.UIS.2021;34(1): 19-26

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Crystalline material can develop on the surface of raisins during storage and transport, affecting the final acceptability of the product. In this work, a mild thermal pretreatment was applied to raisins to melt the pre-existing crystals and the effect of such thermal treatments on the development of crystals over a storage period was investigated. The raisins selected for this study were of the Thompson seedless variety from one Chilean company. The thermal pretreatment of raisins at 50 °C and 70 °C for 20 min in an oven and microwave (800 W) irradiation for 15 s resulted in a reduction in the percentage of crystallized raisins (w/w) from more than 50% in the control samples to less than 10% after 35 days of storage at 15 and 25 °C in a 57% relative humidity environment. The results showed that some textural parameters, such as cohesiveness and chewiness, were not affected by thermal treatment and were independent of storage temperature.

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The effects of sugar component ratio, water fraction, and storage conditions on crystallisation and glass transition temperature (Tg) of three Chilean dried raisins were examined by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarised light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. Thompson, Flame and Golden raisins differed in fructose:glucose and glucose:water ratios, impacting on their measured Tgs (P < 0.05) and propensity of sugaring. The ratios of fructose:glucose (1:3, 1:2 and 1:1) and glucose:water (1.7, 1.9 and 2.1) also influenced the measured Tgs (P < 0.05) and sugaring of fructose-glucose-water model solutions. Measurement of Tgs in the raisins as a function of water activity (aw 0.11-0.74) showed that water acts as a strong plasticiser decreasing the Tgs (-16.4 to -61.6 °C). XRD results revealed that sugaring in Thompson raisins was delayed at low temperatures (5 & 15 °C) compared to that stored at 25 °C. The refrigeration may be a simple approach to delay the sugaring in raisins.

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Resumen El uso de la técnica de perfilación criminológica como herramienta de investigación criminal en los últimos años ha sido objeto de revisiones en cuanto a su fundamentación científica, aplicabilidad rigurosa y funcionalidad para el aparato judicial. En consecuencia, esta investigación tuvo como principal objetivo brindar información actualizada sobre la conceptualización de perfilación criminológica, su utilidad y las críticas que ha recibido en el contexto colombiano. Se realizó análisis del contenido en 34 documentos relacionados con perfilación criminológica, los cuales corresponden a producciones académicas realizadas durante 1998 y 2012 en Bogotá por cinco universidades, la Escuela Penitenciaria Nacional y la Escuela de Investigación Criminal de la Policía Nacional, en las cuales se imparte formación en psicología jurídica e investigación criminal. Los resultados y las conclusiones de la revisión documental indican: 1. El uso de la técnica en la investigación judicial ha sido limitado. 2. Es utilizada para comprender el actuar de quienes realizan comportamientos criminosos. 3. La mayor parte del conocimiento en perfilación criminológica se origina en la academia, en especial en el área de psicología jurídica y hace énfasis en el análisis y las construcciones conceptuales, sin muchos ejercicios de aplicación de la técnica en hechos delictuales. 4. Es necesario utilizar la técnica con mayor frecuencia dentro del contexto judicial y académico de la capital colombiana.

Abstract The use of criminological profiling technique as a tool for criminal investigation in recent years has been subjected to revision as to its scientific basis, rigorous applicability and functionality for the law enforcement apparatus. In consequence, this investigation made its principal objective to provide recent information about the main concepts of criminal profiling, its utility and the critiques it has received in Colombia. Content analysis was performed on 34 documents related to criminological profiling, corresponding to academic productions during the years of 1998 and 2012 in Bogotá by five universities, the National Penitentiary School and the School of Criminal Investigation of the National Police, in which training in legal psychology and criminal investigation is taught. The findings and conclusions of this document review indicate that, a) criminal profiling use as a technique in criminal investigation has been limited; b) its main use has been with the purpose to understand the acts of those people that commit crimes, c) most of the knowledge in criminal profiling originates in academia (universities), especially in the area of legal psychology, analyzing and making conceptual constructions without many ways of application of the technique in criminal activities, d) it is necessary to use this technique more frequently within the judicial and academic context of the Colombian capital.

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La diabetes mellitus es una enfermedad crónica degenerativa que se caracteriza por un conjunto de trastornos metabólicos y la presencia de hiperglicemia. Al analizar el efecto de la diabetes sobre los implantes se ha demostrado una alteración en los procesos de remodelación ósea y una deficiente mineralización, que se traduce en una menor oseointegración. El objetivo de este estudio es describir el manejo quirúrgico e implantológico que se llevó a cabo para restablecer la función y estética de una paciente con estas condiciones sistémicas y periodontales. Los resultados de las preservaciones de reborde y elevaciones de piso de seno maxilar lograron un reborde adecuado para la colocación de los implantes por medio de una guía quirúrgica tomográfica para su posterior rehabilitación con prótesis fijas implantoretenidas. Como conclusión tenemos que el diagnóstico tardío de la periodontitis agresiva puede llevar al edentulismo en pacientes jóvenes lo que puede ser solucionado con los implantes endoóseos.

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic degenerative disease characterized by a set of metabolic disorders and presence of hyperglycemia. When analyzing the effect of diabetes on implants, bone remodeling process alteration and deficient mineralization have been observed: these factors result in poorer bone integration. The aim of the present study was to describe surgical and implant treatment conducted in order to re-establish function and esthetics of a patient's periodontal and general circumstances. Resulting ridge (flange) preservation as well as elevation of the maxillary sinus achieved a suitable flange to place implants, by means of a tomographic surgical guide in preparation for further rehabilitation of implant-supported prostheses. As a conclusion we might propose that late diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis can lead to edentulism in young patients, which could be solved with endo-osseous implants.

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El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia de anticuerpos contra la toxina ApxIV de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, causante de pleuroneumonía porcina en 10 granjas porcinas tecnificadas de los departamentos de Arequipa, Lima, Ica y La Libertad. Se colectaron muestras de sangre de porcinos de las etapas de crecimiento y acabado (30 por granja) y se analizaron mediante la prueba de ELISA indirecta con un kit comercial. El 23.7% (71/300) de los animales presentaron anticuerpos contra la toxina ApxIV, correspondiendo la mayor frecuencia a la granja del departamento de Ica (60.0%). La presencia de anticuerpos contra la toxina ApxIV evidencia la presencia de la infección con A. pleuropneumoniae en la industria porcina del Perú.

The objective of the study was to determine the frequency of antibodies against the ApxIV toxin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, causal agent of porcine pleuropneumonia in 10 commercial pig farms of Arequipa, Lima, Ica and La Libertad departments. Blood samples were collected from animals in the growing and finishing stages (30 per farm) and analyzed by the indirect ELISA test using a commercial kit. The results showed that 23.7% (71/300) of the animals presented antibodies against the ApxIV toxin, and the highest frequency was found in the farm located in Ica (60%). The presence of antibodies against the ApxIV toxin indicated the presence of A. pleuropneumoniae infection in pig commercial farms in Peru.

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Aunque existen muchos estudios sobre la regeneración hepática, la literatura coincide en que es un tema que aún debe ser explorado en búsqueda de nuevas respuestas que expliquen su comportamiento posterior a estímulos como la resección quirúrgica, la lesión y la pérdida de volumen, tanto en el remanente hepático de los donantes vivos, como en el injerto de los receptores.Para que se lleve a cabo el proceso de regeneración hepática, es necesario el desarrollo de diversos eventos celulares, que involucran un doble sistema celular compuesto por un compartimiento de reserva y los hepatocitos. En el donante vivo, según lo previsto por la gran capacidad regenerativa de este órgano, se asume que la regeneración ocurre rápidamente con un remplazo completo de volumen hepático; sin embargo, los donantes no tienden a recuperar el volumen inicial a pesar de restablecerse completamente la función hepática. En el receptor de donante vivo, son diversos los factores que intervienen para una adecuada regeneración, tales como el tiempo de isquemia, el tamaño del injerto, la respuesta inmune, la reperfusión y el lóbulo trasplantado; si esto se cumple favorablemente, la función se restablece, lo cual ocasiona un impacto positivo sobre la supervivencia y la calidad de vida de los pacientes.

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La esterificacion selectiva de fitosteroles de madera representa una aplicación novedosa de las lipasas, que se inscribe dentro de una plataforma tecnológica de valoración del licor negro en el proceso Kraft. Los fitosteroles de madera son mezclas de esteroles y estanoles (esteroles saturados) donde más del 90 por ciento es beta-sitosterol y beta-sitostanol. Ambos productos tienen mercados potenciales diferentes por lo que el fraccionamiento de los fitosteroles que los contienen implica un valor agregado considerable. Ambas sustancias son muy similares, lo que impide su separación por métodos físicos, siendo la esterificación selectiva de esta mezcla con ésteres de ácidos grasos mediante lipasas quimioselectivas una interesante opción tecnológica para separarlas. Se evaluaron diversas lipasas comerciales en su capacidad de esterificar selectivamente los estanoles, seleccionándose una enzima inmovilizada y una no soportada. Se optimizó el proceso con la enzima inmovilizada obteniéndose grados de esterificación de estanoles por sobre el 90 por ciento y de esteroles en torno al 20 por ciento, lo que satisface el criterio de selectividad establecido. La enzima inmovilizada comercial tuvo baja estabilidad operacional debido a la desorción de la proteína por lo que se desarrollaron estrategias de inmovilización de la lipasa comercial no soportada, obteniéndose los mejores resultados con butil Sepabeads® como soporte. Con dicho biocatalizador se realizó la reacción de transesterificacion en modalidad de lotes repetidos demostrándose la elevada estabilidad de la enzima y comprobándose que es posible realizar cinco lotes productivos sin merma de la conversión ni de la productividad, lo que satisface los criterios de rentabilidad del proceso. La tecnología ha sido transferida al sector productivo y se ha presentado una patente de invención sobre la elaboración del biocatalizador.

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