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It is necessary to simulate the thermodynamics of the Te/TeO2-CN-H2O systems to interpret the dissolution behaviour of elemental tellurium and tellurium dioxide in alkaline cyanide solutions. Below are the data employed to simulate the equilibrium diagrams presented in the article entitled "Dissolution behaviour of elemental tellurium and tellurium dioxide in alkaline cyanide solutions". Most of the reactions are available in the Hydra database of MEDUSA© software along with their logarithms to the base 10 of the equilibrium constants (i.e., log K). However, it was complemented with the log K of some important reactions (e.g., which describes the formation of H2TeO3). Log K values were calculated form the ΔG°f reported in the scientific literature. The databases reported can be used to compare the equilibrium constant values, replicate the diagrams presented in the cited article, and simulate other aqueous systems (e.g., those employing alternative lixiviant agents as thiosulfate, thiourea, etc.).

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POSITION DU PROBLèME: Le confinement mis en place au deuxième trimestre 2020 a entrainé une amélioration de la qualité de l'air de Santiago, capitale et plus grande ville du Chili, caractérisée par de fortes concentrations en particules fines PM2,5 liées, en grande partie, au trafic routier. L'objectif était de mettre en évidence une potentielle réduction des visites aux urgences pour infarctus du myocarde aigu (IDM) et des décès dus à une cardiopathie ischémique (CPI) attribuable à l'émission de PM2,5, en comparant les périodes équivalentes de 2019 et de 2020. MéTHODES: À Santiago, la surveillance de la qualité de l'air se fait grâce à neuf moniteurs situés dans neuf communes différentes : Cerro Navia, Cerrillos, El Bosque, Pudahuel, Independencia, La Florida, Quilicura, Santiago centre-ville et Las Condes (classées de la plus haute à la plus basse en matière de pauvreté multidimensionnelle). La concentration moyenne quotidienne de PM2,5 a été décrite avec des séries temporelles, et les visites aux urgences pour IDM et les décès dus à une CPI ont été analysés de façon trimestrielle pour chaque année. Pour estimer l'impact de l'excès de PM2,5, les fractions de risque attribuables (FRA) pour les visites aux urgences pour IDM et les décès pour CPI ont été calculées. RéSULTATS: La moyenne quotidienne des PM2,5 a diminué dans huit des neuf communes de Santiago. Cependant, la réduction n'a été significative que dans trois communes. Les visites aux urgences pour IDM et les décès par CPI attribuables aux PM2,5 ont diminué légèrement mais significativement dans ces trois communes. Les FRA dans les autres communes sont restées similaires à 2019. CONCLUSIONS: Une réduction significative de la FRA des PM2,5 pour les décès par CPI et les visites aux urgences d'IDM n'a été observée que dans les communes avec une réduction significative de la concentration quotidienne moyenne de PM2,5 pendant la pandémie de COVID-19.

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BACKGROUND: The Iberoamerican Cochrane Network is currently developing an extensive project to identify Spanish-language journals that publish original clinical research in Spain and Latin America. The project is called BADERI (Database of Iberoamerican Essays and Journal) and feeds the research articles, mainly randomised clinical trials (RCTs), into CENTRAL (Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Controlled Trials). This study aims to assess the quality of reporting of RCTs published in Spanish and Latin American journals for three clinical fields and assess changes over time. METHODS: We did a systematic survey with time trend analysis of RCTs for dentistry, geriatrics, and neurology. These fields were chosen for pragmatic reasons as they had not yet been completed in BADERI. After screening RCTs from 1990 to 2018 for randomised or quasi-randomised clinical trials, we extracted data for 23 CONSORT items. The primary outcome was the total score of the 23 predefined CONSORT 2010 items for each RCT (score range from 0 to 34). The secondary outcome measure was the score for each one of these 23 items. RESULTS: A total of 392 articles from 1990 to 2018 were included as follows: dentistry (282), neurology (80), and geriatrics (30). We found that the overall compliance score for the CONSORT items included in this study for all 392 RCTs analysed was 12.6 on a scale with a maximum score of 34. With time, the quality of reporting improved slightly for all RCTs. None of the articles achieved the complete individual CONSORT item compliance score. The lowest overall compliance percentage was for item 10 (Randomisation implementation) and item 24 (Protocol registration), with a dismal 1% compliance across all included RCTs, regardless of country. CONCLUSIONS: CONSORT compliance is very poor in the 392 analysed RCTs. The impact of the CONSORT statement on improving the completeness of RCT reporting in Latin America and Spain is not clear. Iberoamerican journals should become more involved in endorsing and enforcing adherence to the CONSORT guidelines.

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Canine parvovirosis is a high mortality disease with acute clinical picture. However, there are few available resources to help stablish prognosis accurately. This study aimed to determine the prognostic threshold values for vital and hematological parameters of dogs naturally infected by the Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). A retrospective study of 103 canine parvovirosis cases was carried out. Twenty seven percent of these (28/103) died, 96% (27/28) of which within the first four days of hospitalization. Deceased animals had significantly higher median values for heart (HR) and respiratory (f) rates, as well as significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) than survivors. Severely leukopenic animals (<1,000 cells/µL), had a significantly higher mortality rate (68%, n=13) compared to that of other patients (P<0.0007). Animals with at least two of the following findings: severe hypotension (SBP< 90mmHg), tachycardia (HR > 150 bpm) and leukopenia, represented 34% (34/101) of the cases and had a survival rate of 29% (10/34), while animals with at most one of these parameters represented 66% (67/101) and had a survival rate of 94% (63/67). The presence of two or three abnormal parameters was significantly related to the higher death risk among dogs with parvovirosis (P<0.0001).(AU)

A parvovirose canina é uma doença de alta mortalidade e de quadro clínico agudo. No entanto, existem poucos recursos para se estabelecer prognóstico de maneira precisa. Este estudo objetivou analisar os valores prognósticos de parâmetros físicos e hematológicos de cães naturalmente infectados pelo Carnivore protoparvovirus 1 (CPV). Um estudo retrospectivo de 103 casos de parvovirose canina foi realizado. Desses, 27% dos animais (28/103) foram a óbito, sendo 96% (27/28) com ocorrência nos primeiros quatro dias de internamento. Os cães que foram a óbito apresentaram medianas das frequências cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (f) significativamente maiores e pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) consideravelmente menor que a dos sobreviventes. Entre os animais mais intensamente leucopênicos (<1.000 células/(L), a taxa de mortalidade (68%, n=13) foi expressivamente maior que a dos demais pacientes (P<0,0007). Os animais com hipotensão grave (PAS<90mmHg), taquicardia (FC>150bpm) e leucopenia intensa (leucometria<1.000 células/µL), ou duas dessas alterações clínicas, representaram 34% (34/101) dos casos e tiveram taxa de sobrevida de 29% (10/34), enquanto os animais com, no máximo, um desses parâmetros alterados representaram 66% (67/101) dos animais, com taxa de sobrevida de 94% (63/67). A presença de dois ou três parâmetros alterados esteve significativamente relacionada ao maior risco de óbito de cães com parvovirose (P<0,0001).(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: Quality of reporting refers to how published articles communicate how the research was done and what was found. Gaps and imprecisions of reporting hamper the assessment of the methodological quality and internal and external validity. The CONsolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) are a set of evidence-based recommendations of the minimum elements to be included in the reporting of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to ensure a complete and transparent account of what was done, how it was done and what was found. Few studies have been conducted on the impact of CONSORT on RCTs published in Latin American and Spanish journals. We aim to assess the reporting quality of RCTs of three clinical specialities published in Spanish and Latin American journals, as well as to assess changes over time and associations of quality with journal and country indicators. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: We will conduct a systematic survey of all RCTs published in Spanish-language journals in three clinical fields (dentistry, neurology and geriatrics) from 1990 to 2018. We will include RCTs from previous work that has identified all RCTs on these medical fields published in Spain and Latin America. We will update this work via handsearching of relevant journals. Assessment of quality of reporting will be conducted independently and in duplicate using the CONSORT 2010 Statement. We will also extract journal and country indicators. We will conduct descriptive statistics and secondary analyses considering the year, country, and journal of publication, among others. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The Universidad de Santiago de Chile's ethics committee approved the protocol. We will disseminate the results of this work in peer-reviewed scientific journals and conference proceedings. We expect to raise awareness among researchers, journal editors and funders on the importance of training in reporting guidelines and using them from the inception of RCT protocols.

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The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different categories of specific and general classification in canine cavitary effusions (CE), as well as their association with the underlying etiologies. The laboratorial and clinical data from 304 cases of canine CE were retrospectively assessed. In 32.9% (100 cases), at least one of the specific classification categories was established, with a subtotal predominance of neoplasia (42%), bacterial serositis (24%) and hemorrhage (16%). Neoplasia was confirmed by effusion cytology in 57.5% of the cases with histopathological confirmation. From the cases in which the specific classification was not obtained, 35.8% were classified as modified transudate, 30.4% as pure transudate, 21.1% % as exudate and 12.7% was not included in any general category. The most common causes of effusion among these cases were hypoproteinemia and/or hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25.8%), hepatopathy (22.5%), cardiac insufficiency (15.5%) and cytologically undetected cases of neoplasia (12.4%). In conclusion, HPHA, hepatopathy and neoplasia represents important etiologies for canine CE development. Classification of effusions, solely based on [TP] and TNCC, might be an inaccurate diagnostic tool of effusions. New laboratorial classification methods for canine CE should be researched.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes categorias de classificação específica e geral em efusões cavitárias (EC) caninas, bem como sua associação com as etiologias subjacentes. Os dados laboratoriais e clínicos de 304 casos de EC canina foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Em 32,9% (100 casos), pelo menos uma das categorias específicas de classificação foi estabelecida, com predomínio subtotal de neoplasia (42%), serosite bacteriana (24%) e hemorragia (16%). A neoplasia foi confirmada pela citologia da efusão em 57,5% dos casos com confirmação histopatológica. Dos casos em que a classificação específica não foi obtida (204 casos), 35,8% foram classificados como transudato modificado, 30,4% como transudato puro, 21,1% como exsudato e 12,7% não foram incluídos em nenhuma categoria geral. As causas mais comuns de efusão nestes casos foram hipoproteinemia e/ou hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25,8%), hepatopatia (22,5%), insuficiência cardíaca (15,5%) e casos de neoplasia citologicamente não detectados (12,4%). Em conclusão, HPHA, hepatopatia e neoplasia representam importantes etiologias para o desenvolvimento da EC canina. A classificação geral de efusões, baseada exclusivamente em proteína e celularidade, pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica imprecisa. Novos métodos de classificação laboratorial para ECs caninas devem ser pesquisados.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of different categories of specific and general classification in canine cavitary effusions (CE), as well as their association with the underlying etiologies. The laboratorial and clinical data from 304 cases of canine CE were retrospectively assessed. In 32.9% (100 cases), at least one of the specific classification categories was established, with a subtotal predominance of neoplasia (42%), bacterial serositis (24%) and hemorrhage (16%). Neoplasia was confirmed by effusion cytology in 57.5% of the cases with histopathological confirmation. From the cases in which the specific classification was not obtained, 35.8% were classified as modified transudate, 30.4% as pure transudate, 21.1% % as exudate and 12.7% was not included in any general category. The most common causes of effusion among these cases were hypoproteinemia and/or hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25.8%), hepatopathy (22.5%), cardiac insufficiency (15.5%) and cytologically undetected cases of neoplasia (12.4%). In conclusion, HPHA, hepatopathy and neoplasia represents important etiologies for canine CE development. Classification of effusions, solely based on [TP] and TNCC, might be an inaccurate diagnostic tool of effusions. New laboratorial classification methods for canine CE should be researched.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de diferentes categorias de classificação específica e geral em efusões cavitárias (EC) caninas, bem como sua associação com as etiologias subjacentes. Os dados laboratoriais e clínicos de 304 casos de EC canina foram avaliados retrospectivamente. Em 32,9% (100 casos), pelo menos uma das categorias específicas de classificação foi estabelecida, com predomínio subtotal de neoplasia (42%), serosite bacteriana (24%) e hemorragia (16%). A neoplasia foi confirmada pela citologia da efusão em 57,5% dos casos com confirmação histopatológica. Dos casos em que a classificação específica não foi obtida (204 casos), 35,8% foram classificados como transudato modificado, 30,4% como transudato puro, 21,1% como exsudato e 12,7% não foram incluídos em nenhuma categoria geral. As causas mais comuns de efusão nestes casos foram hipoproteinemia e/ou hipoalbuminemia (HPHA) (25,8%), hepatopatia (22,5%), insuficiência cardíaca (15,5%) e casos de neoplasia citologicamente não detectados (12,4%). Em conclusão, HPHA, hepatopatia e neoplasia representam importantes etiologias para o desenvolvimento da EC canina. A classificação geral de efusões, baseada exclusivamente em proteína e celularidade, pode ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica imprecisa. Novos métodos de classificação laboratorial para ECs caninas devem ser pesquisados.(AU)

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INTRODUCTION: University ranking systems and the publish-or-perish dictum, among other factors, are driving universities and researchers around the world to increase their research productivity. Authors frequently report multiple affiliations in published articles. It is not known if the reported institutional affiliations are real affiliations, which is when the universities have contributed substantially to the research conducted and to the published manuscript. This study aims to establish whether there is an empirical basis for author affiliation misrepresentation in authors with multiple institutional affiliations. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This individual secondary data exploratory analysis on Scopus-indexed articles for 2016 will search all authors who report multiple institutional affiliations in which at least one of the affiliations is to a Chilean university. We will consider that misrepresentation of an affiliation is more likely when it is not possible to verify objectively a link between the author and the mentioned institution through institutional websites. If we cannot corroborate the author affiliation, we will consider this a finding of potential misrepresentation of the affiliation. We will summarise results with descriptive statistics. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: The study protocol was approved by the institutional ethics committee of Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Resolution No. 261, and dated January 15, 2018. Results will be submitted to the World Conference on Research Integrity, among other meetings on publication ethics and research integrity, and will be published in scientific, peer-reviewed journals.

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La muerte fetal es la defunción del feto antes de su expulsión o separación completa del cuerpo de la madre, independientemente de la duración del embarazo. En un alto porcentaje se desconocen sus causas, aunque la literatura ha establecido como factores de riesgo la hipoxia intrauterina y las malformaciones congénitas. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo, con el objetivo de determinar, a través de revisión de las historias clínicas, las características epidemiológicas de las muertes fetales en la Maternidad Dr. José Luis Facchin de Boni, en el período enero 2007 marzo 2013. La población fue 1236 gestantes con diagnóstico de muerte fetal, determinando una tasa de 56,28 muertes fetales por cada 1000 nacimientos y abortos. La mayoría de dichas muertes fetales (85,03%) ocurrieron por debajo de las 37 semanas, con predominio del sexo masculino. Además los factores médicos como el síndrome anémico, los obstétricos como las malformaciones fetales y las complicaciones hemorrágicas fueron los más frecuentemente encontrados en los casos de muerte fetal. Otro hallazgo importante de la investigación, fue que el peso de los fetos muertos fue menor que el peso de los nacidos vivos de la misma edad gestacional.

Stillbirth is the death of the fetus before their expulsion or complete separation of the body of the mother, regardless of the length of pregnancy. A high percentage of its causes are unknown, although the literature has established as risk factors intrauterine hypoxia and birth defects. A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted in order to determine, through review of medical records, the epidemiological characteristics of stillbirths in the Maternidad Dr. José Luis Facchin Boni, between January 2007 and March 2013. The population was 1236 pregnant women diagnosed with stillbirth, determining a rate of 56.28 stillbirths per 1000 births and abortions. Most of these stillbirths (85.03%) were below 37 weeks, with predominance of males. Medical factors such as anemic syndrome, the obstetric factors such as fetal malformations and hemorrhagic complications were most frequently found in cases of stillbirth. Another important finding of the research was that the weight of dead fetuses was less than the weight of live births of the same gestational age.

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UNLABELLED: Hypercholesterolemia is a well known risk factor for coronary cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, the role of triglycerides in CVD risk remains controversial. OBJECTIVE: to study triglyceride level and its relationship with Cholesterol, HDL and LDL Cholesterol level, obesity and overweight in patients with and without CVD. MATERIAL AND METHODS: we retrospectively studied patients with and without CVD who attended to Córdoba Hospital and Cardiology unit of Clínica Sucre at Córdoba city between 1st January to 31 st of December of 2009. We included patients with age between 30 to 60 years old with CVD and a control group. RESULTS: 100 patients were included, 64 with CVD and 36 as a control group. 74% were male and 68% older than 50 years old. Lipid values were not statistically significant in both groups. Triglyceride level was higher in the control group, although the difference was not statistically significant (p=0, 7162). CONCLUSION: Triglyceride level was not higher in patients with CVD.

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The recovery of silver from hazardous jarosite residues was studied employing thiourea as leaching agent at acid pH and 90°C. The stability of the thiourea in synthetic solutions was evaluated in the presence of some cations that can be present in this leaching system: cupric and ferric ions as oxidant species, and zinc, lead and iron as divalent ions. Two silver leaching methods were studied: the simultaneous jarosite decomposition-silver leaching, and the jarosite decomposition followed by the silver leaching. The study with synthetic solutions demonstrated that cupric and ferric ions have a negative effect on thiourea stability due to their oxidant properties. The effect of cupric ions is more significant than the effect of ferric ions; other studied cations (Fe(2+), Zn(2+), Pb(2+)) had no effect on the stability of thiourea. When the decomposition of jarosite and the silver leaching are carried out simultaneously, 70% of the silver can be recovered. When the acid decomposition was performed at pH 0.5 followed by the leaching step at pH 1, total silver recovery increased up to 90%. The zinc is completely dissolved with any of these processes while the lead is practically insoluble with these systems producing a lead-rich residue.

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The first report of the genus Jenynsia occurring in marine waters is presented here. The evolution of high salinity tolerance within Anablepidae is discussed and a hypothesis is proposed that this characteristic is a plesiomorphic trait in Jenynsia which was probably present in the common ancestor of the Anablepidae.

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Debido al aumento de la tasa de fecundidad en las adolescentes, el interés por las posibles complicaciones también ha aumentado. Varios estudios concluyen que el embarazo en las edades extremas del periodo reproductivo, son un factor de riesgo para complicaciones en los recién nacidos. Otros estudios no encuentran asociación entre éstas. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la relación de complicaciones en recién nacidos de madres adolescentes tempranas (10-14 años)comparada a los de madres adultas entre 20 a 35 años atendidas en el HNAL. Resultados: Del total (16,601) de nacidos, 62 (0.37%) fueron hijos de madres adolescentes tempranas. Sobre el peso al nacer, la mayoría tuvo un peso adecuado (87.1% y 80.6% respectivamente). Sobre el peso para la edad gestacional, 85.5% y 72.6% fueron adecuados. En edad gestacional, 90.3% de ambos grupos, fueron a término. Parto vaginal se dio 82.3% y 69.4% en cada grupo. 32.3% y 19.4% no tuvieron adecuado control prenatal. Ictericia no presentó en 95.2% y 96.8% respectivamente. Sepsis en 93.5% y 96.8%. No Complicación respiratoria en 96.8% en ambos grupos. Complicaciones mecánicas 90.3% y 95.2%. Conclusiones: La frecuencia de recién nacidos de madres adolescentes tempranas es menor a la estadística nacional. No existió diferencia entre las complicaciones de los recién nacidos de madres adolescentes tempranas en relación a los de madres entre 20 a 35 años...

Due to the increase in fertility rate in teenagers, the interest in knowing the possible complications in the newborns also has increased. Several studies discovered that pregnancy in extreme ages is considered a risk factor for complications in newborns. Other studies have not identified a correlation between teenage pregnancy and complications Material and Methods: Analytic, retrospective cohort study. The population is the total amount of newborns of early teens plus the same amount of mothers between the ages of 20 and 35 years. Results: From the total of newborns (16 601), 0.37% were part of the early teenagers group. 87.1% of the early teens and 72.6% of the adults mothers group were born within the normal weight range. 90.3% of both groups were born to term in 93.5 %and 96.8% respectively, presented jaundice. Sepsis was present in 95.2 % and 96.8% respectively. Respiratory complications present in 96.8 of both groups. Mechanic complications in 90.3 % and 95.2%, respectively. Conclusions: The frequency of newborns of early teens was less than national reports. There is no difference between the complicantios of newborns of early teenagers compared to the newborn of mothers between 20 and 35 years old...

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Karyotype and cytotype variations for the large hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus villosus) were studied throughout the species' Argentine distribution. Peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures of 421 animals were used to obtain mitotic metaphases. Preparations were subjected to conventional staining, G- and C-banding, and FISH involving a telomeric probe. Meiotic analysis was performed on testis material from 10 adults. Spermatocytes were examined for synaptonemal complexes in microspreads. The karyotype (2n = 60 XX/XY; FN = 84 without XY) showed an autosomal complement of 6 metacentric and 7 submetacentric chromosomes; the remainder was acrocentric. The X chromosome was submetacentric and the Y acrocentric. Centromeric C+ marks were observed in all chromosomes except pair 16. Three NOR signals were detected in 6q, 12p, and 26p. Two chromosomal rearrangements were characterized in chromosome pair 1 a pericentric inversion seen in the material from Jacinto Aráuz, General Madariaga and Pellegrini and a deletion in the material from Loma Verde. Interstitial telomeric signals were observed in chromosome pairs 4, 12, 16, and 26. Pachytene spermatocyte analysis confirmed the basic chromosome number and morphologies observed in mitotic karyotypes. The evolution of C. villosus involved chromosomal rearrangements as recorded for other species of its superorder. The present results establish the basis for the cytogenetic characterization of this species.

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Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente de 18 años sin antecedentes a destacar. Cursando las 30 semanas de embarazo se constata una tumoración abdominal que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico y se diagnosticó un teratoma inmaduro grado 3, asociado a gliomatosis peritoneal. Se realizó una cesárea al término y se instauró el tratamiento con quimioterapia presentando una recidiva a los siete meses que requirió tratamiento quirúrgico conservador y nuevo plan de quimioterapia estando actualmente libre de enfermedad y en seguimiento. Lo infrecuente de esta patología y asociada a embarazo, motivó su comunicación.

We report the case of a healthy 18-year old patient with adnexal mass diagnosed by her 30th week of pregnancy. It required surgical treatment and a grade 3 immature teratoma associated with peritoneal gliomatosis was diagnosed. A cesarean section was performed at term and subsequently chemotherapy was established. The patient presented a recurrence seven months later, which required fertility-sparing surgery and a new chemotherapy plan. The patient is currently disease-free and under surveillance. The infrequency of this disease and associated with pregnancy, led to their communication.

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AIM: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major cause of cancer death worldwide. We examined temporal trends in death rates from colorectal cancer in Chile from 1983 to 2008. METHOD: We analysed the mortality database in Chile from 1983 to 2008. Cases were selected using ICD-9/10 codes. We calculated mortality rates per 100,000 inhabitants according to sex, age group and type of cancer - colon (CC) or rectal (RC). The rates were adjusted by a direct method using the WHO-2000 standard population. Time trends were assessed with Prais-Winsten regression models. RESULTS: There were 26,250 deaths from CRC (75.7% for CC). There was a higher frequency of deaths from CC (57.6%) in women than in men, who had a higher frequency of deaths from RC (51.3%). The crude CC mortality rate increased by 116% (from 3.6 to 7.8), while the overall RC rate increased by 71% (from 1.4 to 2.4). After adjusting for age, a significant increase in mortality rate was found for CC (coefficient 0.09, 95% CI 0.08-0.11, P < 0.001) and RC (coefficient 0.02, 95% CI 0.009-0.04, P = 0.002) in men. In women, this increase was significant for CC (coefficient 0.03, 95% CI 0.005-0.05; P = 0.02), but not for RC (coefficient -0.007, 95% CI -0.02 to 0.005, P = 0.23). CONCLUSION: The crude mortality rate from CRC has doubled in Chile in this period. After adjustment of mortality rates, it appears that much of this increase is due to the aging population. However, part of this increase could be explained by other factors.

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In the present investigation we ascertained the stability of lycopene, ß-carotene, ascorbic acid, polyphenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity (AC) during the process of concentrating tomatoes into two tomato pastes (10 and 15ºBrix). Thermal processing increased the content of lycopene, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and the individual phenolic compounds quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic and cafeic acids, whereas it decreased the other analysed compounds. However, lycopene in the 15ºBrix-tomato paste decreased due to the extension of thermal processing, which led to degradation. The AC of aqueous and organic extracts was measured and different AC values were observed depending on the antioxidant profile of the extract and assay used (TEAC and FRAP). AC expressed in dry matter decreased as result of ascorbic acid losses. Overall, thermal processing enhanced the nutritional value of tomatoes, mainly by increasing the lycopene and phenolic antioxidants, but the extension of treatment must be controlled to prevent lycopene degradation.

En el presente trabajo hemos estudiado la estabilidad del licopeno, ß-caroteno, ácido ascórbico, compuestos fenólicos y capacidad antioxidante total (AC) durante el procesado de concentración del tomate en dos pastas de tomate (10 y 15ºBrix). El tratamiento térmico incrementó el contenido de licopeno, compuestos fenólicos totales, flavonoides totales y el contenido de quercetina, rutina y ácido clorogénico y cafeíco, disminuyendo el contenido de los otros compuestos analizados. Sin embargo, el contenido de licopeno en la pasta de tomate de 15ºBrix disminuyó debido al tratamiento térmico como consecuencia de la degradación térmica. La AC de los extractos acuosos y orgánicos de las muestras proporcionaron diferentes resultados dependiendo del perfil de antioxidante extraído y del método de análisis utilizado (TEAC y FRAP). La AC expresada en material seca disminuyó como resultado de las pérdidas de ácido ascórbico. En general el procesado térmico incrementa el valor nutricional del tomate , debido principalmente al incrmento de licopeno y compuestos fenólicos, pero la extensión del tratamiento en tiempo y temperatura debe ser controlado para prevenir la degradación del licopeno.

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In the present investigation we ascertained the stability of lycopene, beta-carotene, ascorbic acid, polyphenolic compounds and total antioxidant capacity (AC) during the process of concentrating tomatoes into two tomato pastes (10 and 15 degrees Brix). Thermal processing increased the content of lycopene, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and the individual phenolic compounds quercetin, rutin, chlorogenic and cafeic acids, whereas it decreased the other analysed compounds. However, lycopene in the 15 degrees Brix-tomato paste decreased due to the extension of thermal processing, which led to degradation. The AC of aqueous and organic extracts was measured and different AC values were observed depending on the antioxidant profile of the extract and assay used (TEAC and FRAP). AC expressed in dry matter decreased as result of ascorbic acid losses. Overall, thermal processing enhanced the nutritional value of tomatoes, mainly by increasing the lycopene and phenolic antioxidants, but the extension of treatment must be controlled to prevent lycopene degradation.

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The ureteral fistulas are related to the gynecological surgery, digestive surgery and reconstructive urologic surgery of the upper urinary tract. Fistulas are described ureterovaginal, ureteroduodenal, ureterocolonic, ureteropleural, ureterovascular, etc. However, the ureterocutaneous fistulas of the ureteral stump after nephrectomy are a very unusual entity. We report two cases as well as their resolution by means of surgery.

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CONTEXT: Blood donation results in a substantial loss of iron (200 to 250 mg) at each bleeding procedure (425 to 475 ml) and subsequent mobilization of iron from body stores. Recent reports have shown that body iron reserves generally are small and iron depletion is more frequent in blood donors than in non-donors. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors and to establish the frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors according to sex, whether they were first-time or multi-time donors, and the frequency of donations per year. DESIGN: From September 20 to October 5, 1999, three hundred blood donors from Santa Casa Hemocenter of São Paulo were studied. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS: Using a combination of biochemical measurements of iron status: serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation index, serum ferritin and the erythrocyte indices. RESULTS: The frequency of iron deficiency in blood donors was 11.0%, of whom 5.5% (13/237) were male and 31.7% (20/63) female donors. The frequency of iron deficiency was higher in multi-time blood donors than in first-time blood donors, for male blood donors (7.6% versus 0.0%, P < 0.05) and female ones (41.5% versus 18.5%, P < 0.05). The frequency of iron deficiency found was higher among the male blood donors with three or more donations per year (P < 0.05) and among the female blood donors with two or more donations per year (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that blood donation is a very important factor for iron deficiency in blood donors, particularly in multi-time donors and especially in female donors. The high frequency of blood donors with iron deficiency found in this study suggests a need for a more accurate laboratory trial, as hemoglobin or hematocrit measurement alone is not sufficient for detecting and excluding blood donors with iron deficiency without anemia.

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