RESUMO
BACKGROUND: The genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Quito, Ecuador is not well known. OBJECTIVE: To investigate mutations related to drug resistance and bacterial genotypes in M. tuberculosis strains in Ecuador. DESIGN: This was a retrospective study of M. tuberculosis isolates from 104 patients. Isolates were phenotypically resistant to rifampicin (RMP) and/or isoniazid (INH). The genotype was determined using 24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable-number tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR). RESULTS: Isolates showed mutations in the rpoB and katG genes, and the inhA promoter. In rpoB, we found 13 genetic alterations at codons 511, 513, 514, 515, 516, 526 and 531. Forty-six (44.2%) RMP-resistant isolates belonged to codon 531. In katG, there were nine genetic alterations at codons 296, 312, 314, 315, 322, 324 and 351. Fifty-three (51%) INH-resistant isolates belonged to codon 315. Five mutations not previously described were identified in katG: Thr324Ser, Thr314Ala, Ala312Pro, Trp351Stop and deleted G at 296 codon. The Latin American Mediterranean (LAM) (33.7%) and Ghana (30.8%) lineages presented most of the main mutations observed. CONCLUSION: This is the first report from Ecuador; it describes five new mutations in katG and indicates that LAM is the most prevalent lineage.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Variação Genética , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/isolamento & purificação , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/tratamento farmacológico , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana/genética , Equador , Genótipo , Humanos , Isoniazida/farmacologia , Repetições Minissatélites/genética , Mutação , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/efeitos dos fármacos , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genética , Fenótipo , Estudos Retrospectivos , Rifampina/farmacologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/epidemiologia , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos/microbiologiaRESUMO
Contamination of ISA BROWN layer hens by Salmonella spp. and serotyping of the isolated strains were performed in 30 farms. Salmonella detection was done from feces and cloaca swabs. Eggs produced in the farms contaminated by Salmonella spp. were analyzed by culturing the shell rinsing and egg yolk. Salmonella spp. was isolated in eight (23.0 percent) farms, but was not detected from eggs. S. Enteritidis, which is the most prevalent sorotype associated to human salmonelosis in Paraná State, was not isolated either from birds or eggs analyzed. The sorotypes isolated were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (0:3.10) (67.0 percent), Mbandaka (11.0 percent), Infantis (11.0 percent), and Newport (11.0 percent).(AU)
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Infecções por Salmonella , Ovos , Produção de Alimentos , Epidemiologia , Salmonella/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Contamination of ISA BROWN layer hens by Salmonella spp. and serotyping of the isolated strains were performed in 30 farms. Salmonella detection was done from feces and cloaca swabs. Eggs produced in the farms contaminated by Salmonella spp. were analyzed by culturing the shell rinsing and egg yolk. Salmonella spp. was isolated in eight (23.0 percent) farms, but was not detected from eggs. S. Enteritidis, which is the most prevalent sorotype associated to human salmonelosis in Paraná State, was not isolated either from birds or eggs analyzed. The sorotypes isolated were Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica (0:3.10) (67.0 percent), Mbandaka (11.0 percent), Infantis (11.0 percent), and Newport (11.0 percent).
Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Ovos , Epidemiologia , Produção de Alimentos , Infecções por Salmonella , Salmonella/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
It has been proposed that long-term potentiation (LTP) a form of activity-dependent modification of synaptic efficacy, may be a synaptic mechanism for certain types of learning. Recent studies on the insular cortex (IC) a region of the temporal cortex implicated in the acquisition and storage of conditioned taste aversion (CTA), have demonstrated that tetanic stimulation of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (Bla) induce an N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) dependent LTP in the IC of adult rats in vivo. Here we present experimental data showing that intracortical administration of the NMDA receptor competitive antagonist CPP (-3(-2 carboxipiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid) disrupts the acquisition of conditioned taste aversion, as well as, the IC-LTP induction in vivo. These findings are of particular interest since they provide support for the view that the neural mechanisms underlying NMDA dependent neocortical LTP, constitute a possible mechanism for the learning related functions performed by the IC.