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Fungal infections in neonatal intensive care units (NICU) are mainly related to Candida species, with high mortality rates. They are predominantly of endogenous origin, however, cross-infection transmitted by healthcare professionals' hands has occurred. The aim of this study was to identify Candida species isolated from the hands of healthcare professionals in a NICU before and after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel and evaluate virulence factors DNase, phospholipase, proteinase, hemolysin, biofilm biomass production, and metabolic activity. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing and similarity by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) were also performed. C. parapsilosis complex was the most frequent species (57.1%); all isolates presented at least one virulence factor; three isolates (Candida parapsilosis complex) were resistant to amphotericin B, two (Candida famata [currently Debaryomyces hansenii] and Candida guilliermondii [currently Meyerozyma guilliermondii]) was resistant to micafungin, and six (Candida parapsilosis complex, Candida guilliermondii [=Meyerozyma guilliermondii], Candida viswanathi, Candida catenulata [currently Diutina catenulata] and Candida lusitaniae [currently Clavispora lusitaniae]) were resistant to fluconazole. Molecular analysis by RAPD revealed two clusters of identical strains that were in the hands of distinct professionals. Candida spp. were isolated even after hygiene with 70% ethanol-based gel, highlighting the importance of stricter basic measures for hospital infection control to prevent nosocomial transmission.
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Antifúngicos , Candida , Infecção Hospitalar , Etanol , Mãos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Fatores de Virulência , Humanos , Mãos/microbiologia , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Fatores de Virulência/genética , Candida/efeitos dos fármacos , Candida/isolamento & purificação , Candida/genética , Candida/patogenicidade , Etanol/farmacologia , Infecção Hospitalar/microbiologia , Infecção Hospitalar/prevenção & controle , Candidíase/microbiologia , Pessoal de Saúde , Técnica de Amplificação ao Acaso de DNA Polimórfico , Biofilmes/efeitos dos fármacos , Biofilmes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal , Farmacorresistência Fúngica , Géis , Desinfecção das MãosRESUMO
Breast milk is known to contain bioactive peptides that are released during digestion, being a major source of bioactive peptides to the new-born, some of which act against invading pathogens. However, the formation of bioactive peptides during digestion of human colostrum remains largely uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate the formation of peptides during simulated digestion of human colostrum from adult women and to prospect antimicrobial peptides. For this purpose, we used high-resolution MS to monitor the release of peptides during in vitro digestion. Bioinformatics was used for the prospection of antimicrobial activity of peptides. During simulated digestion (oral, gastric and duodenal phases), 2318 peptide sequences derived from 112 precursor proteins were identified. At the end of simulated digestion, casein-derived peptide sequences were the most frequently observed. Among precursors, some proteins were seen for the first time in this study. The resulting peptides were rich in proline, glutamine, valine and leucine residues, providing characteristic traits of antimicrobial peptides. From bioinformatics analysis, seven peptides showed potentially high antimicrobial activity towards bacteria, viruses and fungi, from which the latter was the most prominent predicted activity. Antimicrobial peptides released during digestion may provide a defence platform with controlled release for the new-born.
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Anti-Infecciosos , Colostro , Adulto , Gravidez , Humanos , Feminino , Proteólise , Colostro/química , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Peptídeos/química , Leite Humano/metabolismo , Cromatografia Líquida , Caseínas/metabolismo , Peptídeos Antimicrobianos , Proteômica/métodos , Anti-Infecciosos/farmacologia , Anti-Infecciosos/análise , Anti-Infecciosos/metabolismo , DigestãoRESUMO
Radiopharmaceuticals have been used to diagnose several diseases, particularly because the procedure is non-invasive. However, it is important that the correct amount of radiopharmaceutical is used to avoid inaccurate diagnostic results and suboptimal therapeutic outcomes. The amount of the radiopharmaceutical is measured when produced (by the supplier) and a second time (by the receiver), before it's use. When measured at the receiver, the result is corrected for its normal radioactivity decay. Even then, it is possible that both measurements should be considered nominal different or even statistically different when compared through various statistical tools. This research combines two innovative techniques in the field of clinical metrology. The first technique is data reconciliation, which not only enhances measurement accuracy but also reduces measurement uncertainty. The second technique involves using uncertainty information to establish specification limits for compliance assessments. In this way, our proposal aimed to minimize the risk of making incorrect decisions regarding the conformity of the concentration of radiopharmaceutical activity, that is, rejecting an item or batch that is within specification or accepting an item or batch that is outside of specification. A spreadsheet, based on these metrology fundamentals, is available to help the user with the calculations, presenting numerical and graphical results for some common radioisotopes. Reliable specification limits can be calculated and used to determine if the radiopharmaceutical is in accordance with its proposed application.
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This study aimed to evaluate the air and water contamination level and to identify the microbes isolated from a rodent facility located at the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter was used for monitoring water quantitatively; CFU per cubic meter was used for air monitoring. The isolated colonies were identified for qualitative monitoring. Due to absence of specific parameters for these facilities, the results were analyzed according to Brazilian and international standards, depending on which best suited each sample. The mean total number of microorganisms in water ranged from 0.015 ± 0.02 to 0.999 ± 0.91 CFU/mL. The number of microorganisms in air ranged from 9.1 ± 4.6 to 351.56 ± 158.2 CFU/m³. Forty-one microorganisms identified in the samples obtained from the rodent facility were potentially pathogenic or opportunistic for animals and humans (e.g., Corynebacterium spp.). We concluded that the water and air samples were contaminated with potentially pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms that can harm rodents and humans. On the basis of our observations, specific sanitary standards suitable for these facilities should be developed for controlling microbial contamination, which will prevent zoonosis and ensure the reliability of scientific results obtained from animal experiments.
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Microbiologia do Ar , Roedores , Animais , Brasil , Fungos , Humanos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , ÁguaRESUMO
Vertebral fractures are a common condition occurring in the context of osteoporosis and malignancy. These entities affect a group of patients in the same age range; clinical features may be indistinct and symptoms non-existing, and thus present challenges to diagnosis. In this article, we review the use and accuracy of different imaging modalities available to characterize vertebral fracture etiology, from well-established classical techniques to the role of new and advanced imaging techniques and the prospective use of artificial intelligence. We also address the role of imaging in treatment. In the context of osteoporosis, the importance of opportunistic diagnosis is highlighted. In the near future, the use of automated computer-aided diagnostic algorithms applied to different imaging techniques may be really useful to aid in diagnosis.
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Osteoporose , Fraturas por Osteoporose , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral , Absorciometria de Fóton/efeitos adversos , Absorciometria de Fóton/métodos , Inteligência Artificial , Densidade Óssea , Humanos , Osteoporose/complicações , Osteoporose/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas por Osteoporose/diagnóstico por imagem , Fraturas por Osteoporose/etiologia , Estudos Prospectivos , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/complicações , Fraturas da Coluna Vertebral/diagnóstico por imagemRESUMO
Nucleoside hydrolases are a strategic target for the development of drugs to treat leishmaniasis, a neglected disease that affects 700 thousand to one million people annually. The present study aimed to identify Leishmania donovani nucleoside hydrolase (LdNH) inhibitors from the leaves of Ormosia arborea, a tree endemic to Brazilian ecosystems, through a strategy based on 1H NMR analyses and chemometrics. The aqueous EtOH extract of O. arborea leaves inhibited LdNH activity by 95%. The extract was fractionated in triplicate (13 in each step, making a total of 39 fractions). Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to correlate the 1H NMR spectra of the fractions with their LdNH inhibitory activity and thus to identify the spectral regions associated with the bioactivity. The strategy aimed at isolating the probable bioactive substances and led to two new A-type proanthocyanidins, linked to a p-coumaroyl unit (1 and 2), which appeared as noncompetitive inhibitors of LdNH (IC50: 28.2 ± 3.0 µM and 25.6 ± 4.1 µM, respectively). This study confirms the usefulness of the NMR-based chemometric methods to accelerate the discovery of drugs from natural products.
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Fabaceae/química , Leishmania donovani/química , N-Glicosil Hidrolases/antagonistas & inibidores , Brasil , Ecossistema , Fabaceae/metabolismo , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Estrutura Molecular , N-Glicosil Hidrolases/química , N-Glicosil Hidrolases/metabolismoRESUMO
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) induces vascular adaptations that might be attenuated by postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI). Circulating angiogenic cells (CAC) participate in the vascular adaptations and circulating endothelial cells (CEC) indicate endothelial damage. CAC and CEC are involved in vascular adaptation. Therefore, the aim of the study was to investigate postexercise CWI during HIIT on CAC and CEC and on muscle angiogenesis-related molecules. Seventeen male subjects performed 13 HIIT sessions followed by 15 min of passive recovery (n = 9) or CWI at 10 °C (n = 8). HIIT comprised cycling (8-12 bouts, 90%-110% peak power). The first and the thirteenth sessions were similar (8 bouts at 90% of peak power). Venous blood was drawn before exercise (baseline) and after the recovery strategy (postrecovery) in the first (pretraining) and in the thirteenth (post-training) sessions. For CAC and CEC identification lymphocyte surface markers (CD133, CD34, and VEGFR2) were used. Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were performed pre- and post-training for protein (p-eNOSser1177) and gene (VEGF and HIF-1) expression analysis related to angiogenesis. CAC was not affected by HIIT or postexercise CWI. Postexercise CWI increased acute and baseline CEC number. Angiogenic protein and genes were not differently modulated by post-CWI. HIIT followed by either recovery strategy did not alter CAC number. Postexercise CWI increased a marker of endothelial damage both acutely and chronically, suggesting that this postexercise recovery strategy might cause endothelial damage. Novelty HIIT followed by CWI did not alter CAC. HIIT followed by CWI increased CEC. Postexercise CWI might cause endothelial damage.
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Células Sanguíneas/fisiologia , Temperatura Baixa , Células Endoteliais , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade , Imersão , Adulto , Proteínas Angiogênicas/análise , Células Endoteliais/citologia , Células Endoteliais/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Músculo Quadríceps/fisiologia , Água , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Alterations in the distribution and activation of monocyte subsets are frequently observed in individuals with obesity and their participation in the pathological complications of obesity is proposed. High-intensity interval training (HIIT) can be a time-efficient alternative to counteract the inflammatory outcomes of obesity, but so far, its effects on monocytes in obesity has not been fully explored. In this study, we investigated whether 8â¯weeks of HIIT can modify the distribution and activation of the three monocyte subsets (classical, intermediate and non-classical monocytes) in individuals with obesity. Our data show that individuals with obesity have a higher percentage of non-classical monocytes compared to control, lean individuals, and consequently an imbalance among the CD16+ monocyte subsets. Also, the expression of HLA-DR by intermediate monocytes is higher in insulin-resistant obese individuals, which indicates monocyte activation in obesity. After 8â¯weeks of HIIT, the percentage of non-classical monocytes was reduced in individuals with obesity, restoring the balance among the CD16+ monocytes. Also, the expression of HLA-DR by intermediate monocytes in insulin-resistant obese subjects was lower after HIIT. Both findings indicate that monocyte activation in individuals with obesity was reduced by HIIT. These modifications were observed in the absence of changes in weight and body composition, although they were accompanied by the improvement in the metabolic status (reduced insulin levels). Our findings indicate that HIIT can be considered a time-efficient strategy to manage obesity-related monocyte alterations and strengthen the immunomodulatory potential of HIIT.
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Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Monócitos/metabolismo , Obesidade/terapia , Adulto , Composição Corporal , Terapia por Exercício/métodos , Feminino , Antígenos HLA-DR/metabolismo , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade/métodos , Humanos , Insulina/metabolismo , Resistência à Insulina/fisiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Obesidade/imunologia , Receptores de IgG/metabolismoRESUMO
Coffee is one of the most consumed non-alcoholic beverages in the world. It is well known that some compounds present in coffee beans have important biological activities. In this study, evidence was turned to ßN-alkanoyl-5-hydroxytryptamides (C-5HTs) and to the furokaurane diterpenes cafestol and kahweol, associated with gastric irritation and increasing of blood cholesterol, respectively. Fermentation in coffee post-harvest wet process was induced by three Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeasts (for bakery, white and sparkling wines) as starter cultures. Variations in mass, time, temperature and pH (56 experiments under fractional factorial and mixture experimental designs) were tested. Substantial reductions for C-5HTs (up to 38% reduction for C20-5HT and 26% for C22-5HT) as well as for diterpenes (54% for cafestol and 53% for kahweol) were obtained after treating green coffee beans with 0.6â¯g of a 1:1:1 mixture the three yeasts for 12â¯h at 15⯰C and pHâ¯4. Caffeine and 5-CQA content, monitored in the green coffee beans, did not change. Therefore, the use of starter cultures during coffee post-harvest wet process has influence on the amount of some important compounds related to health and improves the sensory quality of the beverage.
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Café/metabolismo , Diterpenos/química , Diterpenos/metabolismo , Manipulação de Alimentos/métodos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Bebidas , Cafeína , Café/química , Café/microbiologia , Fermentação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Ácido Quínico/análogos & derivados , Ácido Quínico/química , Temperatura , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Fungi of the genus Cryptococcus are cosmopolitan and may be agents of opportunistic mycoses in immunocompromised and sometimes immunocompetent individuals. Cryptococcus species are frequently isolated from trees and bird excreta in the environment and infection occurs by inhalation of propagules dispersed in the air. The aim was to investigate Cryptococcus species in bird excreta and tree hollows located in a university hospital area and in an academic area of a university campus. METHODOLOGY: A total of 40 samples of bird excreta and 41 samples of tree hollows were collected. The identification of the isolates was done by classical methodology and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Twenty (62.5%) isolates of Cryptococcus were found in bird excreta and 12 (37.5%) in tree hollows. C. laurentii (currently Papiliotrema laurentii) was the most frequent species in both samples, being found in 5 samples of excreta and in 8 tree hollows. The diversity of species found in excreta (C. laurentii, C. albidus [currently Naganishia albida], C. liquefaciens [currently N. liquefaciens], C. friedmanii [currently N. friedmannii] and others) was higher than in tree hollows (C. laurentii, C. flavescens [currently Papiliotrema flavescens], and other yeasts). CONCLUSION: Many Cryptococcus species were isolated from excreta and tree hollows, and this fact is important for understanding the environmental epidemiology of those emerging pathogens for public health, as a way to implement surveillance actions and control of cryptococcosis.
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Cryptococcus/classificação , Cryptococcus/isolamento & purificação , Microbiologia Ambiental , Fezes/microbiologia , Centros Médicos Acadêmicos , Animais , Aves , Hospitais UniversitáriosRESUMO
Various post-exercise strategies have been proposed to accelerate recovery during periods of training. However, the effects of water immersion (WI) temperature on recovery amid multiple daily exercise bouts are not well investigated. PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of cold and warm water immersion temperatures between acute exercise bouts vs. no WI recovery on running performance. METHODS: Nine recreationally trained men (age: 24.0 ± 6.0 years old) participated in four experimental sessions using a crossover design. Each experimental session consisted of unilateral eccentric knee flexion exercise and 90 min of treadmill running at 70% of peak oxygen consumption followed by 15 min of WI at 15°C, 28°C or 38°C or passive recovery seated at room temperature (CON). Four hours following WI or CON, subjects completed a 5 km running time trial. Rectal temperature (Trec), heart rate, and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) were measured. RESULTS: Statistical analyses indicated that time trial performance was not affected by post-exercise recovery by WI (P > .05). The magnitude-based inferences indicated that 15°C (+ 3.6 ± 7.8%) likely and 28°C (+ 3.2 ± 7.5%) possibly improved recovery compared with CON, while the effect of 38°C (- 0.1 ± 12.3%) on recovery was unclear. During WI, heart rate and rectal temperature were not different from CON, but EPOC was higher in 15°C and 28°C compared to CON. Trec in 15°C was lower than CON from the 15th min post WI. EPOC was also greater in 15°C post WI compared to CON. CONCLUSION: WI at 15°C and 28°C following acute exercise likely and possibly, respectively, improved subsequent 5 km running time trial performance. We speculate that the faster recovery in core temperature post-exercise may underlie these improvements in recovery.
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The aim was to investigate if botulinum toxin type A (BTx-A) associated with physical therapy is superior to physical therapy alone in post stroke spasticity. A randomized, double-blinded controlled trial was performed in a rehabilitation unit on Northeastern, Brazil. Patients with post stroke spasticity were enrolled either to BTx-A injections and a pre-defined program of physical therapy or saline injections plus physical therapy. Primary endpoint was functional performance evaluated through time up and go test, six minutes walking test and Fugl-Meyer scale for upper limb. Secondary endpoint was spasticity improvement. Confidence interval was considered at 95%. Although there was a significant decrease in upper limbs flexor tonus (P<0.05) in the BTx-A group, there was no difference regarding functional performance after 9 months of treatment. When analyzing gait speed and performance, both groups showed a significant improvement in the third month of treatment, however it was not sustained over time. Although BTx-A shows superiority to improve muscle tone, physical therapy is the cornerstone to improve function in the upper limbs of post stroke patients.
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INTRODUCTION: The medicinal plant Kalanchoe pinnata is a phenolic-rich species used worldwide. The reports on its pharmacological uses have increased by 70% in the last 10 years. The leaves of this plant are the main source of an unusual quercetin-diglycosyl flavonoid (QAR, quercetin arabinopyranosyl rhamnopyranoside), which can be easily extracted using water. QAR possess a strong in vivo anti-inflammatory activity. OBJECTIVE: To optimize the aqueous extraction of QAR from K. pinnata leaves using a three-level full factorial design. MATERIAL AND METHODS: After a previous screening design, time (x1 ) and temperature (x2 ) were chosen as the two independent variables for optimization. Freeze-dried leaves were extracted with water (20% w/v), at 30°C, 40°C or 50°C for 5, 18 or 30 min. QAR content (determined by HPLC-DAD) and yield of extracts were analyzed. The optimized extracts were also evaluated for cytotoxicity. RESULTS: The optimal heating times for extract yield and QAR content were similar in two-dimensional (2D) surface responses (between 12.8 and 30 min), but their optimal extraction temperatures were ranged between 40°C and 50°C for QAR content and 30°C and 38°C for extract yield. A compromise region for both parameters was at the mean points that were 40°C for the extraction temperature and 18 min for the total time. CONCLUSION: The optimized process is faster and spends less energy than the previous one (water; 30 min at 55°C); therefore is greener and more attractive for industrial purposes. This is the first report of extraction optimization of this bioactive flavonoid. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Anti-Inflamatórios/análise , Flavonoides/análise , Kalanchoe/química , Modelos Químicos , Folhas de Planta/química , Animais , Anti-Inflamatórios/farmacologia , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Flavonoides/farmacologia , Macrófagos/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Espectrofotometria UltravioletaRESUMO
This study evaluated the use of three solid brewery wastes: brewer's spent grain, hot trub and residual brewer's yeast, as alternative media for the cultivation of lactic acid bacteria to evaluate their potential for proteolytic enzyme production. Initially, a mixture experimental design was used to evaluate the effect of each residue, as well as different mixtures (with the protein content set at 4%) in the enzyme production. At predetermined intervals, the solid and liquid fractions were separated and the extracellular proteolytic activity was determined. After selecting the best experimental conditions, a second experiment, factorial experimental design, was developed in order to evaluate the protein content in the media (1 to 7%) and the addition of fermentable sugar (glucose, 1 to 7%). Among the wastes, residual yeast showed the highest potential for the production of extracellular enzymes, generating a proteolytic extract with 2.6 U/mL in 3 h. However, due to the low content of the fermentable sugars in the medium, the addition of glucose also had a positive effect, increasing the proteolytic activity to 4.9 U/mL. The best experimental conditions of each experimental design were reproduced for comparison, and the enzyme content was separated by ethanol precipitation. The best medium produced a precipitated protein with proteolytic activity of 145.5 U/g.
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Cryptococcosis, a systemic disease caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans/ Cryptococcus gattii is more severe in immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of the disease, the molecular characteristics and the antifungal susceptibility of C. neoformans isolated from patients treated in a Brazilian university hospital. This retrospective study was conducted in the Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, and evaluated cases of cryptococcosis and strains of C. neoformans isolated from 2004 to 2013. We evaluated 41 patients, 85% of whom were diagnosed with AIDS. The fungus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients (51%); 19.5% had fungemia and in 24% the agent was isolated from the CSF and blood, concurrently. Meningoencephalitis was the most frequent (75%) manifestation of infection. Despite adequate treatment, the mortality of the disease was 58.5%. Most isolates (97.5%) presented the VNI genotype (serotype A, var. grubii) and one isolate was genotyped as C. gattii (VGI); all the isolates were determined as mating type MATa and showed susceptibility to the tested antifungals (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine). Although AIDS detection rates remain stable, opportunistic infections such as cryptococcosis remain as major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients.
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Criptococose/mortalidade , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Adulto , Idoso , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criptococose/microbiologia , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , DNA Fúngico/análise , Feminino , Hospitais Universitários , Humanos , Masculino , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
ABSTRACT Cryptococcosis, a systemic disease caused by the fungus Cryptococcus neoformans/ Cryptococcus gattii is more severe in immunocompromised individuals. This study aimed to analyze the epidemiology of the disease, the molecular characteristics and the antifungal susceptibility of C. neoformans isolated from patients treated in a Brazilian university hospital. This retrospective study was conducted in the Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, and evaluated cases of cryptococcosis and strains of C. neoformans isolated from 2004 to 2013. We evaluated 41 patients, 85% of whom were diagnosed with AIDS. The fungus was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 21 patients (51%); 19.5% had fungemia and in 24% the agent was isolated from the CSF and blood, concurrently. Meningoencephalitis was the most frequent (75%) manifestation of infection. Despite adequate treatment, the mortality of the disease was 58.5%. Most isolates (97.5%) presented the VNI genotype (serotype A, var. grubii) and one isolate was genotyped as C. gattii (VGI); all the isolates were determined as mating type MATa and showed susceptibility to the tested antifungals (fluconazole, voriconazole, amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine). Although AIDS detection rates remain stable, opportunistic infections such as cryptococcosis remain as major causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients.
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Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Idoso , Adulto Jovem , Criptococose/mortalidade , Cryptococcus neoformans/isolamento & purificação , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/microbiologia , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/mortalidade , Antifúngicos/farmacologia , Brasil/epidemiologia , Criptococose/microbiologia , Cryptococcus neoformans/efeitos dos fármacos , Cryptococcus neoformans/genética , DNA Fúngico/análise , Hospitais Universitários , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
This study aims to evaluate the effect of regular post-exercise cold water immersion (CWI) on intramuscular markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis and exercise performance after 4 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT). Seventeen healthy subjects were allocated into two groups: control (CON, n = 9) or CWI (n = 8). Each HIIT session consisted of 8-12 cycling exercise stimuli (90-110 % of peak power) for 60 s followed by 75 s of active recovery three times per week, for 4 weeks (12 HIIT sessions). After each HIIT session, the CWI had their lower limbs immersed in cold water (10 °C) for 15 min and the CON recovered at room temperature. Exercise performance was evaluated before and after HIIT by a 15-km cycling time trial. Vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained pre and 72 h post training. Samples were analyzed for heat shock protein 72 kDa (Hsp72), adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phosphorylated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p-p38 MAPK) assessed by western blot. In addition, the mRNA expression of heat shock factor-1 (HSF-1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), nuclear respiratory factor 1 and 2 (NRF1 and 2), mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam), calcium calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2 (CaMK2) and enzymes citrate synthase (CS), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (CPT1), and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDK4) were assessed by real-time PCR. Time to complete the 15-km cycling time trial was reduced with training (p < 0.001), but was not different between groups (p = 0.33). The Hsp72 (p = 0.01), p38 MAPK, and AMPK (p = 0.04) contents increased with training, but were not different between groups (p > 0.05). No differences were observed with training or condition for mRNA expression of PGC-1α (p = 0.31), CPT1 (p = 0.14), CS (p = 0.44), and NRF-2 (p = 0.82). However, HFS-1 (p = 0.007), PDK4 (p = 0.03), and Tfam (p = 0.03) mRNA were higher in CWI. NRF-1 decrease in both groups after training (p = 0.006). CaMK2 decreased with HIIT (p = 0.003) but it was not affected by CWI (p = 0.99). Cold water immersion does not alter HIIT-induced Hsp72, AMPK, p38 MAPK, and exercise performance but was able to increase some markers of cellular stress response and signaling molecules related to mitochondria biogenesis.
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Proteínas de Choque Térmico HSP72/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Adaptação Fisiológica , Adulto , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Temperatura Baixa , Treinamento Intervalado de Alta Intensidade , Humanos , Masculino , Mitocôndrias Musculares/metabolismo , Proteínas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , Condicionamento Físico Humano , Adulto JovemRESUMO
In the present study we aimed at investigating, for the first time, phenolic compounds in Brazilian beers of different types and styles. We also aimed at applying chemometrics for modeling beer's antioxidant capacity as a function of their physicochemical attributes (density, refractive index, bitterness and ethanol content). Samples (n=29) were analyzed by PCA originating five groups, especially according to ethanol contents and bitterness. In general, Group V (alcoholic beers with very high bitterness) presented higher refractive index, bitterness, ethanol and phenolics contents than Groups I (non-alcoholic beers) and II (alcoholic beers with low bitterness). Brazilian beers phenolics profile was distinct from that of European beers, with high contents of gallic acid (0.5-14.7 mg/L) and low contents of ferulic acid (0.2-1.8 mg/L). Using PLS, beer's antioxidant capacity measured by FRAP assay could be predicted with acceptable precision by data of ethanol content and density, bitterness and refractive index values.
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Antioxidantes/farmacologia , Cerveja/análise , Fenóis/análise , Extratos Vegetais/farmacologia , Brasil , Análise dos Mínimos Quadrados , RefratometriaRESUMO
PURPOSE: We evaluated the effect of different water immersion (WI) temperatures on post-exercise cardiac parasympathetic reactivation. METHODS: Eight young, physically active men participated in four experimental conditions composed of resting (REST), exercise session (resistance and endurance exercises), post-exercise recovery strategies, including 15 min of WI at 15°C (CWI), 28°C (TWI), 38°C (HWI) or control (CTRL, seated at room temperature), followed by passive resting. The following indices were assessed before and during WI, 30 min post-WI and 4 hours post-exercise: mean R-R (mR-R), the natural logarithm (ln) of the square root of the mean of the sum of the squares of differences between adjacent normal R-R (ln rMSSD) and the ln of instantaneous beat-to-beat variability (ln SD1). RESULTS: The results showed that during WI mRR was reduced for CTRL, TWI and HWI versus REST, and ln rMSSD and ln SD1 were reduced for TWI and HWI versus REST. During post-WI, mRR, ln rMSSD and ln SD1 were reduced for HWI versus REST, and mRR values for CWI were higher versus CTRL. Four hours post exercise, mRR was reduced for HWI versus REST, although no difference was observed among conditions. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that CWI accelerates, while HWI blunts post-exercise parasympathetic reactivation, but these recovery strategies are short-lasting and not evident 4 hours after the exercise session.
Assuntos
Teste de Esforço/métodos , Exercício Físico , Frequência Cardíaca/fisiologia , Imersão/efeitos adversos , Humanos , Masculino , Sistema Nervoso Parassimpático/fisiologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Temperatura , Água , Adulto JovemRESUMO
We compared the impregnation techniques for globules according to the Manual of Technical Norms for Homeopathic Pharmacies (MNTFH) of the Association of Homeopathic Pharmacists (ABFH), Brazilian Homeopathic Pharmacopoeia (FHB) and variations of these techniques. The variables were evaluated in this procedure, three different sizes of globules (N o . 3, 5 and 7), the hydroalcoholic solution of 70% (v/v) Minoxidil 2% (w/v) was used to impregnate the globules in concentrations of 2, 3, 4, 5% (v/w) and the impregnation at 10 %(v/w) was used hydroalcoholic solutions at 70, 80 and 90% (v/v), and four impregnation techniques various ( A -glass, B -paper, C -cup and D -FHB). As the results of content uniformity did not demonstrate a normal distribution, the one way ANOVA and a nonparametric statistical model were used for evaluation. Considering the average, the standard deviation (SD), the individual variance of each group and the principal components analysis graphs (PCA), it was observed that the “A” impregnation of globules technique, with 5% (v/w) of the impregnation concentrations and the No.5 globule presented the best uniformity of dose. As to the drying, there was a need to use a heat source.
Compararam-se as técnicas de impregnação para glóbulos segundo o Manual de Normas Técnicas para Farmácias Homeopáticas (MNTFH) da Associação Brasileira de Farmacêuticos Homeopatas (ABFH), Farmacopeia Homeopática Brasileira (FHB) e variações destas técnicas. As variáveis avaliadas neste processo foram: três tamanhos diferentes de glóbulos (n.º 3, 5 e 7); a solução hidroalcóolica a 70% (v/v) de minoxidil a 2% (p/v) foi utilizada para impregnar os glóbulos nas concentrações de 2, 3, 4, 5% (v/p) e na impregnação a 10% (v/p) utilizaram-se as soluções hidroalcóolicas a 70, 80 e 90% (v/v); e quatro técnicas de impregnação diferentes ( A -vidro, B -papel, C -copo e D -FHB). A impregnação foi validada através da uniformidade de dose por conteúdo, sendo o minoxidil a substância quantificada. Como os resultados da uniformidade de dose por conteúdo não demonstraram distribuição normal, utilizaram-se o One way ANOVA e um modelo estatístico não paramétrico para sua avaliação. Considerando-se a média, o desvio padrão (DP), a variância individual de cada grupo e os gráficos de análise de componentes principais (ACP), observou-se que a impregnação que utilizou o glóbulo nº5, a concentração para impregnação de 5% (v/p), graduação alcoólica de 70% (v/v) e técnica “A” apresentou a melhor uniformidade de dose. Quanto à secagem, verificou-se a necessidade do uso de uma fonte de calor.