RESUMO
The purpose of this chapter is to evaluate DNA damage during axolotl tail regeneration using an alkaline comet assay. Our method details the isolation of cells from regenerating and non-regenerating tissues and the isolation of peripheral blood for single-cell gel electrophoresis. Also, we detail each of the steps for the development of the comet assay technique which includes mounting the isolated cells on an agarose matrix, alkaline electrophoresis, and DNA damage detection.
Assuntos
Ambystoma mexicanum , Dano ao DNA , Animais , Ensaio Cometa/métodos , Ambystoma mexicanum/genética , Sefarose , EletroforeseRESUMO
Leishmania panamensis is a relevant causative agent of tegumentary leishmaniasis in several Latin American countries. Available antileishmanial drugs have several limitations including relatively high toxicity, difficult administration, high production costs and the emergence of resistance in circulating strains. Therefore, the identification of new molecules as potential therapeutics for leishmaniasis is of great relevance. Here, we developed a murine model of L. panamensis infection and evaluated the effect of a new compound in vivo. After treatment of animals with the compound, we observed a significant reduction of inflammation and parasite load at the inoculation site, in a dose-dependent manner. We observed a reduction in IL-10 production by popliteal lymph nodes cells of infected mice. These results pave the way for future evaluation of this compound as a potential antileishmanial drug or as a suitable scaffold for lead optimization strategies.
Assuntos
Antiprotozoários , Leishmania , Leishmaniose , Animais , Antiprotozoários/uso terapêutico , Cloroquina/uso terapêutico , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Leishmaniose/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Preparações FarmacêuticasRESUMO
Las intervenciones para el alivio del dolor se clasifican en farmacológicas y no farmacológicas; las primeras incluyen la administración de fármacos analgésicos y las segundas utilizan terapias complementarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue diseñar y validar un instrumento de medición denominado "Conocimiento sobre intervenciones no farmacológicas para el alivio del dolor" para evaluar el nivel de conocimientos sobre intervenciones no farmacológicas para el manejo del dolor en un grupo de enfermeras profesionales y auxiliares de enfermería de una institución de salud de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Métodos: El instrumento se desarrolló en dos fases; la primera fase consistió en la búsqueda bibliográfica para el diseño, la validación facial y de contenido por expertos. En la segunda fase se evalúo la confiabilidad prueba- reprueba de la versión final del cuestionario. Resultados: La versión final del cuestionario contempla seis dimensiones propuestas por el Instituto Nacional de Medicina Alternativa de Estados Unidos con un total de 30 ítems. La confiabilidad de este instrumento fue baja (Índice Kappa-Cohen <0.60) en el 80% de los ítems. Conclusión: Este es el primer instrumento diseñado para medir los conocimientos sobre intervenciones no farmacológicas para el alivio del dolor en enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería en nuestro país, sin embargo, se requiere continuar con procesos que permitan mejorar su confiabilidad y evaluar su validez.
As intervenções para o alivio da dor classificam-se em farmacológicas e não farmacológicas; as primeiras, consideram a administração de analgésicos, as segundas, empregam-se terapias complementarias. Objetivo: desenvolver e validar um questionário para à avaliação do nível de conhecimentos sob intervenções não farmacológicas para o tratamento da dor num grupo de enfermeiras padrão e auxiliares de enfermagem numa instituição de saúde de Bucaramanga, Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: O instrumento desenvolveu-se em duas fases: a primeira constou da busca de literatura, o desenho, a validação facial e de conteúdo por expertos. Na segunda fase, o questionário aplicou-se duas vezes a 30 enfermeiras e auxiliares de enfermagem com um intervalo de 30 dias para avaliar a confiabilidade. Calculou-se a pontuação total do instrumento e o índice Kappa-Cohen. Resultados: A versão final do questionário tem 30 questões avaliando seis dimensões propostas pelo Instituto Nacional de Medicina Alternativa dos Estados Unidos. Mais do 80% dos participantes teve o 70% das perguntas acertadas, entretanto, a confiabilidade do instrumento foi baixa (Kappa-Cohen <0,60) no 80% dos itens. Conclusão: Este é o primeiro instrumento desenvolvido para aferir conhecimentos sobre terapia não farmacológica para o alivio da dor em enfermeiras e auxiliares de enfermagem na Colômbia, entretanto requer continuar aprimorando a sua confiabilidade e a avaliação da sua validez.
Interventions to alleviate pain are classified in two categories, pharmacological and non/pharmacological; the first ones include the administration of pain relievers and the second ones use complementary therapies. Objective. Design and validate an instrument of measurement to evaluate the level of knowledge about non-pharmacological interventions to manage pain in a group of professional nurses and auxiliary nurses from a health institution in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Materials and Methods: The instrument was developed in two stages: the first stage consisted of the bibliographic research, the design and the facial and content validation by experts. In the second phase, the instrument was applied twice to 30 nurses and auxiliary nurses with an interval of 30 days to evaluate reliability. The total score of the instrument and the Cohen's kappa coefficient were calculated. Results: The final version of the questionnaire contemplates six dimensions proposed by the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), with a total of 30 items. More than 80% of the participants had 70% of the answers correct, however, the reliability of this instrument was low (Cohen's kappa < 0.60) in 80% of the items. Conclusion: This is the first instrument designed to measure knowledge about non-pharmacological interventions to alleviate pain for nurses and auxiliary nurses in our country, however, it is required to continue with processes that allow the instrument to improve its reliability and evaluate its validity.
Assuntos
Manejo da Dor , Dor , Terapias Complementares , Enfermagem , ConhecimentoRESUMO
Due to the absence of transcriptional regulation of gene expression in Leishmania parasites, it is now well accepted that several forms of genomic variations modulate the levels of critical proteins through changes in gene dosage. We previously observed many of these variations in our reference laboratory strain of L. panamensis (PSC-1 strain), including chromosomes with an increased somy and the presence of a putative linear minichromosome derived from chromosome 34. Here, we compared the previously described genomic variations with those occurring after exposure of this strain to increasing concentrations of trivalent antimony (SbIII), as well as those present in two geographically unrelated clinical isolates of L. panamensis. We observed changes in the somy of several chromosomes, amplifications of several chromosomal regions, and copy number variations in gene arrays after exposure to SbIII. Occurrence of amplifications potentially beneficial for the Sb-resistant phenotype appears to be associated with the loss of other forms of amplification, such as the linear minichromosome. In contrast, we found no evidence of changes in somy or amplification of relatively large chromosomal regions in the clinical isolates. In these isolates, the predominant amplifications appear to be those that generate genes arrays; however, in many cases, the amplified arrays have a notably higher number of copies than those from the untreated and Sb-treated laboratory samples.
Assuntos
Adaptação Fisiológica/genética , Resistência a Medicamentos/genética , Leishmania guyanensis/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Antimônio/toxicidade , Ecossistema , Genoma de Protozoário , Leishmania guyanensis/efeitos dos fármacos , Leishmania guyanensis/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Introducción: La entrevista médica, tradicionalmente, se ha utilizado como una herramienta para obtener información que permita al clínico no psiquiatra formular un diagnóstico y decidir un manejo terapéutico. Objetivo: resaltar la importancia de la entrevista médica como elemento terapéutico per se. Métodos: Aun cuando entrevistar es una competencia muy compleja, sólo puede ser desarrollada a través de su práctica continuada durante años, por ello el artículo señala, por un lado, los aspectos involucrados, como rapport, empatía, ciclo de la empatía, transferencia, contratransferencia, comunicación verbal y no verbal, relación médico-paciente, etc., y, por el otro, los elementos técnicos que se deben considerar: lugar, tiempo, apariencia, etc., así como aquellos que pueden interferir con su normal flujo.Resultados: Estos elementos se constituyen en el marco conceptual básico con base en el cual el profesional de la medicina interesado y el médico general que inicia su entrenamiento en psiquiatría pueden iniciar su adquisición.
Introduction: The medical interview has been traditionally used as a tool to obtain information that helps the clinician establish a diagnosis and decide on a treatment. Objective: The present article highlights its importance as a therapeutic element. Method: Such a complex skill as interviewing can only be developed by years of constant practice in order to be knowledgeable about the aspects involved in it, such as rapport, empathy, cycle of empathy, transference, countertransference, nonverbal and verbal communication, medical-patient relationship, as well as technical elements like place, time, appearance, etc. Results: The elements that can interfere with the normal flow of an interview are the basic conceptual frameworks that allow any interested physician and the general practitioner beginning training as a psychiatrist, to have a successful practice.