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Knowledge of the 10B microdistribution is of great relevance in BNCT studies. Since 10B concentration assesment through neutron autoradiography depends on the correct quantification of tracks in a nuclear track detector, image acquisition and processing conditions should be controlled and verified, in order to obtain accurate results to be applied in the frame of BNCT. With this aim, an image verification process was proposed, based on parameters extracted from the quantified nuclear tracks. Track characterization was performed by selecting a set of morphological and pixel-intensity uniformity parameters from the quantified objects (area, diameter, roundness, aspect ratio, heterogeneity and clumpiness). Their distributions were studied, leading to the observation of varying behaviours in images generated by different samples and acquisition conditions. The distributions corresponding to samples coming from the BNC reaction showed similar attributes in each analyzed parameter, proving to be robust to the experimental process, but sensitive to light and focus conditions. Considering those observations, a manual feature extraction was performed as a pre-processing step. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) and a fully dense Neural Network (NN) were optimized, trained, and tested. The final performance metrics were similar for both models: 93%-93% for the SVM, vs 94%-95% for the NN in accuracy and precision respectively. Based on the distribution of the predicted class probabilities, the latter had a better capacity to reject inadequate images, so the NN was selected to perform the image verification step prior to quantification. The trained NN was able to correctly classify the images regardless of their track density. The exhaustive characterization of the nuclear tracks provided new knowledge related to the autoradiographic images generation. The inclusion of machine learning in the analysis workflow proves to optimize the boron determination process and paves the way for further applications in the field of boron imaging.
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Terapia por Captura de Nêutron de Boro , Boro , Autorradiografia , Boro/análise , Terapia por Captura de Nêutron de Boro/métodos , Nêutrons , Aprendizado de MáquinaRESUMO
Currently, there is a need for fast and sensitive analytical methods for monitoring metals in water due to the progressive increase in the presence of metal ions in the environment. These metals reach the environment mainly from industrial activity and heavy metals are non-biodegradable. The present work evaluates different polymeric nanocomposites to carry out the simultaneous electrochemical determination of Cu, Cd, and Zn in water samples. Screen-printed carbon electrodes (SPCE) were modified with the nanocomposites, which were obtained by a mixture of graphene, graphite oxide, and polymers, such as polyethyleneimide, gelatin, and chitosan. These polymers have amino groups in their matrix, giving the nanocomposite the ability to retain divalent cations. However, the availability of these groups plays a fundamental role in the retention of these metals. The modified SPCEs were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. The electrode that presented the best performance was selected to determine the concentration of metal ions in water samples by square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry. The obtained detection limits were 0.23 µg L-1, 0.53 µg L-1, and 1.52 µg L-1 for Zn(II), Cd(II), and Cu(II), respectively, with a lineal range of 0.1-50 µg L-1. The obtained results made it possible to conclude that the method developed using the SPCE modified with the polymeric nanocomposite presented adequate LODs, reasonable sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility. Besides, this platform is an excellent tool for developing devices to simultaneously determine heavy metals in environmental samples.
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Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic has had a great impact on health systems. Many non-urgent visits were done virtually to limit exposure risks. Objective: Assess the impact of the pandemic on STI (sexually transmitted infections) testing in a college health setting. Material and methods: Quantitative assessment of the number of STI tests done, positive rates and percentage of "compliance to follow-up" for diagnosed STI from March to December 2020 and its comparison with historical data (2015-2019) at the University Health Services, UW-Madison. Measurement: Observed (2020) vs expected (2015-2019) number of STI tests, positive rates and compliance to follow-up testing for STIs. Results: The 2020 period showed a significant decrease in the number of tests done and an increase of positive rate when compared to historical data for total sample and per sex. There was a decrease in the percentage of follow-up for the entire sample and for females and an increase for males. Conclusions: In accordance with national data, our analysis shows significant declines in STI testing and follow-up during 2020 compared to previous years and an increase in positivity rate. A higher positivity with lower number of tests is likely due to triaging patients, facilitating testing for those at highest risk.
Introducción: La pandemia de COVID-19 ha tenido un gran impacto en los sistemas de salud. Muchas citas no urgentes se hicieron virtualmente para limitar riesgos de exposición. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de la pandemia en las pruebas para infecciones de transmisión sexual en servicios de salud universitarios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo del número de pruebas de infecciones de transmisión sexual realizadas, tasas de positividad y porcentaje de "cumplimiento de seguimiento" en el diagnóstico, desde marzo a diciembre del 2020 y su comparación con datos históricos (2015-2019) en los Servicios de Salud de UW-Madison. Resultados: Se encontró una reducción significativa en el número de pruebas realizadas y aumento de la tasa positiva, comparado con datos históricos para la muestra total y por sexo. Hubo disminución en el porcentaje de seguimiento para toda la muestra y para mujeres, y un incremento para hombres. Conclusiones: El análisis muestra reducciones significativas en pruebas para infecciones de transmisión sexual y seguimiento durante 2020, comparado con años anteriores y un incremento en la tasa de positividad. El hallazgo de una mayor positividad con un bajo número de pruebas se debe probablemente a la clasificación de los pacientes, facilitando así pruebas en aquellos con mayor riesgo.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Doença , Serviços de Saúde , Pacientes , Sexo , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis , DiagnósticoRESUMO
Co-infections between SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens is an important consideration for the treatment of patients with COVID-19. Aspergillus infections are part of this consideration since they present high morbidity and mortality. We present the case of a patient with COVID-19 and Aspergillus Fumigatus coinfection that evolves with brain death due to multiple heterogeneous lesions in the brain, which after a post-mortem biopsy found pathological lesions compatible with Aspergillus.
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Our group has reported the imprint formation of biological material on polycarbonate nuclear track detectors by UV-C exposure, which is used as an approach to simultaneously visualize cell imprints and nuclear tracks coming from the boron neutron capture reaction. Considering that the cell nucleus has a higher UV-C absorption than the cytoplasm and that hematoxylin preferentially stains the nucleus, we proposed to enhance the contrast between these two main cell structures by hematoxylin staining before UV-C sensitization. In this study, several experiments were performed in order to optimize UV-C exposure parameters and chemical etching conditions for cell imprint formation using the SK-BR-3 breast cancer cell line. The proposed method improves significantly the resolution of the cell imprints. It allows clear differentiation of the nucleus from the rest of the cell, together with nuclear tracks pits. Moreover, it reduces considerably the UV-C exposure time, an important experimental issue. The proposed methodology can be applied to study the boron distribution independently from the chosen cell line and/or boron compounds.
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Autorradiografia/métodos , Análise de Ativação de Nêutrons/métodos , Coloração e Rotulagem/métodos , Raios Ultravioleta , Boro/efeitos da radiação , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Hematoxilina/metabolismo , Humanos , Oligoelementos/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
IL-10 is a pleiotropic cytokine with immunoregulatory functions affecting various cell types. In a model of experimental infection with the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi), we found increased morbidity and lower parasite control in IL-10 deficient mice (IL-10 KO) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Despite enhanced MÏ function and dendritic cell activation, IL-10 KO mice were more susceptible to infection. The kinetics of T cells in spleen and peripheral blood revealed that infected IL-10 KO mice failed to increase the number of spleen and circulating total CD8+ T cells, a phenomenon observed from the second week of infection in WT mice. Total CD8+ T cells from IL-10 KO mice exhibited diminished proliferation, cytotoxic potential and IFN-γ production than their WT counterparts and T. cruzi-specific CD8+ T cells displayed reduced in vivo cytotoxicity. The absence of IL-10 selectively affected expansion, survival, and increased PD-1 expression of CD8+ T cells without altering these same parameters on CD4+ T cells. Increased inhibitory receptors expression and down-modulation of T-bet by CD8+ T cells from IL-10 KO infected mice were compatible with a T cell exhaustion phenotype. Collectively, these findings reveal that during acute infection, IL-10 plays a previously unrecognized stimulatory role on CD8+ T cells, the most relevant lymphocyte population for the control of intracellular T. cruzi stages. A clear knowledge of the underlying mechanisms that drive effector functions of cytotoxic T cells is critical to understand pathogen persistence and rational design of prophylactic strategies against T. cruzi.
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Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/imunologia , Doença de Chagas/imunologia , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Ativação Linfocitária/imunologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidade , Doença Aguda , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Linfócitos T CD8-Positivos/efeitos dos fármacos , Contagem de Células , Proliferação de Células/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Dendríticas/metabolismo , Regulação para Baixo/efeitos dos fármacos , Interleucina-2/biossíntese , Ativação Linfocitária/efeitos dos fármacos , Subpopulações de Linfócitos/imunologia , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Knockout , Monócitos/efeitos dos fármacos , Monócitos/metabolismo , Fenótipo , Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1/metabolismo , Receptores de Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacologia , Baço/patologia , VirulênciaRESUMO
Chagas disease is a neglected tropical disease endemic to Latin America, though migratory movements have recently spread it to other regions. Here, we have applied a cascade virtual screening campaign combining ligand- and structure-based methods. In order to find novel inhibitors of putrescine uptake in Trypanosoma cruzi, an ensemble of linear ligand-based classifiers obtained by has been applied as initial screening filter, followed by docking into a homology model of the putrescine permease TcPAT12. 1,000 individual linear classifiers were inferred from a balanced dataset. Subsequently, different schemes were tested to combine the individual classifiers: MIN operator, average ranking, average score, average voting, with MIN operator leading to the best performance. The homology model was based on the arginine/agmatine antiporter (AdiC) from Escherichia coli as template. It showed 64% coverage of the entire query sequence and it was selected based on the normalized Discrete Optimized Protein Energy parameter and the GA341 score. The modeled structure had 96% in the allowed area of Ramachandran's plot, and none of the residues located in non-allowed regions were involved in the active site of the transporter. Positivity Predictive Value surfaces were applied to optimize the score thresholds to be used in the ligand-based virtual screening step: for that purpose Positivity Predictive Value was charted as a function of putative yields of active in the range 0.001-0.010 and the Se/Sp ratio. With a focus on drug repositioning opportunities, DrugBank and Sweetlead databases were subjected to screening. Among 8 hits, cinnarizine, a drug frequently prescribed for motion sickness and balance disorder, was tested against T. cruzi epimastigotes and amastigotes, confirming its trypanocidal effects and its inhibitory effects on putrescine uptake. Furthermore, clofazimine, an antibiotic with already proven trypanocidal effects, also displayed inhibitory effects on putrescine uptake. Two other hits, meclizine and butoconazole, also displayed trypanocidal effects (in the case of meclizine, against both epimastigotes and amastigotes), without inhibiting putrescine uptake.
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Transporte Biológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Putrescina/metabolismo , Tripanossomicidas/antagonistas & inibidores , Tripanossomicidas/química , Tripanossomicidas/isolamento & purificação , Doença de Chagas/dietoterapia , Cinarizina/antagonistas & inibidores , Clofazimina/antagonistas & inibidores , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Reposicionamento de Medicamentos , Imidazóis/antagonistas & inibidores , Meclizina/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Simulação de Dinâmica Molecular , Trypanosoma cruzi/efeitos dos fármacos , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolismoRESUMO
TcTASV-C is a protein family of about 15 members that is expressed only in the trypomastigote stage of Trypanosoma cruzi. We have previously shown that TcTASV-C is located at the parasite surface and secreted to the medium. Here we report that the expression of different TcTASV-C genes occurs simultaneously at the trypomastigote stage and while some secreted and parasite-associated products are found in both fractions, others are different. Secreted TcTASV-C are mainly shedded through trypomastigote extracellular vesicles, of which they are an abundant constituent, despite its scarce expression on culture-derived trypomastigotes. In contrast, TcTASV-C is highly expressed in bloodstream trypomastigotes; its upregulation in bloodstream parasites was observed in different T. cruzi strains and was specific for TcTASV-C, suggesting that some host-molecules trigger TcTASV-C expression. TcTASV-C is also strongly secreted by bloodstream parasites. A DNA prime-protein boost immunization scheme with TcTASV-C was only partially effective to control the infection in mice challenged with a highly virulent T. cruzi strain. Vaccination triggered a strong humoral response that delayed the appearance of bloodstream trypomastigotes at the early phase of the infection. Linear epitopes recognized by vaccinated mice were mapped within the TcTASV-C family motif, suggesting that blockade of secreted TcTASV-C impacts on the settlement of infection. Furthermore, although experimental and naturally T. cruzi-infected hosts did not react with antigens from extracellular vesicles, vaccinated and challenged mice recognized not only TcTASV-C but also other vesicle-antigens. We hypothesize that TcTASV-C is involved in the establishment of the initial T. cruzi infection in the mammalian host. Altogether, these results point towards TcTASV-C as a novel secreted virulence factor of T. cruzi trypomastigotes.
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Sangue/parasitologia , Doença de Chagas/parasitologia , Vesículas Extracelulares/parasitologia , Proteínas de Protozoários/metabolismo , Trypanosoma cruzi/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Trypanosoma cruzi/metabolismo , Fatores de Virulência/metabolismo , Animais , Doença de Chagas/sangue , Doença de Chagas/metabolismo , Vesículas Extracelulares/metabolismo , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Família Multigênica , Transporte Proteico , Proteínas de Protozoários/genética , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Fatores de Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
Se realizó un estudio transversal con un componente descriptivo y otro analítico con el fin de describir y analizar la frecuencia de efectos adversos de la medicación antituberculosis y su notificación en los CeSAC del Hospital Parmenio Piñero entre el año 2007 y el año 2014, así como los conocimientos y actitudes de los médicos del primer nivel de atención sobre el sistema de farmacovigilancia. A partir de registros estadísticos y relevamiento de historias clínicas se analizaron variables clínicas y sociodemográficas de pacientes diagnosticados con tuberculosis. Se compararon estos registros con las notificaciones realizadas al Programa de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Se entrevistó a los médicos del primer nivel de atención. Se relevaron 562 casos de tuberculosis. Se registraron 242 efectos adversos en 109 pacientes (19%). De éstos, 39% fueron hepáticos, 36% gastrointestinales, y 29% hematológicos. El 63% tuvo efectos adversos leves, el 28% moderados y el 8% graves. En el 7% de los casos el tratamiento debió suspenderse. Requirieron internación 7 casos (19%) y 2 fallecieron (0,36%). Estar desocupado (OR: 3,26 (1,29-8,25)), ser de nacionalidad boliviana (OR: 2,98 (1,32-3,28)) o tener alguna comorbilidad (OR: 3,06 (1,84-5,08)) fueron asociados a una mayor probabilidad de presentar efectos adversos. El 29% de los profesionales encuestados refirió haber notificado un efecto adverso. Los efectos adversos hallados no se notificaron al programa de tuberculosis. Se hace necesario un manejo más eficaz de la información relativa a los efectos adversos de las drogas tuberculostáticas
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Tuberculose , FarmacovigilânciaRESUMO
A cross-sectional study with a descriptive and an analytical component was conducted to describe and analyze the incidence of anti-tuberculosis adverse drug effects and its reporting rate at Hospital Parmenio Piñero CeSACs [Centros de Salud y Acción Comunitaria (Community Healthcare Centers)] between 2007 and 2014, as well as the knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians regarding the pharmacovigilance system. The clinical and socio-demographic variables of patients diagnosed with tuberculosis were analyzed based on statistical records and the assessment of medical records. These records were compared with the reports made to the Program of the City of Buenos Aires. Primary care physicians were interviewed. Five hundred and sixty-two cases of tuberculosis were evaluated. Two hundred and forty-two adverse effects were documented in 109 patients (19%). Of these, 39% were hepatic, 36% were gastrointestinal, and 29% were hematological. Adverse effects were mild in 63% of the patients, moderate in 28% and severe in 8%. Treatment had to be discontinued in 7% of the cases. Seven cases (19%) required hospitalization and two patients passed away (0.36%). Being unemployed [OR: 3.26 (1.29-8.25)], being of Bolivian nationality [OR: 2.98 (1.32-3.28)] or having a comorbidity [OR: 3.06 (1.84-5.08)] was associated with a higher risk of exhibiting adverse effects. Twenty-nine percent of the physicians surveyed mentioned they had reported an adverse effect. The adverse effects found were not reported to the Tuberculosis Program. It is essential to handle the information associated with the adverse effects of tuberculostatic drugs more efficiently.
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Tuberculose , FarmacovigilânciaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: This work studies the added value to the Andean tuber crops through the production of jams. The objective were: (1) to study the sensory and instrumental characteristics of dietetic marmalades made with fruits and Andean tubers; (2) to research consumer's acceptability and emotional responses; (3) to assess the relationship between sensory and instrumental variables and (4) to determine sensory, instrumental and emotional variables that influence the acceptability. RESULTS: Pearson's correlations showed that spreadability was the variable better predicted by sensory and instrumental ones. The analysis of variance showed that sourness increased with the increase of strawberry and the decrease of apple contents (P < 0.05). The acceptability increased when the strawberry proportion was higher. The sweetness-sourness balance drove the hedonic response and some emotions changed from one feeling to its corresponding opposite when the strawberry proportion reached 50 or 60. According to a partial least square 2 and a principal components analysis of sensory/acceptability/emotion data, 'typical', 'autochthonous', 'urban' and 'present' resulted in positive emotions which favored the consumer liking. CONCLUSION: Formulating marmalades with mixtures of fruits and Andean tubers will allow giving value-added to these crops. The elaboration of products using innovative raw materials will be an incentive for farmers to cultivate them. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Fragaria/química , Frutas/química , Malus/química , Tubérculos/química , Solanum tuberosum/química , Adulto , Feminino , Aromatizantes/análise , Manipulação de Alimentos , Preferências Alimentares , Humanos , Masculino , PaladarRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Tobacco smoking is strongly associated with destructive periodontal disease, alveolar bone loss and poor response to periodontal therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of smoking on antimicrobials and destructive proteins in the saliva of patients with generalized aggressive periodontal disease. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 55 adult subjects. They were classified according to their clinical diagnoses either as having generalized aggressive periodontitis (n = 27; 13 smokers and 14 non-smokers) or as periodontitis-free control group (n = 28; 14 smokers and 14 non-smokers). Total proteins, sIgA, peroxidase and collagenase were quantified in whole saliva. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests. RESULTS: Statistical differences were found between smokers with periodontal disease and healthy control subjects for sIgA, and between non-smokers with periodontal disease and healthy control subjects for peroxidase. Collagenase activity was higher in smokers and non-smokers with periodontal disease, and tobacco use was found to increase collagenase activity in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION: Whole saliva from all patients with periodontal disease had higher sIgA and lower peroxidase content. Smokers with periodontitis had higher sIgA than smokers without periodontitis. Smokers with and without periodontitis had higher collagenase activity than non-smokers (with and without periodontitis).
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En este escrito se describen los modos en que los psicólogos se integraron en instituciones públicas, campo donde se desarrollaron pujas políticas e ideológicas acerca del perfil profesional y sus alcances. Se detallan las características de los sus primeros trabajos y las prácticas efectuadas en los campos clínico, educativo, jurídico y laboral. Entre las técnicas utilizadas para la recolección de datos se encuentra la entrevista en profundidad y el análisis de documentos (Planes de estudio, programas y legislaciones). A modo de cierre se considera que las primeras prácticas profesionales- laborales, en tensión con la concepción de la Psicología Aplicada, fueron el punto de partida para interrogar la formación y promover el debate por el tipo de preparación requerida y la discusión por un nuevo Plan de estudio.
This paper present some features of the curriculum of the School of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities and Education Sciences of the National University of La Plata and the first professional practice psychologists in public policy (1966 -1969). Among the techniques used are in-depth interviews and analysis of documents (study plans, programs and legislations). It described the characteristics of the early work of psychologists and practices carried out in clinical, educational, legal and labor fields. It is concluded that the first professionals- labor practices in tension with the concept of Applied Psychology, was allowed students to question their training and promote discussion on the type of preparation required a psychologist, discussion for a new Plan study and Professional Practice Act.
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Humanos , Setor Público , Instituições AcadêmicasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated the therapeutic success of sequential boron neutron capture therapy (Seq-BNCT) in the hamster cheek pouch oral cancer model. It consists of BPA-BNCT followed by GB-10-BNCT 24 or 48 hours later. Additionally, we proved that tumor blood vessel normalization with thalidomide prior to BPA-BNCT improves tumor control. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy and explore potential boron microdistribution changes in Seq-BNCT preceded by tumor blood vessel normalization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tumor bearing animals were treated with thalidomide for tumor blood vessel normalization, followed by Seq-BNCT (Th+ Seq-BNCT) or Seq-Beam Only (Th+ Seq-BO) in the window of normalization. Boron microdistribution was assessed by neutron autoradiography. RESULTS: Th+ Seq-BNCT induced overall tumor response of 100%, with 87 (4)% complete tumor response. No cases of severe mucositis in dose-limiting precancerous tissue were observed. Differences in boron homogeneity between tumors pre-treated and not pre-treated with thalidomide were observed. CONCLUSION: Th+ Seq-BNCT achieved, for the first time, response in all treated tumors. Increased homogeneity in tumor boron microdistribution is associated to an improvement in tumor control.
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Compostos de Boro/uso terapêutico , Terapia por Captura de Nêutron de Boro/métodos , Neoplasias Bucais/radioterapia , Neovascularização Patológica/tratamento farmacológico , Fenilalanina/análogos & derivados , 9,10-Dimetil-1,2-benzantraceno , Inibidores da Angiogênese/uso terapêutico , Animais , Compostos de Boro/farmacocinética , Carcinógenos , Cricetinae , Mesocricetus , Neoplasias Bucais/irrigação sanguínea , Neoplasias Bucais/induzido quimicamente , Neoplasias Bucais/metabolismo , Fenilalanina/farmacocinética , Fenilalanina/uso terapêutico , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/irrigação sanguínea , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/induzido quimicamente , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/metabolismo , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/radioterapia , Talidomida/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Este trabajo constituye un avance de la Beca de Doctorado UNLP de la Lic. DAgostino (Directora de Beca y Tesis: Psic. Edith Alba Pérez). Forma parte del proyecto de Investigación "Los psicólogos en el ámbito público: ayer y hoy. Salud- Desarrollo Social- Seguridad y Justicia" (Directora Psic. Edith Alba Pérez). En el presente escrito presentamos una caracterización del concepto de significaciones imaginarias sociales, distinguiéndolo del de representaciones, a partir de la crítica que Castoriadis realiza respecto a la ideología y la racionalidad. Para esto tenemos en cuenta la relación entre el imaginario social y la institución, entendiendo el imaginario en su aspecto de creación. En un segundo momento mencionamos diferentes modos de indagar los imaginarios sociales que son utilizados actualmente en investigación, ya que su estudio no puede ser reducido a una técnica que sólo tenga en cuenta aspectos fragmentados del comportamiento humano.
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Humanos , Imaginação , Psicologia Social , Pesquisa , Metodologia como AssuntoRESUMO
Early interactions between natural killer (NK) and dendritic cells (DC) shape the immune response at the frontier of innate and adaptive immunity. Activated NK cells participate in maturation or deletion of DCs that remain immature. We previously demonstrated that infection with a high virulence (HV) population of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi downmodulates DC maturation and T-cell activation capacity. Here, we evaluated the role of NK cells in regulating the maturation level of DCs. Shortly after infection with HV T. cruzi, DCs in poor maturation status begin to accumulate in mouse spleen. Although infection induces NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production, NK cells from mice infected with HV T. cruzi exhibit reduced ability to lyse and fail to induce maturation of bone marrow-derived immature DCs (iDCs). NK-mediated lysis of iDCs is restored by in vitro blockade of the IL-10 receptor during NK-DC interaction or when NK cells are obtained from T. cruzi-infected IL-10 knockout mice. These results suggest that infection with a virulent T. cruzi strain alters NK cell-mediated regulation of the adaptive immune response induced by DCs. This regulatory circuit where IL-10 appears to participate might lead to parasite persistence but can also limit the induction of a vigorous tissue-damaging T-cell response.
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Doença de Chagas/imunologia , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Linfócitos T/imunologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologia , Animais , Anticorpos Bloqueadores/administração & dosagem , Diferenciação Celular , Células Cultivadas , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/efeitos dos fármacos , Citotoxicidade Imunológica/genética , Células Dendríticas/parasitologia , Interleucina-10/genética , Células Matadoras Naturais/parasitologia , Ativação Linfocitária , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C3H , Camundongos Knockout , Receptores de Interleucina-10/imunologia , Trypanosoma cruzi/patogenicidade , VirulênciaRESUMO
INTRODUCCIÓN La vigilancia de la salud es la recopilación sistemática y oportuna de diferentes eventos o situaciones vinculados con el proceso de salud-enfermedad-atención-cuidado en una población a lo largo de un período de tiempo. Apunta a identificar hechos que afectan el estado de salud de las poblaciones, con la finalidad de intervenir precozmente en el control y prevención de los problemas hallados; asimismo, aporta conocimientos integrales para la planificación, ejecución y evaluación de las acciones de salud. OBJETIVOS Indagar en qué grado los médicos del primer nivel conocen el Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia de la Salud (SNVS), así como sus alcances, objetivos y funciones. MÉTODOS Se realizó una encuesta cerrada autoadministrada por medio de las direcciones provinciales de epidemiología. RESULTADOS Se recibieron 158 encuestas de 11 provincias. Según los resultados, el 86% conocía el SNVS, pero tenía un escaso acceso a él. El 10% desconocía si en su establecimiento de salud se realizaba el armado de la C2, y el 14% no sabía si se efectuaba o no la carga en el SNVS. La cantidad de establecimientos que notificaron al SNVS en 2012 fue menor al 50%. DISCUSIÓN En los últimos años la vigilancia de la salud se ha visto fortalecida sobre todo en los niveles intermedios y centrales, pero los efectores del primer nivel no han sido incorporados sistemáticamente. Para mejorar esta estrategia, es necesario romper las barreras, mejorando el acceso a Internet y destinando mayor tiempo a tareas de vigilancia en los establecimientos de salud.
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Atenção Primária à Saúde , Sistema Nacional de Vigilância em Saúde , Monitoramento Epidemiológico , Mão de Obra em SaúdeRESUMO
In diverse models of microbial infections, protection is improved by immunization with dendritic cells (DC) loaded with whole pathogen lysate. However, pathogens that modulate DC function as a way to evade immunity may represent a challenge for these vaccination strategies. Thus, DC must be instructed in a particular manner to circumvent this issue and drive an effective immune response. Trypanosoma cruzi or its molecules alter DC function and, as we demonstrated, this phenomenon is associated with the parasite-driven stimulation of IL-10 production by DC. Here, we show that DC from IL-10-deficient mice pulsed in vitro with trypomastigote lysate secreted increased amounts of Th1-related cytokines and stimulated higher allogeneic and antigen-specific lymphocyte responses than their wild-type counterparts. In a model of DC-based immunization, these antigen-pulsed IL-10-deficient DC conferred protection against T. cruzi infection to recipient mice. Efficient immunity was associated with enhanced antigen-specific IFN-gamma production and endogenous DC activation. We illustrate for the first time a DC-based vaccination against T. cruzi and evidence the key role of IL-10 produced by sensitizing DC in inhibiting the induction of protection. These results support the rationale for vaccination strategies that timely suppress the effect of specific cytokines secreted by antigen presenting DC.
Assuntos
Transferência Adotiva , Doença de Chagas/prevenção & controle , Células Dendríticas/imunologia , Interleucina-10/imunologia , Animais , Antígenos de Protozoários/imunologia , Doença de Chagas/imunologia , Feminino , Interferon gama/imunologia , Interleucina-10/genética , Teste de Cultura Mista de Linfócitos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Trypanosoma cruzi/imunologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The high success rate of dental implants has changed the quality of life for many patients. Immediate loading finds its application in some clinical cases and certainly adds another modality of treatment for the implant patient. Starting with a few implants immediately loaded with a bar overdenture in the mandible, the concept of immediate loading evolved to loading multiple implants in both the maxilla and mandible. METHODS: In this investigation, 41 consecutive patients who needed full-arch restorations were treated with 343 double acid-etched surface implants between May 1998 and March 2004. The sample included smokers and bruxers. Twenty-three mandibular and 26 maxillary cases were treated, loading the implants within 48 hours, by using resin provisional prostheses, metal-reinforced provisional prostheses, or definitive prostheses (metal-acrylic or metal-ceramic). All implants were followed for 12 to 74 months. Follow-up consisted of clinical as well as radiographic examination. Furthermore, resonance frequency analysis was done in most of the implants during the last 2 years. RESULTS: The success rate obtained was 99.42% (only two mandibular implants that are still surviving were considered failures). The bone level was measured every year. The average radiographic bone level change was 0.56 mm at 12, 0.76 mm at 24, 0.84 mm at 36, 0.82 mm at 48, 0.83 mm at 60, and 0.94 mm at 72 months. CONCLUSION: A high success rate can be achieved when double acid-etched surface implants are immediately loaded with fixed full-arch restorations in the maxilla and mandible.