RESUMEN
The study examined the antihypertensive effect of peptides derived from pepsin-hydrolyzed corn gluten meal, namely KQLLGY and PPYPW, and their in silico gastrointestinal tract digested fragments, KQL and PPY, respectively. KQLLGY and PPYPW showed higher angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity and lower ACE inhibition constant (Ki) values when compared to KQL and PPY. Only KQL showed a mild antihypertensive effect in spontaneously hypertensive rats with -7.83 and - 5.71 mmHg systolic and diastolic blood pressure values, respectively, after 8 h oral administration. During passage through Caco-2 cells, KQL was further degraded to QL, which had reduced ACE inhibitory activity. In addition, molecular dynamics revealed that the QL-ACE complex was less stable compared to the KQL-ACE. This study reveals that structural transformation during peptide permeation plays a vital role in attenuating antihypertensive effect of the ACE inhibitor peptide.
Asunto(s)
Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina , Antihipertensivos , Digestión , Glútenes , Péptidos , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A , Ratas Endogámicas SHR , Zea mays , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/química , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/metabolismo , Antihipertensivos/química , Antihipertensivos/farmacología , Animales , Glútenes/química , Glútenes/metabolismo , Humanos , Zea mays/química , Zea mays/metabolismo , Ratas , Células CACO-2 , Péptidos/química , Péptidos/farmacología , Masculino , Digestión/efectos de los fármacos , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/química , Peptidil-Dipeptidasa A/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Hipertensión/metabolismo , Hipertensión/tratamiento farmacológico , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Tracto Gastrointestinal/metabolismo , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacología , HidrólisisRESUMEN
This study comprehensively investigated the effects of high-temperature cooking (HT), complex enzyme hydrolysis (CE), and high-temperature cooking combined enzymatic hydrolysis (HE) on the chemical composition, microstructure, and functional attributes of soluble dietary fiber (SDF) extracted from corn bran. The results demonstrated that HE-SDF yielded the highest output at 13.80 ± 0.20 g/100 g, with enhancements in thermal stability, viscosity, hydration properties, adsorption capacity, and antioxidant activity. Cluster analysis revealed three distinct categories of SDF's physicochemical properties. Principal component analysis (PCA) confirmed the superior functional properties of HE-SDF. Correlation analysis showed positive relationships between the monosaccharide composition, purity, and viscosity of SDF and most of its functional attributes, whereas particle size and zeta potential were inversely correlated. Furthermore, a highly significant positive correlation was observed between crystallinity and thermal properties. These findings suggest that the HE method constitutes a viable strategy for enhancing the quality of SDF sourced from corn bran.
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Fibras de la Dieta , Zea mays , Zea mays/química , Fibras de la Dieta/análisis , Hidrólisis , Viscosidad , Análisis Multivariante , Calor , Tamaño de la Partícula , Antioxidantes/química , Culinaria , SolubilidadRESUMEN
The dissolved organic matter (DOM) with high mobility and reactivity plays a crucial role in soil. In this study, the characteristics and phytotoxicity of DOM released from the hydrochars prepared from different feedstocks (cow manure, corn stalk and Myriophyllum aquaticum) under three hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) temperatures (180, 200 and 220°C) were evaluated. The results showed that the hydrochars had high dissolved organic carbon content (20.15 to 37.65 mg/g) and its content showed a gradual reduction as HTC temperature increased. Three fluorescent components including mixed substance of fulvic acid-like and humic acid-like substances (C1, 30.92%-58.32%), UVA humic acid-like substance (C2, 25.27%-29.94%) and protein-like substance (C3, 11.74%-41.92%) were identified in hydrochar DOM by excitation emission matrix spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis. High HTC temperature increased the relative proportion of aromatic substances (C1+C2) and humification degree of hydrochar DOM from cow manure, while it presented adverse effects on the hydrochar DOM from corn stalk and Myriophyllum. aquaticum. The principal component analysis suggested that feedstock type and HTC temperature posed significant effects on the characteristics of hydrochar DOM. Additionally, seed germination test of all hydrochar DOM demonstrated that the root length was reduced by 8.88%-26.43% in contrast with control, and the germination index values were 73.57%-91.12%. These findings provided new insights into the potential environmental effects for hydrochar application in soil.
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Sustancias Húmicas , Sustancias Húmicas/análisis , Suelo/química , Temperatura , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Estiércol , Carbón Orgánico/químicaRESUMEN
Agricultural practices significantly contribute to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, necessitating cleaner production technologies to reduce environmental pressure and achieve sustainable maize production. Plastic film mulching is commonly used in the Loess Plateau region. Incorporating slow-release fertilizers as a replacement for urea within this practice can reduce nitrogen losses and enhance crop productivity. Combining these techniques represents a novel agricultural approach in semi-arid areas. However, the impact of this integration on soil carbon storage (SOCS), carbon footprint (CF), and economic benefits has received limited research attention. Therefore, we conducted an eight-year study (2015-2022) in the semi-arid northwestern region to quantify the effects of four treatments [urea supplied without plastic film mulching (CK-U), slow-release fertilizer supplied without plastic film mulching (CK-S), urea supplied with plastic film mulching (PM-U), and slow-release fertilizer supplied with plastic film mulching (PM-S)] on soil fertility, economic and environmental benefits. The results revealed that nitrogen fertilizer was the primary contributor to total GHG emissions (≥71.97%). Compared to other treatments, PM-S increased average grain yield by 12.01%-37.89%, water use efficiency by 9.19%-23.33%, nitrogen accumulation by 27.07%-66.19%, and net return by 6.21%-29.57%. Furthermore, PM-S decreased CF by 12.87%-44.31% and CF per net return by 14.25%-41.16%. After eight years, PM-S increased SOCS (0-40 cm) by 2.46%, while PM-U decreased it by 7.09%. These findings highlight the positive effects of PM-S on surface soil fertility, economic gains, and environmental benefits in spring maize production on the Loess Plateau, underscoring its potential for widespread adoption and application.
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Agricultura , Huella de Carbono , Fertilizantes , Plásticos , Zea mays , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agricultura/métodos , China , Suelo/química , Gases de Efecto Invernadero/análisis , Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
A study was carried out to ascertain the impact of planting time and weeding schedule on the yield and quality of baby corn. The trial included three planting times viz. 15 November, 15 December and 14 January and five levels of weeding regime viz. no weeding, two hand weeding (HW) at 15 days after sowing (DAS) and 30 DAS, herbicide pendimethalin @ 2.5 L ha-1 (pre-emergence) + one HW at 30 DAS, herbicide pyrazosulfuran-ethyl @ 2.0 L ha-1 (post-emergence) + one HW at 30 DAS and combined herbicide of pendimethalin + pyrazosulfuran-ethyl. The maximum cob yield with husk (11.93 t ha-1) and cob yield without husk (3.07 t ha-1) were obtained from the 15 December sowing with the application of pendimethalin followed by pyrazosulfuran-ethyl. Plants sown on 15 December with the application pyrazosulfuran-ethyl with one HW at 30 DAS gave the highest protein content in cobs (20.20%), while the leaf protein content showed the highest result (18.70%) in the plants sown on 15 December with no weeding. Therefore, it can be concluded that the baby corn might be planted on December 15 with the combined application of pendimethalin + pyrazosulfuran-ethyl herbicides and pyrazosulfuran-ethyl + one HW at 30 DAS for maximum cob yield and protein content, respectively.
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Herbicidas , Zea mays , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Herbicidas/farmacología , Valor Nutritivo , Control de Malezas/métodos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Malezas/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de Tiempo , Compuestos de AnilinaRESUMEN
The traditional lignocellulose pretreatment by deep eutectic solvent (DES) was usually conducted under higher acidic, alkaline and high temperature conditions, which leads to the severe degradation of xylan, decreasing the subsequent reducing sugar concentration by enzymatic hydrolysis and further ethanol fermentation. It is essential to develop an effective DES that selectively removes lignin while preventing excessive xylan degradation during lignocellulose pretreatment. An effective ethylene glycol-assisted ternary DES was designed to treat corn straw (CS) at 100 °C for 6 h. 65.51 % lignin removal was achieved, over 93.46 % cellulose and 50.22 % xylan were retained in pretreated CS with excellent enzymatic digestibility (glucan conversion of 77.05 % and xylan conversion of 71.72 %), total sugar conversion could reach 75.93 %, implying the unique capacity to selectively remove lignin while preserving carbohydrate components. Furthermore, the universality of the selective removal of lignin and effective retention of xylan by ternary DES has been successfully proven by other polyols. The enzymatic hydrolysate of ternary DES-pretreated CS fermented over our genetically engineered yeast strain SFA1OE gave a high ethanol yield of 0.488 g/g total reducing sugar, demonstrating the effectiveness of the polyol-assisted ternary DES pretreatment in achieving high-efficiency cellulosic ethanol production.
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Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Etanol , Fermentación , Lignina , Xilanos , Zea mays , Lignina/química , Etanol/química , Etanol/metabolismo , Xilanos/química , Hidrólisis , Zea mays/química , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Polímeros/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Celulosa/química , Solventes/químicaRESUMEN
This study focused on two aspects: to develop a selected functionally competent bacterial community, and its integrated with biostimulant humic acid and seaweed extract which was validated to enhance wheat growth and nutrient content. Wheat and maize-associated bacterial isolates (92) were screened for Plant Growth-Promoting traits (PGPts-72) and Community-Forming traits (CFts-66). 46 isolates possessed both kinds of traits, of which 20 isolates were chosen based on high Bonitur scale ratings. Based on metabolic diversity, growth rate, and compatibility, 11 isolates were grouped to make a synthetic microbial community (SM). Non-microbial biostimulants, humic acid (HA) and seaweed extract (SWE) were used, and 0.2% HA and 1% SWE were found to be optimal for bacterial and plant growth. SM integrated each with 0.2% HA and 1% SWE, leading to products SynBio1 (SM + HA) and SynBio2 (SM + SWE). Under microcosm study, SynBio1 and SynBio2 improved germination by 90.10% and 83.80%, respectively. SynBio1 increased chlorophyll content by 40.5 SPAD units, root length by 15.7%, and shoot length by 18.4%. Field level validations revealed that SynBio1 increased plant height by 15.76%, root length by 27.16%, and flag leaf length by 21.35% compared to the control. The grain yield with SynBio1 was 40.41% higher than that of the control. Macro and micronutrient analysis of seeds treated with SynBio1 showed significant improvements. These findings demonstrate the potential of integrating microbial communities with biostimulants, and they pave the way for developing novel bioinoculants for sustainable agriculture and promoting a healthier environment.
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Sustancias Húmicas , Triticum , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Sustancias Húmicas/análisis , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Algas Marinas , Bacterias/metabolismo , Clorofila/metabolismo , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zea mays/efectos de los fármacos , Germinación/efectos de los fármacos , Microbiología del Suelo , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Soil organic matter serves as a crucial indicator for soil quality. Albic soil, characterized by a barrier layer, exhibits limitations in organic matter content, which can adversely affect crop growth and development. To elucidate the impact of deep mixing of various organic materials on the redistribution of organic matter in the surface soil of albic soil could provide theoretical and technical insights for establishing suitable plough layers for albic soil in Northeast China. We conducted a two-year positioning experiment in Shuangyashan, Heilongjiang Province with five treatments, conventional shallow tillage (0-15 cm, CK), inversion tillage (0-35 cm) without or with straw return (T35 and T35+S), inversion tillage with cattle manure (T35+M) and cattle manure plus maize straw (T35+S+M). The results showed that soil fertilization via deep mixing of organic materials to a depth of 35 cm significantly increased maize yield in albic soil, with the T35+S+M treatment demonstrating the most pronounced effect, yielding an average production of 2934.76 kg·hm-2. Compared to CK, the T35 treatment resulted in a significant 8.4% decrease in organic matter content in the tillage layer, a significant 7.6% increase in organic matter in the sub-tillage layer, and a relative richness degree of soil organic matter in the sub-tillage layer increased by 17.5%. Deep mixed return of organic materials following deep ploughing markedly increased organic matter content of the plough layer, with organic matter conversion ranging from 16.3% to 31.0%. In comparison to the T35 treatment, there was no significant increase in soil organic matter content in the T35+S tillage layer and sub-tillage layer. Conversely, soil organic matter content increased by 4.6% and 6.9% in the T35+M and T35+S+M treatments, with corresponding increase of 11.2% and 15.4% in sub-tillage layer, respectively. Additionally, the soil organic matter richness index in sub-tillage layer increased by 2.5% and 5.1%, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between organic matter content in the entire plough layer and maize yield, with a contribution rate of 17.5%. Therefore, the utilization of organic fertilizer or a combination of organic fertilizer and straw deep mixing can quickly fertilize albic soil by increasing soil organic matter content in both the whole tillage layer (0-35 cm) and the sub-tillage layer (15-35 cm).
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Agricultura , Fertilizantes , Compuestos Orgánicos , Suelo , Zea mays , Suelo/química , Compuestos Orgánicos/análisis , China , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agricultura/métodos , Fertilizantes/análisis , Estiércol , Productos Agrícolas/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Accurate assessment of material and energy exchange between land and atmosphere is essential for water resources management and sustainable development of agriculture. To understand the characteristics of energy distribution and the dynamic change process of water and heat fluxes within the maize farmland ecosystem in the old course of Yellow River and their response to meteorological factors, we utilized the eddy covariance measurements and the full-element automatic weather station to continuously observe energy fluxes and conventional meteorological elements of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River during 2019-2020. We analyzed the variation of energy fluxes and the effects of environmental factors, such as temperature, precipitation, and wind speed. Additionally, we calculated the energy closure rate and the proportion of energy distribution during the growth stage. The results showed that the peaks of net radiation, sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux occurred between 11:00 and 14:00, and the peak of soil heat flux occurred between 14:00 and 15:00. In terms of energy distribution, energy consumption of summer maize farmland during the whole growth period was dominated by latent heat flux and sensible heat flux. Energy was mainly consumed by sensible heat flux at sowing-emergence stage, accounting for 37.1% of net radiation, respectively. Energy in the rest of growth stages was dominated by latent heat flux. The energy closure rate during the whole growth period was better, with a coefficient of determination of 0.83, and the closure rate was higher in day and lower at night. Precipitation affected latent heat flux and sensible heat flux, and latent heat flux was more sensitive to precipitation. The increase of latent heat flux after rainfall was lower in late growth stage than in early growth stage. During the whole growth period of summer maize, solar radiation was the most significant meteorological factor affecting both sensible heat flux and latent heat flux, followed by vapor pressure deficit. The contribution of temperature and vapor pressure deficit to latent heat flux was significantly higher than sensible heat flux, while the relative contribution of wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation to latent heat flux was lower than sensible heat flux. Leaf area index and fractional vegetation cover had a significant positive correlation with latent heat flux and a significant negative correlation with sensible heat flux. Our results could deepen the understanding of water and heat transfer law of summer maize farmland in the old course of Yellow River, providing a theoretical basis for efficient water use of crops.
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Ecosistema , Calor , Ríos , Estaciones del Año , Zea mays , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , China , Agua/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), as a group of environmentally friendly bacteria growing in the rhizosphere of plants, play an important role in plant growth and development and resistance to environmental stresses. However, their limited understanding has led to the fact that their large-scale use in agriculture is still scarce, and the mechanisms by which beneficial bacteria are selected by plants and how they interact with them are still unclear. METHOD: In this study, we investigated the interaction between the auxin-producing strain Bacillus aryabhattai LAD and maize roots, and performed transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of Bacillus aryabhattai LAD after treatment with maize root secretions(RS). RESULTS: Our results show that there is a feedback effect between the plant immune system and bacterial auxin. Bacteria activate the immune response of plant roots to produce reactive oxygen species(ROS), which in turn stimulates bacteria to synthesize IAA, and the synthesized IAA further promotes plant growth. Under the condition of co-culture with LAD, the main root length, seedling length, root surface area and root volume of maize increased by 197%, 107%, 89% and 75%, respectively. In addition, the results of transcriptome metabolome analysis showed that LAD was significantly enriched in amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism and lipid metabolism pathways after RS treatment, including 93 differentially expressed genes and 45 differentially accumulated metabolites. CONCLUSION: Our findings not only provide a relevant model for exploring the effects of plant-soil microbial interactions on plant defense functions and thereby promoting plant growth, but also lay a solid foundation for the future large-scale use of PGPR in agriculture for sustainable agricultural development.
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Bacillus , Ácidos Indolacéticos , Raíces de Plantas , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Zea mays , Zea mays/microbiología , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Zea mays/metabolismo , Bacillus/metabolismo , Bacillus/genética , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Ácidos Indolacéticos/metabolismo , Rizosfera , Microbiología del Suelo , Transcriptoma , Desarrollo de la Planta , Reguladores del Crecimiento de las Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Potassium (K) is an essential nutrient for plant growth and development. Maize (Zea mays) is a widely planted crops in the world and requires a huge amount of K fertilizer. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are closely related to the K uptake of maize. Genetic improvement of maize K utilization efficiency will require elucidating the molecular mechanisms of maize K uptake through the mycorrhizal pathway. Here, we employed transcriptome and gene family analysis to elucidate the mechanism influencing the K uptake and utilization efficiency of mycorrhizal maize. METHODS AND RESULTS: The transcriptomes of maize were studied with and without AMF inoculation and under different K conditions. AM symbiosis increased the K concentration and dry weight of maize plants. RNA sequencing revealed that genes associated with the activity of the apoplast and nutrient reservoir were significantly enriched in mycorrhizal roots under low-K conditions but not under high-K conditions. Weighted gene correlation network analysis revealed that three modules were strongly correlated with K content. Twenty-one hub genes enriched in pathways associated with glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism, and anthocyanin biosynthesis were further identified. In general, these hub genes were upregulated in AMF-colonized roots under low-K conditions. Additionally, the members of 14 gene families associated with K obtain were identified (ARF: 38, ILK: 4, RBOH: 12, RUPO: 20, MAPKK: 89, CBL: 14, CIPK: 44, CPK: 40, PIN: 10, MYB: 174, NPF: 79, KT: 19, HAK/HKT/KUP: 38, and CPA: 8) from maize. The transcript levels of these genes showed that 92 genes (ARF:6, CBL:5, CIPK:13, CPK:2, HAK/HKT/KUP:7, PIN:2, MYB:26, NPF:16, RBOH:1, MAPKK:12 and RUPO:2) were upregulated with AM symbiosis under low-K conditions. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicated that AMF increase the resistance of maize to low-K stress by regulating K uptake at the gene transcription level. Our findings provide a genome-level resource for the functional assignment of genes regulated by K treatment and AM symbiosis in K uptake-related gene families in maize. This may contribute to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of maize response to low K stress with AMF inoculation, and provided a theoretical basis for AMF application in the crop field.
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Micorrizas , Potasio , Simbiosis , Transcriptoma , Zea mays , Micorrizas/fisiología , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/microbiología , Zea mays/metabolismo , Potasio/metabolismo , Simbiosis/genética , Genes de Plantas , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Familia de Multigenes , Raíces de Plantas/microbiología , Raíces de Plantas/genética , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Perfilación de la Expresión GénicaRESUMEN
As a typical C4 plant and important crop worldwide, maize is susceptible to drought. In maize, transitory starch (TS) turnover occurs in the vascular bundle sheath of leaves, differing from that in Arabidopsis (a C3 plant). This process, particularly its role in drought tolerance and the key starch-hydrolyzing enzymes involved, is not fully understood. We discovered that the expression of the ß-amylase (BAM) gene ZmBAM8 is highly upregulated in the drought-tolerant inbred line Chang7-2t. Inspired by this finding, we systematically investigated TS degradation in maize lines, including Chang7-2t, Chang7-2, B104, and ZmBAM8 overexpression (OE) and knockout (KO) lines. We found that ZmBAM8 was significantly induced in the vascular bundle sheath by drought, osmotic stress, and abscisic acid. The stress-induced gene expression and chloroplast localization of ZmBAM8 align with the tissue and subcellular sites where TS turnover occurs. The recombinant ZmBAM8 was capable of effectively hydrolyzing leaf starch. Under drought conditions, the leaf starch in ZmBAM8-OE plants substantially decreased under light, while that in ZmBAM8-KO plants did not decrease. Compared with ZmBAM8-KO plants, ZmBAM8-OE plants exhibited increased drought tolerance. Our study provides insights into the significance of leaf starch degradation in C4 crops and contributes to the development of drought-resistant maize.
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Sequías , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Hojas de la Planta , Almidón , Zea mays , beta-Amilasa , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismo , Zea mays/enzimología , Almidón/metabolismo , beta-Amilasa/metabolismo , beta-Amilasa/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Plantas Modificadas Genéticamente , Ácido Abscísico/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico , Presión Osmótica , Cloroplastos/metabolismo , Resistencia a la SequíaRESUMEN
A fundamental assumption in plant science posits that leaf air spaces remain vapor saturated, leading to the predominant view that stomata alone control leaf water loss. This concept has been pivotal in photosynthesis and water-use efficiency research. However, recent evidence has refuted this longstanding assumption by providing evidence of unsaturation in the leaf air space of C3 plants under relatively mild vapor pressure deficit (VPD) stress. This phenomenon represents a nonstomatal mechanism restricting water loss from the mesophyll. The potential ubiquity and physiological implications of this phenomenon, its driving mechanisms in different plant species and habitats, and its interaction with other ecological adaptations have. In this context, C4 plants spark particular interest for their importance as crops, bundle sheath cells' unique anatomical characteristics and specialized functions, and notably higher water-use efficiency relative to C3 plants. Here, we confirm reduced relative humidities in the substomatal cavity of the C4 plants maize, sorghum, and proso millet down to 80% under mild VPD stress. We demonstrate the critical role of nonstomatal control in these plants, indicating that the role of the CO2 concentration mechanism in CO2 management at a high VPD may have been overestimated. Our findings offer a mechanistic reconciliation between discrepancies in CO2 and VPD responses reported in C4 species. They also reveal that nonstomatal control is integral to maintaining an advantageous microclimate of relatively higher CO2 concentrations in the mesophyll air space of C4 plants for carbon fixation, proving vital when these plants face VPD stress.
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Células del Mesófilo , Fotosíntesis , Presión de Vapor , Zea mays , Células del Mesófilo/metabolismo , Zea mays/fisiología , Zea mays/metabolismo , Fotosíntesis/fisiología , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/fisiología , Agua/metabolismo , Estrés Fisiológico/fisiología , Dióxido de Carbono/metabolismo , Sorghum/metabolismo , Sorghum/fisiología , Estomas de Plantas/fisiología , Estomas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Low levels of the essential amino acid lysine in maize endosperm is considered to be a major problem regarding the nutritional quality of food and feed. Increasing the lysine content of maize is important to improve the quality of food and feed nutrition. Although the genetic basis of quality protein maize (QPM) has been studied, the further exploration of the quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying lysine content variation still needs more attention. RESULTS: Eight maize inbred lines with increased lysine content were used to construct four double haploid (DH) populations for identification of QTLs related to lysine content. The lysine content in the four DH populations exhibited continuous and normal distribution. A total of 12 QTLs were identified in a range of 4.42-12.66% in term of individual phenotypic variation explained (PVE) which suggested the quantitative control of lysine content in maize. Five main genes involved in maize lysine biosynthesis pathways in the QTL regions were identified in this study. CONCLUSIONS: The information presented will allow the exploration of candidate genes regulating lysine biosynthesis pathways and be useful for marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding in high-lysine maize breeding programs.
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Lisina , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/metabolismo , Lisina/metabolismo , Fenotipo , Haploidia , Mapeo CromosómicoRESUMEN
A sandwich electrochemical sensor was fabricated based on multi-walled carbon nanotubes/ordered mesoporous carbon/AuNP (MWCNTs/CMK-3/AuNP) nanocomposites and porous core-shell nanoparticles Au@PdNPs to achieve rapid and sensitive detection of AFB1 in complex matrices. MWCNTs/CMK-3/AuNP nanocomposite, which was prepared by self-assembly method, served as a substrate material to increase the aptamer loading and improve the conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of the electrode for the first signal amplification. Then, Au@PdNPs, which were synthesized by one-pot aqueous phase method, were applied as nanocarriers loaded with plenty of capture probe antibody (Ab) and signal molecule toluidine blue (Tb) to form the Au@PdNPs-Ab-Tb bioconjugates for secondary signal amplification. The sensing system could still significantly improve the signal output intensity even in the presence of ultra-low concentration target compound due to the dual signal amplification of MWCNTs/CMK-3/AuNP nanocomposites and Au@PdNPs-Ab-Tb. The method exhibited high selectivity, low detection limit (9.13 fg/mL), and strong stability to differentiate AFB1 from other mycotoxins. Furthermore, the sensor has been successfully applied to the quantitative determination of AFB1 in corn, malt, and six herbs, which has potential applications in food safety, quality control, and environmental monitoring.
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Aflatoxina B1 , Técnicas Electroquímicas , Oro , Límite de Detección , Nanopartículas del Metal , Nanotubos de Carbono , Paladio , Oro/química , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodos , Técnicas Electroquímicas/instrumentación , Paladio/química , Aflatoxina B1/análisis , Aflatoxina B1/inmunología , Nanotubos de Carbono/química , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Anticuerpos Inmovilizados/inmunología , Nanocompuestos/química , Aptámeros de Nucleótidos/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Zea mays/química , ElectrodosRESUMEN
Feedstock variability represents a challenge in lignocellulosic biorefineries, as it can influence both lignocellulose deconstruction and microbial conversion processes for biofuels and biochemicals production. The impact of feedstock variability on microbial performance remains underexplored, and predictive tools for microbial behaviour are needed to mitigate risks in biorefinery scale-up. Here, twelve batches of corn stover were deconstructed via deacetylation, mechanical refining, and enzymatic hydrolysis to generate lignin-rich and sugar streams. These batches and their derived streams were characterised to identify their chemical components, and the streams were used as substrates for producing muconate and butyrate by engineered Pseudomonas putida and wildtype Clostridium tyrobutyricum, respectively. Bacterial performance (growth, product titers, yields, and productivities) differed among the batches, but no strong correlations were identified between feedstock composition and performance. To provide metabolic insights into the origin of these differences, we evaluated the effect of twenty-three isolated chemical components on these microbes, including three components in relevant bioprocess settings in bioreactors, and we found that growth-inhibitory concentrations were outside the ranges observed in the streams. Overall, this study generates a foundational dataset on P. putida and C. tyrobutyricum performance to enable future predictive models and underscores their resilience in effectively converting fluctuating lignocellulose-derived streams into bioproducts.
Asunto(s)
Clostridium tyrobutyricum , Lignina , Ingeniería Metabólica , Pseudomonas putida , Zea mays , Pseudomonas putida/genética , Pseudomonas putida/metabolismo , Lignina/metabolismo , Zea mays/microbiología , Clostridium tyrobutyricum/metabolismo , Clostridium tyrobutyricum/genética , Biotransformación , Reactores Biológicos/microbiología , Azúcares/metabolismo , Butiratos/metabolismoRESUMEN
Scientific research has suggested that maize spread from Mexico and arrived in lowland South America in a state of partial domestication. However, archaeological samples with primitive morphological characteristics that corroborate this finding have not been recorded in the region thus far. Unexpectedly, many samples were identified in the Peruaçu Valley with characteristics never previously observed in South America. These archaeological samples with primitive characteristics, which are the focus of this work, represent the furthest records from the center of origin of the species and the longest duration of the maintenance of such characteristics (between 1010 and 570 years before present). The findings of this study, including archaeological samples, native races, and samples of teosinte, attest to a long history of maize diversification in lowland South America.
Asunto(s)
Arqueología , Zea mays , América del Sur , México , DomesticaciónRESUMEN
Alkaline pretreatment can improve the methane yields and dewatering performance of anaerobically digested sludge, but it still needs to be coupled with other conditioning methods in the practical dewatering process. This study utilized four different flocculants and a skeleton builder for conditioning of alkaline pretreatment-anaerobically digested sludge. Chitosan was found to be the most effective in dewatering the sludge. Chitosan coupled with rice husk powder further improved the dewatering performance, which reduced normalized capillary suction time, specific resistance to filtration, and moisture content by 98.7%, 82.0%, and 12.1%. For land use of biogas slurry as a fertilizer, chitosan conditioning promoted the growth of corn seedlings, while the other three flocculants diminished the growth of corn seedlings. Chitosan coupled with rice husk powder further promoted the growth of corn seedlings by 103.5%, 65.0%, and 53.7% in fresh weight, dry weight, and root length, respectively. Overall, chitosan coupled with rice husk powder not only enhanced the dewaterability of alkaline pretreatment-anaerobically digested sludge but also realized the resource utilization of agricultural waste.
Asunto(s)
Biocombustibles , Quitosano , Oryza , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Quitosano/química , Oryza/crecimiento & desarrollo , Anaerobiosis , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrollo , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Fertilizantes/análisisRESUMEN
KEY MESSAGES: Sixty-nine quantitative trait nucleotides conferring maize resistance to Gibberella ear rot were detected, including eighteen novel loci. Four candidate genes were predicted, and four kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers were developed. Maize Gibberella ear rot (GER), caused by Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most devastating diseases in maize-growing regions worldwide. Enhancing maize cultivar resistance to this disease requires a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of resistance to GER. In this study, 334 maize inbred lines were phenotyped for GER resistance in five environments and genotyped using the Affymetrix CGMB56K SNP Array, and a genome-wide association study of resistance to GER was performed using a 3V multi-locus random-SNP-effect mixed linear model. A total of 69 quantitative trait nucleotides (QTNs) conferring resistance to GER were detected, and all of them explained individually less than 10% of the phenotypic variation, suggesting that resistance to GER is controlled by multiple minor-effect genetic loci. A total of 348 genes located around the 200-kb genomic region of these 69 QTNs were identified, and four of them (Zm00001d029648, Zm00001d031449, Zm00001d006397, and Zm00001d053145) were considered candidate genes conferring susceptibility to GER based on gene expression patterns. Moreover, four kompetitive allele-specific PCR markers were developed based on the non-synonymous variation of these four candidate genes and validated in two genetic populations. This study provides useful genetic resources for improving resistance to GER in maize.
Asunto(s)
Resistencia a la Enfermedad , Fusarium , Gibberella , Fenotipo , Enfermedades de las Plantas , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Sitios de Carácter Cuantitativo , Zea mays , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Plantas/genética , Resistencia a la Enfermedad/genética , Marcadores Genéticos , Gibberella/genética , Fusarium/patogenicidad , Fusarium/fisiología , Genotipo , Mapeo Cromosómico , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Estudios de Asociación Genética , Alelos , Genes de PlantasRESUMEN
Maize zein based nanoparticles (ZNPs) can have applications as food dispersion stabilizers. It has not been documented to what extent the used zein isolation method and conditions thereof impact the structure and functionality of nanoparticles (NPs) based thereupon. Here, zein extracted from maize flour on lab scale (LS-zein) was compared with a commercial zein powder (CS-zein). On a dry matter basis, CS-zein contained 96.5% protein, while LS-zein contained 74.5% protein, 12.7% lipid, 2.9% ash, and a residual fraction, likely starch remnants. SE-HPLC analysis showed that 27.8% of CS-zein protein occurred in an aggregated and insoluble form, while LS-zein mainly contained mono-/dimeric proteins but also approximately 30% hydrophilic peptides. These differences resulted in notably different behavior in the functionality of ZNPs based on CS- and LS-zein (CS-ZNPs and LS-ZNPs, respectively) produced via liquid antisolvent precipitation. CS-ZNPs had poor foaming properties regardless of the pH, in line with their low interfacial dilatational moduli (12.9-15.0 mN/m). The foaming properties of LS-ZNPs were notably better. The high LS-ZNP foam stability (FS) at pH 8.0 and 10.0 was attributed to electrostatic repulsive effects between interfaces of adjacent air bubbles due to the adsorption of peptides and to synergistic protein-lipid interaction effects at the air-water interface. The LS-ZNP FS at pH 4.0 was low despite a high interfacial dilatational modulus (52.6 mN/m). It is hypothesized that intact LS-ZNPs in the liquid thin films between gas bubbles negatively affect FS by a bridging de-wetting effect. Overall, it can be concluded that the (partial) co-isolation of lipids with zein may positively influence foaming properties of NPs based thereupon, while extensive zein purification as applied in industrial zein isolation leads to (partial) zein aggregation and overall low foaming capacity of the obtained CS-ZNPs.