RESUMEN
Yarrowia lipolytica has been widely used in food industry but scarcely explored as probiotics. Thus, the aims of this study were to characterize in vitro the probiotic potential, antioxidant capacity, and antimicrobial activity of the marine yeast Y. lipolytica D-1 and N-6 strains. Dietary administration effect was evaluated in vivo on immunological parameters in serum, skin-mucus, intestine, and fish leukocytes upon challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The results showed that Y. lipolytica D-1 and N-6 strains grew with NaCl or bile salts but were sensitive to low pH. Each of the Y. lipolytica strains had a distinctive antioxidant capacity and fatty acid profile, but their antimicrobial activity was similar against fish bacterial pathogens. Fish (Lutjanus peru) supplemented with Y. lipolytica strains showed normal intestinal morphology, high IgM levels, and antioxidant enzyme activities. Immune-related genes were modulated in fish fed Y. lipolytica in a strain-dependent fashion. In addition, leucocytes from fish fed Y. lipolytica challenged with V. parahaemolyticus increased innate immune and antioxidant parameters compared with the control groups. In conclusion, the marine yeast Y. lipolytica D-1 and N-6 strains may be potential probiotics for fish by exerting free-radical scavenging, antimicrobial activity, and improved immune-protective responses against V. parahaemolyticus infection.
Asunto(s)
Peces , Probióticos , Vibriosis/veterinaria , Vibrio parahaemolyticus , Yarrowia , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Peces/inmunología , Peces/microbiología , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/patogenicidadRESUMEN
Bacterial diseases cause high mortality in Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei postlarvae. Therefore, appropriate application of efficient therapeutic products is of vital importance for disease control. This study evaluated through in vitro analyses the antimicrobial effectiveness of commercial therapeutic products used for P. vannamei bacterial diseases and antibiotics against pathogenic Vibrio strains circulating in Ecuadorian hatcheries. Twenty strains were isolated from 31 larvae samples with high bacterial counts from 10 hatcheries collected during mortality events. The strains virulence was verified through challenge tests with Artemia franciscana nauplii and P. vannamei postlarvae. Through 16S rRNA sequence analysis, strains showed a great similarity to the Vibrio sequences reported as pathogens, with 95% belonging to the Harveyi clade. Through antibiograms and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) in vitro tests we found that furazolidone, ciprofloxacin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, nalidixic acid, florfenicol, fosfomycin and enrofloxacin inhibited the growth of all or most of the strains. Less efficient antibiotics were penicillin, oxytetracycline and tetracycline. A multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index of 0.23 showed some level of resistance to antibiotics, with two MAR prevalent patterns (Penicillin-Oxytetracycline and Penicillin-Oxytetracycline-Tetracycline). From a total of 16 natural products (five probiotics, nine organic acids and two essential oils), only three (one probiotic, one organic acid and one essential oil) were effective to control most of the strains. Shrimp producers can apply relatively simple in vitro analyses, such as those employed in this study, to help take adequate management decisions to reduce the impact of bacterial diseases and increase profit.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Acuicultura , Productos Biológicos/uso terapéutico , Brotes de Enfermedades/prevención & control , Penaeidae/microbiología , Vibriosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Vibrio/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Secuencia de Bases , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Ácidos Carboxílicos/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Ecuador/epidemiología , Hemocitos/citología , Hemocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Penaeidae/citología , Penaeidae/efectos de los fármacos , Filogenia , Probióticos/farmacología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Resultado del Tratamiento , Vibriosis/epidemiología , Vibriosis/virologíaRESUMEN
Environmental insults, such as exposure to pathogens, modulate the behavioural coping style of animals to stressors, and repeated exposure to stressful environments may lead to species-specific infection phenotypes. To analyse the influence of stress behavioural phenotypes on immune and metabolic performance, gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) were first screened for proactive and reactive coping styles. Once characterized, both behavioural phenotypes fish groups were bath vaccinated with bacterin from Vibrio anguillarum, an opportunistic widespread pathogen of fish. Gills and liver were sampled at 0 (control group), 1, 3 and 7 days post-vaccination. Immune-, oxidative stress- and metabolic-related transcripts (il1ß, tnfα, igm, gpx1, sod, cat, lpl, ghr1 and ghr2), metabolic endpoints (glucose, cholesterol and triglycerides), hepatic health indicators (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine transaminase and alkaline phosphatase), oxidative stress status (esterase activity, total antioxidant capacity and total oxidative status) and stress biomarkers (cortisol) were determined. Present results indicate that screening for coping styles in the gilthead sea bream segregated the two distinct phenotypes as expected: proactive and reactive. Results also indicate that under bath vaccination proactive fish show high immune response and lower metabolism, whereas reactive fish show low immune and higher metabolic responses.
Asunto(s)
Vacunas Bacterianas/farmacología , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Dorada/fisiología , Vibriosis/veterinaria , Vibrio/inmunología , Animales , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Conducta Animal , Glucemia/análisis , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Proteínas de Peces/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/inmunología , Branquias/efectos de los fármacos , Branquias/fisiología , Hidrocortisona/sangre , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/fisiología , Dorada/microbiología , Estrés Fisiológico , Vibrio/patogenicidad , Vibriosis/inmunología , Vibriosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Vibrio anguillarum and Edwardsiella tarda are severe aquaculture pathogens shared similar epidemiological characteristics and susceptible to flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). In our previous studies, recombinant(r) protein heat shock protein 33 (rHsp33) from V. anguillarum and outer membrane protein C (rOmpC) from E. tarda were proved to have protection against V. anguillarum and E. tarda, respectively. In this paper, the cross protection of rHsp33 against E. tarda and rOmpC against V. anguillarum, and the protection of divalent vaccine candidate (rHsp33 + rOmpC, rHC) against both V. anguillarum and E. tarda were evaluated. RHC, rHsp33, and rOmpC were vaccinated to flounder, respectively, and the percentages of surface immunoglobulin-positive (sIg+) cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs), serum IgM, specific antibodies against V. anguillarum or E. tarda, specific antibodies against rHsp33, rOmpC or rHC, the expression of immune-related genes and relative percent survival (RPS) against V. anguillarum or E. tarda were measured. The results showed that: RHC could induced the enhancement of sIg + cells and high levels of specific antibodies against both V. anguillarm and E. tarda; Also a significant increase of specific antibodies against rHsp33, rOmpC or rHC, and up-regulation of gene expression of CD3, CD4-1, CD4-2, CD8α, CD8ß and IgM in spleen, head-kidney, and hindgut, RPS of 70⯱â¯3.45% against V. anguillarum and 60⯱â¯1.48% against E. tarda, respectively. In addition, rHsp33 induced specific antibodies against E. tarda and rOmpC, and had a RPS of 43.3⯱â¯3.73% against E. tarda; rOmpC could evoke specific antibodies against V. anguillarum and rHsp33, and had a RPS of 44⯱â¯1.27% against V. anguillarm; The results demonstrated that there was cross protection of rHsp33 against E. tarda and rOmpC against V. anguillarum, rHC as a divalent vaccine can induce significant immune response and efficient protection against both E. tarda and V. anguillarum in flounder.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/farmacología , Edwardsiella tarda/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Peces Planos , Vibrio/inmunología , Animales , Infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae/prevención & control , Proteínas de Choque Térmico/inmunología , Porinas/inmunología , Proteínas Recombinantes/inmunología , Vibriosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
In an attempt to control the proliferation of the pathogenic bacterium Vibrio parahaemolyticus in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata), the immunostimulant effect of lysate and ToxA from this bacterium was evaluated. Fish were intraperitoneally injected twice (first injection, day 1 of the experiment; second injection, day 7) and sampled after one week (on days 8 and 15). Afterwards, all fish specimens were experimentally infected with V. parahaemolyticus and mortality was recovered for 1 week. Fish injected with lysate, ToxA and phosphate buffer saline (control) showed 100%, 50% and 0% survival, respectively, when challenged with the pathogen. Skin mucus immune parameters and immune-related gene expression in skin and spleen were also evaluated. The results showed that mucus immune parameters were enhanced in the lysate and ToxA groups compared with the values obtained for fish from the control group. Expression of IL-1ß, TNF-α, C3 and IgM genes was significantly up-regulated in the lysate and ToxA groups, principally after infection with the bacterium. Interestingly, TLR5 gene expression increased in fish immunized with lysate. The most prominent histological characteristic in gut from infected fish was the presence of a great number of intraepithelial leucocytes as well as inflammation of the submucosa, while severe hydropic degeneration and hemosiderosis were detected in liver from infected fish. Injection of lysate or ToxA had a protective effect against the deleterious consequences of subsequent infection with V. parahaemolyticus in gut and liver. The findings underline the potential of lysate and ToxA as potent preventive antigens against this kind of vibriosis.
Asunto(s)
Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Toxinas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/prevención & control , Dorada , Vibriosis/veterinaria , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/inmunología , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Animales , Toxinas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Enfermedades de los Peces/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Peces/microbiología , Expresión Génica , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Inyecciones Intraperitoneales/veterinaria , Moco/inmunología , Piel/inmunología , Vibriosis/inmunología , Vibriosis/microbiología , Vibriosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
We investigated mechanisms involved in the protection of zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae by two probiotic candidate yeasts, Debaryomyces hansenii 97 (Dh97) and Yarrowia lypolitica 242 (Yl242), against a Vibrio anguillarum challenge. We determined the effect of different yeast concentrations (104-107 CFU/mL) to: (i) protect larvae from the challenge, (ii) reduce the in vivo pathogen concentration and (iii) modulate the innate immune response of the host. To evaluate the role of zebrafish microbiota in protection, the experiments were performed in conventionally raised and germ-free larvae. In vitro co-aggregation assays were performed to determine a direct yeast-pathogen interaction. Results showed that both yeasts significantly increased the survival rate of conventionally raised larvae challenged with V. anguillarum. The concentration of yeasts in larvae tended to increase with yeast inoculum, which was more pronounced for Dh97. Better protection was observed with Dh97 at a concentration of 106 CFU/mL compared to 104 CFU/mL. In germ-free conditions V. anguillarum reached higher concentrations in larvae and provoked significantly more mortality than in conventional conditions, revealing the protective role of the host microbiota. Interestingly, yeasts were equally (Dh97) or more effective (Yl242) in protecting germ-free than conventionally-raised larvae, showing that protection can be exerted only by yeasts and is not necessarily related to modulation of the host microbiota. Although none of the yeasts co-aggregated with V. anguillarum, they were able to reduce its proliferation in conventionally raised larvae, reduce initial pathogen concentration in germ-free larvae and prevent the upregulation of key components of the inflammatory/anti-inflammatory response (il1b, tnfa, c3, mpx, and il10, respectively). These results show that protection by yeasts of zebrafish larvae challenged with V. anguillarum relates to an in vivo anti-pathogen effect, the modulation of the innate immune system, and suggests that yeasts avoid the host-pathogen interaction through mechanisms independent of co-aggregation. This study shows, for the first time, the protective role of zebrafish microbiota against V. anguillarum infection, and reveals mechanisms involved in protection by two non-Saccharomyces yeasts against this pathogen.
Asunto(s)
Inmunidad Innata , Factores Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Saccharomycetales/inmunología , Vibriosis/inmunología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Análisis de Supervivencia , Vibriosis/patología , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Pez CebraRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium recognized as one of the most important foodborne pathogen. When ingested, V. parahaemolyticus causes a self-limiting illness (Vibriosis), characterized mainly by watery diarrhoea. Treatment is usually oral rehydration and/or antibiotics in complicated cases. Since 1996, the pathogenic and pandemic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 serotype has spread worldwide, increasing the reported number of vibriosis cases. Thus, the design of new strategies for pathogen control and illness prevention is necessary. Lactobacillus sp. grouped Gram positive innocuous bacteria, part of normal intestinal microbiota and usually used as oral vaccines for several diarrheic diseases. Recombinants strains of Lactobacillus (RL) expressing pathogen antigens can be used as part of an anti-adhesion strategy where RL block the pathogen union sites in host cells. Thus, we aimed to express MAM-7 V. parahaemolyticus adhesion protein in Lactobacillus sp. to generate an RL that prevents pathogen colonization. RESULTS: We cloned the MAM-7 gene from V. parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 in Lactobacillus expression vectors. Recombinant strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus pSEC-MAM7 and L. rhamnosus pCWA-MAM7) adhered to CaCo-2 cells and competed with the pathogen. However, the L. rhamnosus wild type strain showed the best capacity to inhibit pathogen colonization in vitro. In addition, LDH-assay showed that recombinant strains were cytotoxic compared with the wild type isogenic strain. CONCLUSIONS: MAM-7 expression in lactobacilli reduces the intrinsic inhibitory capacity of L. rhamnosus against V. parahaemolyticus.
Asunto(s)
Adhesinas Bacterianas/análisis , Adhesión Bacteriana/fisiología , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/fisiología , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/patogenicidad , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Células CACO-2 , Línea Celular , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Expresión Génica , Violeta de Genciana , Humanos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium recognized as one of the most important foodborne pathogen. When ingested, V. parahaemolyticus causes a self-limiting illness (Vibriosis), characterized mainly by watery diarrhoea. Treatment is usually oral rehydration and/or antibiotics in complicated cases. Since 1996, the pathogenic and pandemic V. parahaemolyticus O3:K6 serotype has spread worldwide, increasing the reported number of vibriosis cases. Thus, the design of new strategies for pathogen control and illness prevention is necessary. Lactobacillus sp. grouped Gram positive innocuous bacteria, part of normal intestinal microbiota and usually used as oral vaccines for several diarrheic diseases. Recombinants strains of Lactobacillus (RL) expressing pathogen antigens can be used as part of an anti-adhesion strategy where RL block the pathogen union sites in host cells. Thus, we aimed to express MAM-7 V. parahaemolyticus adhesion protein in Lactobacillus sp. to generate an RL that prevents pathogen colonization RESULTS: We cloned the MAM-7 gene from V. parahaemolyticus RIMD 2210633 in Lactobacillus expression vectors. Recombinant strains (Lactobacillus rhamnosus pSEC-MAM7 and L. rhamnosus pCWA-MAM7) adhered to CaCo-2 cells and competed with the pathogen. However, the L. rhamnosus wild type strain showed the best capacity to inhibit pathogen colonization in vitro. In addition, LDH-assay showed that recombinant strains were cytotoxic compared with the wild type isogenic strain CONCLUSIONS: MAM-7 expression in lactobacilli reduces the intrinsic inhibitory capacity of L. rhamnosus against V. parahaemolyticus.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Adhesinas Bacterianas/análisis , Adhesión Bacteriana/fisiología , Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus/fisiología , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/patogenicidad , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Línea Celular , Citotoxicidad Inmunológica , Electroforesis en Gel de Poliacrilamida , Expresión Génica , Violeta de Genciana , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/metabolismoRESUMEN
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar métodos de controle e tratamento de bacterioses na larvicultura de Litopenaeus vannamei, avaliando o uso contínuo de probiótico e o uso pontual de enrofloxacino 15mg.L-1 e propionato de sódio 0,5 mM.L-1 nos momentos de metamorfose sobre os, parâmetros zootécnicos e microbiológicos (larvas e da água). Foram utilizadas 16 unidades de 60L, povoadas na densidade de 325 náuplios.5L-1, divididos em três tratamentos: enrofloxacino, probiótico, propionato de sódio e controle. O enrofloxacino e o propionato foram ministrados em protozoea 3, misis 3 e pós-larva 4 e o probiótico foi ministrado na ração ao longo de todo o experimento. O probiótico aumentou as contagens de bactérias ácido-láticas em relação aos demais tratamentos na água de cultivo (p=0,00001) e em relação ao enrofloxacino e o proprionato nas larvas (p=0,0048). A água do tratamento com probiótico apresentou menor contagem de Vibrio spp. que o enrofloxacino (p=0,0011) e as larvas tratadas com probiótico apresentaram menor contagem de Vibrio spp. que o propionato (p=0,0158). Contudo, não foi observada diferença nos índices zootécnicos avaliados. Assim, os aditivos na dose utilizada não alteram parâmetros zootécnicos da larvicultura do camarão L. vannamei.
The purpose of this study was to assess control and treatment methods for bacterial diseases in Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluating the continuous use of probiotics and occasional use of 15mg-L-1 enrofloxacin and 0.5-mM.L-1 sodium propionate at the morphological change moments on the performance and microbiological parameters of larvae and water. A total of 16 60-L units were used, stocked with 325 nauplii/5L-1, divided into three treatments and one control. Enrofloxacin and propionate were administered into protozoea 3, misis 3 and 4, and post-larvae 4, while the probiotic was administered in the feed throughout the experiment. The probiotic increased the counts of lactic acid bacteria in relation to the other treatments in the culture water (p = 0.00001) and in relation to enrofloxacin and propionate in larvae (p = 0.0048). The treatment water with probiotic had lower counts of Vibrio ssp. than enrofloxacin (p = 0.0011) and larvae treated with probiotic showed lower counts of Vibrio ssp. that propionate (p = 0.0158). However, no difference was observed in the performance indexes assessed. Thus, it can be concluded that additives in the assessed doses did not influence the performance parameters of L. vannamei.
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar métodos de control y tratamiento de enfermedades bacterianas en larvicultura de Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluando el uso continuo de probiótico y el uso puntual de 15 mg.L-1 de enrofloxacino y 0,5 mM.L-1 de propionato de sodio en momentos de metamorfosis sobre los parámetros zootécnicos y microbiológicos (larvas y del agua). Se han utilizado 16 unidades de 60L, pobladas en la densidad de 325 nauplios.5L-1, divididos en tres tratamientos: enrofloxacino, probiótico, propionato de sodio y control. El enrofloxacino y el propionato fueron suministrados en protozoea 3, misis 3 y postlarva 4 y el probiótico suministrado en alimento durante el transcurso del experimento. El probiótico aumentó el contaje de bacterias ácido-lácticas en correlación a los demás tratamientos en agua de cultivo (p=0,0001) y las larvas en relación al enrofloxacino y el propionato en las larvas (p=0,0048). El agua del tratamiento con probiótico presentó menor contaje de Vibrio spp. que el enrofloxacino (p=0,0011) y las larvas tratadas con probiótico presentaron menor contaje de Vibrio spp. que el propionato (p=0,0158). Sin embargo, no se ha observado diferencia en los índices zootécnicos de larvicultura de camarón L. vannamei.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Penaeidae/microbiología , Penaeidae/virología , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Prevención de Enfermedades , PropionatosRESUMEN
O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar métodos de controle e tratamento de bacterioses na larvicultura de Litopenaeus vannamei, avaliando o uso contínuo de probiótico e o uso pontual de enrofloxacino 15mg.L-1 e propionato de sódio 0,5 mM.L-1 nos momentos de metamorfose sobre os, parâmetros zootécnicos e microbiológicos (larvas e da água). Foram utilizadas 16 unidades de 60L, povoadas na densidade de 325 náuplios.5L-1, divididos em três tratamentos: enrofloxacino, probiótico, propionato de sódio e controle. O enrofloxacino e o propionato foram ministrados em protozoea 3, misis 3 e pós-larva 4 e o probiótico foi ministrado na ração ao longo de todo o experimento. O probiótico aumentou as contagens de bactérias ácido-láticas em relação aos demais tratamentos na água de cultivo (p=0,00001) e em relação ao enrofloxacino e o proprionato nas larvas (p=0,0048). A água do tratamento com probiótico apresentou menor contagem de Vibrio spp. que o enrofloxacino (p=0,0011) e as larvas tratadas com probiótico apresentaram menor contagem de Vibrio spp. que o propionato (p=0,0158). Contudo, não foi observada diferença nos índices zootécnicos avaliados. Assim, os aditivos na dose utilizada não alteram parâmetros zootécnicos da larvicultura do camarão L. vannamei.(AU)
The purpose of this study was to assess control and treatment methods for bacterial diseases in Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluating the continuous use of probiotics and occasional use of 15mg-L-1 enrofloxacin and 0.5-mM.L-1 sodium propionate at the morphological change moments on the performance and microbiological parameters of larvae and water. A total of 16 60-L units were used, stocked with 325 nauplii/5L-1, divided into three treatments and one control. Enrofloxacin and propionate were administered into protozoea 3, misis 3 and 4, and post-larvae 4, while the probiotic was administered in the feed throughout the experiment. The probiotic increased the counts of lactic acid bacteria in relation to the other treatments in the culture water (p = 0.00001) and in relation to enrofloxacin and propionate in larvae (p = 0.0048). The treatment water with probiotic had lower counts of Vibrio ssp. than enrofloxacin (p = 0.0011) and larvae treated with probiotic showed lower counts of Vibrio ssp. that propionate (p = 0.0158). However, no difference was observed in the performance indexes assessed. Thus, it can be concluded that additives in the assessed doses did not influence the performance parameters of L. vannamei.(AU)
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar métodos de control y tratamiento de enfermedades bacterianas en larvicultura de Litopenaeus vannamei, evaluando el uso continuo de probiótico y el uso puntual de 15 mg.L-1 de enrofloxacino y 0,5 mM.L-1 de propionato de sodio en momentos de metamorfosis sobre los parámetros zootécnicos y microbiológicos (larvas y del agua). Se han utilizado 16 unidades de 60L, pobladas en la densidad de 325 nauplios.5L-1, divididos en tres tratamientos: enrofloxacino, probiótico, propionato de sodio y control. El enrofloxacino y el propionato fueron suministrados en protozoea 3, misis 3 y postlarva 4 y el probiótico suministrado en alimento durante el transcurso del experimento. El probiótico aumentó el contaje de bacterias ácido-lácticas en correlación a los demás tratamientos en agua de cultivo (p=0,0001) y las larvas en relación al enrofloxacino y el propionato en las larvas (p=0,0048). El agua del tratamiento con probiótico presentó menor contaje de Vibrio spp. que el enrofloxacino (p=0,0011) y las larvas tratadas con probiótico presentaron menor contaje de Vibrio spp. que el propionato (p=0,0158). Sin embargo, no se ha observado diferencia en los índices zootécnicos de larvicultura de camarón L. vannamei.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Animales , Penaeidae/virología , Penaeidae , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Prevención de Enfermedades , PropionatosRESUMEN
Brazilian shrimp culture industry has a great economic importance mainly to the northeast region. However, the accelerated development of this activity has resulted in the emergency of outbreaks of diseases from farming shrimp, and as a consequence the use of antimicrobial drugs to minimize the potential adverse effect under the shrimp production. The inappropriate use of antibiotics in aquaculture is one of the causes for the high incidence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria isolated from aquatic environments that represent a danger for aquatic organisms and human health. There is little information available on the level of antimicrobial resistance in pathogenic bacteria from shrimp farming environment. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the phenotypic resistance profile among Vibrio isolates from hatcheries water samples and from cultivated marine shrimp hepatopancreas (L. vannamei). Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out by a standard disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of oxytetracycline (OTC) for resistant Vibrio isolates was determinate by broth dilution method. The results showed a high incidence of resistance to ampicillin (45.2%) and to the tetracycline class (38.7%). Florfenicol and nitrofurantoin were 100% effective against Vibrio isolates. In this study, the OTC-resistant Vibrio spp. showed MIC values of more than 400mg/L and the presence of seawater did not influence the oxytetracycline bioactivity. The occurrence of antimicrobial multiresistance patterns was observed in 29% of Vibrio isolates. Fifty-five percent of multiresistant isolates of Vibrio lost one or more antibiotic resistance phenotype after procedure to curing of resistance plasmids. The oxytetracycline resistance was the phenotype most often lost among plasmid-cured isolates.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Penaeidae/microbiología , Vibriosis/microbiología , Vibrio/efectos de los fármacos , Microbiología del Agua , Animales , Acuicultura , Brasil , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Vibrio/crecimiento & desarrollo , Vibriosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar cepas de bactérias ácido-lácticas do trato intestinal de robalospeva e avaliar o seu potencial probiótico. Foram isoladas três cepas bacterianas, das quais duas inibiram o crescimento in vitro de Vibrio harveyi e V. alginolyticus. Destas cepas, a que apresentou maior crescimento in vitro (Lactococcus sp.) foi usada nos ensaios in vivo, utilizando Lactobacillus plantarum, já usada como probiótico em camarões, como comparativo. Estas duas cepas de bactérias ácido-lácticas colonizaram o trato intestinal dos juvenis de robalos, com contagens de 1,10 ± 0,8x105 UFC g-1 para Lactococcus sp. e 1,96 ± 0,14x104 UFC g-1 para L. plantarum. Os robalos alimentados com ração suplementada com Lactococcus sp. (1,09 ± 0,19x104 UFC g-1) e L. planaturm (2,45 ± 0,30x103 UFC g-1) apresentaram, no trato intestinal, uma população de Vibrio spp. inferior ao controle (7x106 UFC g-1).
The aim of this study was to isolate acid-lactic bacteria of the intestinal tract of fat snook and to evaluate its probiotic potential. Three bacterial strains were isolated, of which two inhibited the in vitro growth of Vibrio harveyi and V. alginolyticus. Of these strains, the one that presented larger in vitro growth (Lactococcus sp.) was used in the in vivo assay, using Lactobacillus plantarum, already used as probiotic in shrimps, as comparative. These two strains of acid-lactic bacteria colonized the intestinal tract of the fry of fat snook, at concentrations of 1,10 ± 0,8x105 CFU g-1 for Lactococcus sp. and 1,96 ± 0,14x104 CFU g-1 for L. plantarum. The snooks fed with feed supplemented with Lactococcus sp. (1,09 ± 0,19x104 CFU g-1) and L. planaturm (2,45 ± 0,30x103 CFU g-1) presented in the intestinal tract a population of Vibrio spp. inferior to the control (7x106 CFU g-1).
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/terapia , Probióticos/aislamiento & purificación , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Vibriosis/terapia , Vibriosis/veterinaria , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Coloración y Etiquetado/veterinariaRESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar cepas de bactérias ácido-lácticas do trato intestinal de robalospeva e avaliar o seu potencial probiótico. Foram isoladas três cepas bacterianas, das quais duas inibiram o crescimento in vitro de Vibrio harveyi e V. alginolyticus. Destas cepas, a que apresentou maior crescimento in vitro (Lactococcus sp.) foi usada nos ensaios in vivo, utilizando Lactobacillus plantarum, já usada como probiótico em camarões, como comparativo. Estas duas cepas de bactérias ácido-lácticas colonizaram o trato intestinal dos juvenis de robalos, com contagens de 1,10 ± 0,8x105 UFC g-1 para Lactococcus sp. e 1,96 ± 0,14x104 UFC g-1 para L. plantarum. Os robalos alimentados com ração suplementada com Lactococcus sp. (1,09 ± 0,19x104 UFC g-1) e L. planaturm (2,45 ± 0,30x103 UFC g-1) apresentaram, no trato intestinal, uma população de Vibrio spp. inferior ao controle (7x106 UFC g-1). (AU)
The aim of this study was to isolate acid-lactic bacteria of the intestinal tract of fat snook and to evaluate its probiotic potential. Three bacterial strains were isolated, of which two inhibited the in vitro growth of Vibrio harveyi and V. alginolyticus. Of these strains, the one that presented larger in vitro growth (Lactococcus sp.) was used in the in vivo assay, using Lactobacillus plantarum, already used as probiotic in shrimps, as comparative. These two strains of acid-lactic bacteria colonized the intestinal tract of the fry of fat snook, at concentrations of 1,10 ± 0,8x105 CFU g-1 for Lactococcus sp. and 1,96 ± 0,14x104 CFU g-1 for L. plantarum. The snooks fed with feed supplemented with Lactococcus sp. (1,09 ± 0,19x104 CFU g-1) and L. planaturm (2,45 ± 0,30x103 CFU g-1) presented in the intestinal tract a population of Vibrio spp. inferior to the control (7x106 CFU g-1). (AU)
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Peces/terapia , Probióticos/aislamiento & purificación , Vibriosis/prevención & control , Vibriosis/terapia , Vibriosis/veterinaria , Coloración y Etiquetado/métodos , Coloración y Etiquetado/veterinariaRESUMEN
Viral meningitis, hantavirus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections are used as examples to demonstrate that important shortcomings and limitations exist in Chile to study the epidemiology of infectious diseases with modern methods. The lack of a national network of well-connected local and national microbiology laboratories is one of these important shortcomings. The author summarizes the evolution of the systems and institutions that deal with the infectious diseases in the world and in Chile.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Laboratorios , Meningitis Viral/epidemiología , Vibriosis/epidemiología , Chile/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por Hantavirus/prevención & control , Humanos , Meningitis Viral/prevención & control , Vigilancia de la Población , Vibriosis/prevención & controlAsunto(s)
Humanos , Infecciones por Hantavirus/epidemiología , Laboratorios , Meningitis Viral/epidemiología , Vibriosis/epidemiología , Chile/epidemiología , Brotes de Enfermedades , Infecciones por Hantavirus/prevención & control , Meningitis Viral/prevención & control , Vigilancia de la Población , Vibriosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Vibrio mimicus contamination of sand increased significantly during the arrival of the olive ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) at Ostional anidation beach, Costa Rica. Statistical analysis supports that eggs are contaminated with V. mimicus by contact with the sand nest. V. mimicus was isolated from eggs of all nests tested, and ctxA+ strains were found in 31% of the nests, all of which were near the estuary.
Asunto(s)
Huevos/microbiología , Tortugas/microbiología , Vibrio/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Costa Rica , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/etiología , Enfermedades Transmitidas por los Alimentos/prevención & control , Humanos , Vibrio/patogenicidad , Vibriosis/etiología , Vibriosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Adults and nauplii of the brine shrimp, Artemia, together with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, were placed in sewage-contaminated sea-water which had been treated with chlorine dioxide (Hallox E-100TM) to test its potential as a disinfectant for salt water aquaculture. The nauplii were very susceptible to low concentrations of chlorine dioxide (47 micrograms/l Cl-), but the adults were slightly more resistant. Sterile sea-water treated with lower concentrations of chlorine dioxide (less than 47 micrograms/l Cl-) had no effect on the shrimp, but inhibited the growth of V. parahaemolyticus. In sewage-contaminated sea-water, chlorine dioxide levels of 285-2850 micrograms/l, necessary for the inactivation of V. parahaemolyticus and any native bacteria, destroyed the Artemia culture. Hallox E-100TM persisted in sea-water for 18 h, but later decayed. We conclude that: (i) Artemia nauplii are a sensitive and convenient test-organism to determine low concentrations of chlorine dioxide in sea-water; (ii) chlorine dioxide is efficient for controlling V. parahaemolyticus in sea-water; and (iii) chlorine dioxide should be further evaluated as a potential disinfectant for aquaculture, but, for higher organisms than Artemia.
Asunto(s)
Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Artemia/microbiología , Compuestos de Cloro , Cloro/farmacología , Desinfectantes/farmacología , Óxidos/farmacología , Vibrio parahaemolyticus/efectos de los fármacos , Microbiología del Agua , Animales , Artemia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana , Vibriosis/microbiología , Vibriosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Halophilic vibrios are gram-negative curved bacilli that requires high concentrations of salt for survival. They are usually found in marine environments and have a worldwide distribution. Infections caused by these organisms are usually associated with ingestion of raw shell fish or exposure of wounds to sea water. The clinical presentation and severity of this infections is wide ranging. The most common presentation is self-limiting gastroenteritis, but soft tissue infections and septicemia do occur and their morbidity and mortality is high specially in patients with liver disease. Early detection and initiation of treatment with tetracycline is of vital importance in soft tissue infections and septicemia since the progression of the infection may be extremely fast.