RESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Calyptrochilum emarginatum (Afzel. Ex Sw.) Schltr. (Orchidaceae) is a traditional medicinal plant known for its antimicrobial properties and efficacy in managing convulsive fever and menstrual disorders and addressing conditions such as malaria, tuberculosis, and cough. AIM OF THE STUDY: The study aims to examine the memory-enhancing and neuroprotective properties of ethanol extract of Calyptrochilum emarginatum leaves (EECEL) in scopolamine-induced amnesia mice model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-two male mice were divided into six groups (n = 7). Group 1 served as control, administered distilled water (10 mL/kg, p. o), group 2 received scopolamine only (3 mg/kg, i. p.), groups 3 to 6 received pretreatments of EECEL (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg, p. o.) and donepezil (1 mg/kg, p. o.) 30 min before scopolamine (3 mg/kg), for seven days. Following treatments, behavioral (learning and memory) assessments were carried out, while biochemical (acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory cytokines markers) and histological evaluations were done after euthanasia. RESULTS: Scopolamine significantly impaired spatial, long term and recognition memory. Nevertheless, administration of EECEL (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg orally) enhanced memory function in mice, as observed in the Y maze [F (5, 30) = 20.23, p < 0.0001], Morris water maze [F (10, 90) = 3.105, p = 0.0019; [F (5, 30) = 21.13, p < 0.0001]], and novel object recognition tasks [F (5, 30) = 37.22, p < 0.0001)]. Scopolamine-treated mice exhibited significant dysfunction in the cholinergic system, as evidenced by elevated AChE activity [0.099 ± 0.005 vs. 0.063 ± 0.004 mol/min/g] with an elevation in oxidative stress. On the other hand, administration of EECEL counteracted these consequences by reducing AChE activity, mitigating oxidative damage, reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, and preventing degeneration of neurons. CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that EECEL effectively mitigates scopolamine-induced memory impairment via an oxido-inflammatory mechanism and modulation of the central cholinergic system.
Asunto(s)
Amnesia , Etanol , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Orchidaceae , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Escopolamina , Animales , Masculino , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Amnesia/tratamiento farmacológico , Amnesia/inducido químicamente , Etanol/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/aislamiento & purificación , Orchidaceae/química , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Acetilcolinesterasa/metabolismo , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Solventes/química , Donepezilo/farmacología , Donepezilo/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The traditional lignocellulose pretreatment by deep eutectic solvent (DES) was usually conducted under higher acidic, alkaline and high temperature conditions, which leads to the severe degradation of xylan, decreasing the subsequent reducing sugar concentration by enzymatic hydrolysis and further ethanol fermentation. It is essential to develop an effective DES that selectively removes lignin while preventing excessive xylan degradation during lignocellulose pretreatment. An effective ethylene glycol-assisted ternary DES was designed to treat corn straw (CS) at 100 °C for 6 h. 65.51 % lignin removal was achieved, over 93.46 % cellulose and 50.22 % xylan were retained in pretreated CS with excellent enzymatic digestibility (glucan conversion of 77.05 % and xylan conversion of 71.72 %), total sugar conversion could reach 75.93 %, implying the unique capacity to selectively remove lignin while preserving carbohydrate components. Furthermore, the universality of the selective removal of lignin and effective retention of xylan by ternary DES has been successfully proven by other polyols. The enzymatic hydrolysate of ternary DES-pretreated CS fermented over our genetically engineered yeast strain SFA1OE gave a high ethanol yield of 0.488 g/g total reducing sugar, demonstrating the effectiveness of the polyol-assisted ternary DES pretreatment in achieving high-efficiency cellulosic ethanol production.
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Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Etanol , Fermentación , Lignina , Xilanos , Zea mays , Lignina/química , Etanol/química , Etanol/metabolismo , Xilanos/química , Hidrólisis , Zea mays/química , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Polímeros/química , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Celulosa/química , Solventes/químicaRESUMEN
Knowledge of the solvent accessibility of residues in a protein is essential for different applications, including the identification of interacting surfaces in protein-protein interactions and the characterization of variations. We describe E-pRSA, a novel web server to estimate Relative Solvent Accessibility values (RSAs) of residues directly from a protein sequence. The method exploits two complementary Protein Language Models to provide fast and accurate predictions. When benchmarked on different blind test sets, E-pRSA scores at the state-of-the-art, and outperforms a previous method we developed, DeepREx, which was based on sequence profiles after Multiple Sequence Alignments. The E-pRSA web server is freely available at https://e-prsa.biocomp.unibo.it/main/ where users can submit single-sequence and batch jobs.
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Proteínas , Programas Informáticos , Solventes , Solventes/química , Proteínas/química , Proteínas/genética , Biología Computacional/métodos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Análisis de Secuencia de Proteína/métodos , Internet , Conformación Proteica , Modelos Moleculares , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
This study aimed to optimize the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of anthocyanins from oven-dried and freeze-dried Vitis labrusca grape pomace, using acidified water as the solvent. The effects of power density (8.3-16.7 W/mL), pulse interval (0-2 s), and extraction time (1-5 min) on both total and specific anthocyanins were investigated. The findings suggested that acidified water can be a viable alternative to conventional solvents and that oven drying was an effective method for drying the pomace. Using response surface methodology, the study identified power density and extraction time as key factors influencing total anthocyanin content, with extracts reaching contents up to 2.56 mg/g. The analysis using LC-MS identified 14 anthocyanins, while NMR quantified 3 and malvidin diglucoside was generally the most abundant. However, higher power and longer extraction times were found to reduce its content while increasing malvidin monoglucoside content, suggesting ultrasound-induced anthocyanin hydrolysis. In conclusion, this study presents a sustainable method for extracting anthocyanins using acidified water, contributing to the valorization of Vitis labrusca grape pomace for industrial use.
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Antocianinas , Vitis , Agua , Antocianinas/análisis , Antocianinas/aislamiento & purificación , Vitis/química , Agua/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/análisis , Ultrasonido/métodos , Frutas/química , Solventes/química , LiofilizaciónRESUMEN
Percutaneous delivery is explored as alternative pathway for addressing the drawbacks associated with the oral administration of otherwise efficacious drugs. Short of breaching the skin by physical means, the preference goes to formulation strategies that augment passive diffusion across the skin. One such strategy lies in the use of skin penetration and permeation enhancers notably of hydroxylated solvents like propylene glycol (PG), ethanol (EtOH), and diethylene glycol monoethyl ether (Transcutol®, TRC). In a previous publication, we focused on the role of Transcutol® as enhancer in neat or diluted systems. Herein, we explore its' role in complex formulation systems, including patches, emulsions, vesicles, solid lipid nanoparticles, and micro or nanoemulsions. This review discusses enhancement mechanisms associated with hydroalcoholic solvents in general and TRC in particular, as manifested in multi-component formulation settings alongside other solvents and enhancers. The principles that govern skin penetration and permeation, notably the importance of drug diffusion due to solubilization and thermodynamic activity in the vehicle (formulation), drug solubilization and partitioning in the stratum corneum (SC), and/or solvent drag across the skin into deeper tissue for systemic absorption are discussed. Emphasized also are the interplay between the drug properties, the skin barrier function and the formulation parameters that are key to successful (trans)dermal delivery.
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Administración Cutánea , Glicoles de Etileno , Permeabilidad , Absorción Cutánea , Piel , Solventes , Absorción Cutánea/fisiología , Absorción Cutánea/efectos de los fármacos , Glicoles de Etileno/química , Humanos , Piel/metabolismo , Animales , Solventes/química , Química Farmacéutica/métodos , Solubilidad , Sistemas de Liberación de Medicamentos/métodos , Emulsiones/química , Nanopartículas/química , Etanol/química , Etanol/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Solution blowing process was used to prepare cellulose nonwovens, by using N-methyl morpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) as solvent, and salicylic acid (SA) microcapsules as antibacterial additives. The structure and properties of cellulose nonwovens modified with different SA microcapsules contents were compared and evaluated. The results showed that more uniform and denser web structure was formed with the increase of SA microcapsules content, the average fiber diameter of cellulose nonwoven increased from 1.99 µm to 2.65 µm. The air flow resistance and filtration efficiency of cellulose nonwovens increased with addition of SA microcapsules, whereas the mechanical properties, and wearing comfort including air permeability, moisture vapor transfer rate, and softness of cellulose nonwovens decreased slightly, under the same basis weight. SA microcapsules modified cellulose nonwovens exhibited good sustained-release behavior and antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli. The higher SA microcapsules content in cellulose nonwovens, the faster release rate and the higher antimicrobial activity. The cellulose solution-blown nonwovens modified with SA microcapsules are expected to find applications in medical and healthcare fields due to its antibacterial activity and biodegradability.
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Antibacterianos , Cápsulas , Celulosa , Escherichia coli , Ácido Salicílico , Solventes , Celulosa/química , Ácido Salicílico/química , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/química , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Solventes/química , Liberación de Fármacos , Óxidos N-Cíclicos/química , Soluciones , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Microplastics have been detected in diverse environments, including soil, snowcapped mountains, and even within human organs and blood. These findings have sparked extensive research into the health implications of microplastics for living organisms. Recent studies have shown that microplastics can adsorb onto lipid membranes and induce mechanical stress. In controlled laboratory conditions, the behavior and effects of microplastics can differ markedly from those in natural environments. In this study, we investigate how exposure of microplastics to pollutants affects their interactions with lipid bilayers. Our findings reveal that pollutants, such as chemical solvents, significantly enhance the mechanical stretching effects of microplastics. This suggests that microplastics can act as vectors for harmful pollutants, facilitating their penetration through lipid membranes and thus strongly affect their biophysical properties. This research underscores the complex interplay between microplastics and environmental contaminants.
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Membrana Dobles de Lípidos , Microplásticos , Membrana Dobles de Lípidos/química , Microplásticos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/química , Solventes/químicaRESUMEN
Carbon dioxide (CO2) chemisorption using biphasic solvents has been regarded as a promising approach, but challenges remain in achieving efficient dynamic phase-splitting during practical implementation. To address this, the centrifugal force was innovatively adopted to enhance the coalescence and separation of immiscible fine droplets within the biphasic solvent. The comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that centrifugal phase-splitting shows outstanding separation efficiency (>95%) and excellent applicability for various solvents. Correlation analysis reveals a strong relationship between the rich phase's viscosity, lean phase's residual CO2, and the phase separation efficiency. The time-profile behavior of immiscible droplets, observed through microscope images of phase-splitting, enables the estimation of the growth and coalescence rates of the discrete phase. Industrial-scale process simulation for technical and economic analysis confirms that the total capture cost ($ 42.5/t CO2) can be reduced by â¼22% with the use of biphasic solvents and a centrifugal separator compared to conventional methods. This study introduces a fresh perspective on polarity-induced cluster generation and coagulation-induced separation, offering an effective solution to address the challenges associated with dynamic phase-splitting in biphasic solvents during practical applications.
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Dióxido de Carbono , Solventes , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Solventes/química , Centrifugación , Gases/químicaRESUMEN
Natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) showing higher cryoprotective effects are attracting concerns, because during the storage, system browning always occurs in aldose/amino acid-based NADESs, which generated brown substances remarkably weaken the cryoprotective effects. In this study, proline/glucose-based (PG) and proline/sorbitol-based (PS) NADESs were prepared, of which storage stability, browning profile, brown substance, and cryoprotective effects were investigated. Results showed that PG at molar ratios of 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1, as well as PS at 1:1, and 2:1 can form NADESs, among which only the PG-based ones could get browning after storage. The predominant brown substance was identified as 1-deoxy-1-L-proline-d-fructose (C11H19O7N, 278 m/z), which was subsequently verified to show cytotoxicity and decrease Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells viability after cryopreservation, suggesting that the brown substance could take a negative effect on cryopreservation. This study may help to attract more concerns to the storage and cryopreservation stabilities of the NADESs in food-related applications.
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Criopreservación , Crioprotectores , Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Solventes , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/química , Crioprotectores/farmacología , Crioprotectores/química , Solventes/química , Prolina/química , Prolina/farmacología , Glucosa/química , Reacción de Maillard , Sorbitol/química , Sorbitol/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Cyclic organic compounds containing sulfur atoms constitute a large group, and they play an important role in the chemistry of heterocyclic compounds. They are valuable intermediates for the synthesis of other compounds or biologically active compounds themselves. The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds poses a major challenge for organic chemists, especially in the context of applying the principles of "green chemistry". This work is a review of the methods of synthesis of various S-heterocyclic compounds using green solvents such as water, ionic liquids, deep eutectic solvents, glycerol, ethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and sabinene. The syntheses of five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocyclic compounds containing a sulfur atom or atoms, as well as those with other heteroatoms and fused-ring systems, are described. It is shown that using green solvents determines the attractiveness of conditions for many reactions; for others, such use constitutes a real compromise between efficiency and mild reaction conditions.
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Tecnología Química Verde , Compuestos Heterocíclicos , Solventes , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos/síntesis química , Solventes/química , Tecnología Química Verde/métodos , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Técnicas de Química SintéticaRESUMEN
The analysis of the impact of the star polymer topology on depletion interaction potentials, depletion forces, and monomer density profiles is carried out analytically using field theory methods and techniques as well as molecular dynamic simulations. The dimensionless depletion interaction potentials and the dimensionless depletion forces for a dilute solution of ideal star polymers with three and five legs (arms) in a Θ-solvent confined in a slit between two parallel walls with repulsive surfaces and for the case where one of the surfaces is repulsive and the other inert are obtained. Furthermore, the dimensionless layer monomer density profiles for ideal star polymers with an odd number (fË = 3, 5) of arms immersed in a dilute solution of big colloidal particles with different adsorbing or repelling properties in respect of polymers are calculated, bearing in mind the Derjaguin approximation. Molecular dynamic simulations of a dilute solution of star-shaped polymers in a good solvent with N = 901 (3 × 300 + 1 -star polymer with three arms) and 1501 (5 × 300 + 1 -star polymer with five arms) beads accordingly confined in a slit with different boundary conditions are performed, and the results of the monomer density profiles for the above-mentioned cases are obtained. The numerical calculation of the radius of gyration for star polymers with fË = 3, 5 arms and the ratio of the perpendicular to parallel components of the radius of gyration with respect to the wall orientation for the above-mentioned cases is performed. The obtained analytical and numerical results for star polymers with an odd number (fË = 3, 5) of arms are compared with our previous results for linear polymers in confined geometries. The acquired results show that a dilute solution of star polymer chains can be applied in the production of new functional materials, because the behavior of these solutions is strictly correlated with the topology of polymers and also with the nature and geometry of confined surfaces. The above-mentioned properties can find extensive practical application in materials engineering, as well as in biotechnology and medicine for drug and gene transmission.
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Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Polímeros , Polímeros/química , Solventes/química , Coloides/químicaRESUMEN
The partition behavior of single and double-point mutants of bacteriophage T4 lysozyme (T4 lysozyme) and staphylococcal nuclease A was examined in different aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) and studied by Solvent Interaction Analysis (SIA). Additionally, the solvent accessible surface area (SASA) of modeled mutants of both proteins was calculated. The in silico calculations and the in vitro analyses of the staphylococcal nuclease and T4 lysozyme mutants correlate, indicating that the partition analysis in ATPSs provides a valid descriptor (SIA signature) covering various protein features, such as structure, structural dynamics, and conformational stability.
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Bacteriófago T4 , Nucleasa Microcócica , Muramidasa , Mutación Puntual , Solventes , Termodinámica , Muramidasa/química , Muramidasa/genética , Muramidasa/metabolismo , Solventes/química , Bacteriófago T4/genética , Bacteriófago T4/enzimología , Nucleasa Microcócica/química , Nucleasa Microcócica/metabolismo , Nucleasa Microcócica/genética , Simulación por Computador , Modelos Moleculares , Conformación Proteica , Proteínas Virales/química , Proteínas Virales/genética , Proteínas Virales/metabolismoRESUMEN
The chestnut tree (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a widespread plant in Europe, rich in high-value compounds, which can be divided mainly into monomeric polyphenols and tannins. These compounds exhibit various biological activities, such as antioxidant, as well as anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial properties. Chestnut wood (CW) extracts were prepared using different extraction techniques, process conditions, solvents, and their mixtures. This work aimed to test various extraction techniques and determine the optimal solvent for isolating enriched fractions of vescalagin, castalagin, vescalin, and castalin from CW residues. Supercritical CO2 extraction with a more polar cosolvent was applied at different pressures, which influenced solvent density. According to the results, the proportions of the components strongly depended on the solvent system used for the extraction. In addition, HPLC-DAD was used for semiqualitative purposes to detect vescalagin, castalagin, vescalin, and castalin. The developed valorization protocol allows efficient fractionation and recovery of the polyphenolic components of CW through a sustainable approach that also evaluates pre-industrial scaling-up.
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Aesculus , Taninos Hidrolizables , Extractos Vegetales , Madera , Taninos Hidrolizables/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Aesculus/química , Madera/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Polifenoles/química , Polifenoles/análisis , Solventes/química , Antioxidantes/químicaRESUMEN
Carotenoids are high added-value products primarily known for their intense coloration and high antioxidant activity. They can be extracted from a variety of natural sources, such as plants, animals, microalgae, yeasts, and bacteria. Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B is a bacterium recognized as a hyper-pigment producer. However, due to its adaptations to its natural habitat, hydrocarbon-contaminated soils, strain 1B is resistant to different organic solvents, making carotenoid extraction through conventional methods more laborious and inefficient. Ionic liquids (ILs) have been abundantly shown to increase carotenoid extraction in plants, microalgae, and yeast; however, there is limited information regarding bacterial carotenoid extraction, especially for the Gordonia genus. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of ILs to mediate bacterial carotenoid extraction and develop a method to achieve higher yields with fewer pre-processing steps. In this context, an initial screening was performed with biomass of strain 1B and nineteen different ILs in various conditions, revealing that tributyl(ethyl)phosphonium diethyl phosphate (IL#18), combined with ethyl acetate (EAc) as a co-solvent, presented the highest level of carotenoid extraction. Afterward, to better understand the process and optimize the extraction results, two experimental designs were performed, varying the amounts of IL#18 and EAc used. These allowed the establishment of 50 µL of IL#18 with 1125 µL of EAc, for 400 µL of biomass (cell suspension with about 36 g/L), as the ideal conditions to achieve maximal carotenoid extraction. Compared to the conventional extraction method using DMSO, this novel procedure eliminates the need for biomass drying, reduces extraction temperatures from 50 °C to 22 ± 2 °C, and increases carotenoid extraction by 264%, allowing a near-complete recovery of carotenoids contained in the biomass. These results highlight the great potential of ILs for bacterial carotenoid extraction, increasing the process efficiency, while potentially reducing energy consumption, related costs, and emissions.
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Biomasa , Carotenoides , Líquidos Iónicos , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Carotenoides/química , Carotenoides/aislamiento & purificación , Solventes/química , Bacteria Gordonia/química , Bacteria Gordonia/metabolismo , BacteriasRESUMEN
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) which include antibiotics such as tetracycline (TC) and ciprofloxacin (CIP), etc., have attracted increasing attention worldwide due to their potential threat to the aquatic environment and human health. In this work, a facile sol-gel method was developed to prepare tungsten-doped TiO2 with tunable W5+/W6+ ratio for the removal of PPCPs. The influence of solvents in the synthesis of the three different tungsten precursors doped TiO2 is also taken into account. WCl6, ammonium metatungstate (AMT), and Na2WO4â2H2O not only acted as the tungsten precursors but also controlled the tungsten ratio. The photocatalyst prepared by WCl6 as the tungsten precursor and ethanol as the solvent showed the highest photodegradation performance for ciprofloxacin (CIP) and tetracycline (TC), and the photodegradation performance for tetracycline (TC) was 2.3, 2.8, and 7.8 times that of AMT, Na2WO4â2H2O as the tungsten precursors and pristine TiO2, respectively. These results were attributed to the influence of the tungsten precursors and solvents on the W5+/W6+ ratio, sample crystallinity and surface properties. This study provides an effective method for the design of tungsten-doped TiO2 with tunable W5+/W6+ ratio, which has a profound impact on future studies in the field of photocatalytic degradation of PPCPs using an environmentally friendly approach.
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Cosméticos , Solventes , Titanio , Tungsteno , Titanio/química , Tungsteno/química , Catálisis , Solventes/química , Cosméticos/química , Fotólisis , Ciprofloxacina/química , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/química , Tetraciclina/química , Procesos Fotoquímicos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/químicaRESUMEN
Biodiesel serves as a crucial biofuel alternative to petroleum-based diesel fuels, achieved through enzymatic transesterification of oil substrates. This study aims to investigate stabilized lipase (LP) within calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microparticles as a catalyst for solvent-free transesterification in biodiesel synthesis. The specific hydrolysis activity of the in-situ immobilized LP was 66% of that of free LP. However, the specific transesterification activity of immobilized LP in the solvent-free phase for biodiesel production was 2.29 times higher than that of free LP. These results suggest that the interfacial activation of LP molecules is facilitated by the inorganic CaCO3 environment. The immobilized LP demonstrated higher biodiesel production levels with superior stability compared to free LP, particularly regarding methanol molar ratio and temperature. To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous reports on the in-situ immobilization of LP in a CaCO3 carrier without any crosslinker as an interfacial-activated biocatalyst for biodiesel production.
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Biocombustibles , Carbonato de Calcio , Enzimas Inmovilizadas , Lipasa , Solventes , Carbonato de Calcio/química , Lipasa/metabolismo , Lipasa/química , Esterificación , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Enzimas Inmovilizadas/química , Solventes/química , Temperatura , Estabilidad de Enzimas , Metanol/química , Hidrólisis , Activación EnzimáticaRESUMEN
Laccases hold great potential for biotechnological applications, particularly in environmental pollutant remediation. Laccase activity is governed by the solvent environment, and ionic liquids (ILs) emerge as a versatile solvent for activation or stabilization of enzymes. Herein, effects of cholinium-based ILs formulated with carboxylic acids, inorganic acid, and amino acids as anionic species, on the catalytic activity of laccase from Trametes versicolor were investigated by experimental and computational approaches. Experimental results showed that laccase activity was enhanced by 21.39 % in 0.5 M cholinium dihydrogen citrate ([Cho][DHC]), in relation to the laccase activity in phosphate buffer medium. However, cholinium aminoate ILs negatively affected laccase activity, as evidenced by the partial deactivation of laccase in both cholinium glycinate and cholinium phenylalaninate, at concentrations of 0.1 M and 0.5 M, respectively. Molecular dynamics studies revealed that the enhancement of laccase activity in [Cho][DHC] might be attributed to the highly stabilized and compact structure of laccase, facilitating a better internal electron transfer during the laccase-substrate interactions. Enhanced catalytic performance of laccase in [Cho][DHC] was postulated to be driven by the high accumulation level of dihydrogen citrate anions around laccase's surface. [Cho][DHC] holds great promise as a cosolvent in laccase-catalyzed biochemical reactions.
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Líquidos Iónicos , Lacasa , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Lacasa/química , Lacasa/metabolismo , Líquidos Iónicos/química , Trametes/enzimología , Solventes/química , Colina/química , PolyporaceaeRESUMEN
An innovative binary biol-based deep eutectic solvent (DES), specifically ethylamine hydrochloride-ethylene glycol (EaCl-EG), was developed for efficient pretreatment of eucalyptus biomass. This DES exhibited superior performance in achieving high delignification (85.0%) and xylan removal (80.0%), while preserving a significant amount of cellulose (94.5%) compared to choline chloride-based DES. Notably, the pretreated eucalyptus residues showed a remarkable glucose yield of over 92.5%, representing a substantial enhancement of up to 15 times compared to untreated eucalyptus. Furthermore, the pretreated liquor yielded high-purity lignin with a yield of 97.8%, characterized by well-preserved ß-O-4 structure and nanoscale dimensions. These lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) were subsequently self-assembled into lignin nanobottles (LNBs), adding further value to the pretreatment process. The proposed novel binary EaCl-EG DES presented great potential as an efficient pretreatment solvent for future biomass fractionation processes.
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Biomasa , Fraccionamiento Químico , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos , Eucalyptus , Lignina , Eucalyptus/química , Lignina/química , Disolventes Eutécticos Profundos/química , Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Hidrólisis , Celulasa/metabolismo , Celulasa/química , Glucosa/química , Solventes/química , Nanopartículas/químicaRESUMEN
Chinese Olea europaea leaves, rich in verbascosides, were extracted using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and wall-breaking extraction (WBE) with deep eutectic solvents (Optimal UAE: 55 min, 200 mL/g liquid-solid ratio, 20% moisture, yielding 206.23 ± 0.58 mg GAE/g total phenolic content (TPC) and 1.59 ± 0.04% verbascoside yield (VAY); Optimal WBE: 140 s, 210 mL/g, 30% moisture, giving 210.69 ± 0.97 mg GAE/g TPC and 1.33 ± 0.2% VAY). HPLC analysis showed that young leaves accumulated higher TPC and phenolic compounds. Among the five olive varieties, Koroneiki and Chemlal showed the highest TPC in UAE, while Arbosana and Chemlal excelled in WBE. WBE yielded a higher TPC and rutin, whereas UAE marginally increased other phenolics. Additionally, the DPPH⢠assay showed that WBE-extracted verbascoside-rich extracts (VREs) of Chemlal exhibited high antioxidant activity (EC50 of 57 mg/mL), but Koroneiki-VREs exhibited lower activity against the ABTSâ¢+ radical (EC50 of 134 mg/mL). Remarkably, the UAE/WBE-extracted Chemlal-VREs promoted the normal esophageal Het-1A cell line at 25 µg/mL for 24 h; yet, the esophageal cancer Eca-109 cells were sensibly inhibited, especially at 50 µg/mL; and the cell viability decreased dramatically. The results confirmed WBE as a relatively efficient method, and the Chemlal variety may be an excellent source of verbascoside.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes , Glucósidos , Olea , Fenoles , Extractos Vegetales , Hojas de la Planta , Solventes , Olea/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Fenoles/química , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Fenoles/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Glucósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glucósidos/química , Glucósidos/farmacología , Solventes/química , Humanos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/química , Antineoplásicos Fitogénicos/aislamiento & purificación , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Pueblos del Este de Asia , PolifenolesRESUMEN
AIM: The aim of the present investigation is to study HPLC process to evaluate Some Active Flavonoids in Ethyl Acetate Extract of Leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using a soxhlation device, the leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. were extracted in stages. Each powdered batch (500g) was extracted in stages with polarity-graded solvents such as petroleum ether (Pet. Et) (60-80º), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) using a soxhlet extractor. Alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols, and steroids, among other chemical families of components, were identified through qualitative phytochemical screenings of each extract. To make a 10 g/ml stock, standard phenolic markers like quercetin, rutin, catechin, gallic acid, and chlorogenic acid were dissolved in methanol. Phytoconstituents were separated and identified from extracts using various solvents and combinations of solvents, which were chosen after consulting the literature. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Preliminary phytochemical screening showed the revealed that the leaves contain steroid, triterpenoids, fatty acid and alkaloids. While the ethyl acetate extract found to contain therapeutically important phytoconstitutes such as steroids, triterpenoids, saponins, flavonoids, and tannins. Bioactive extracts of Butea monosperma were found to include flavonoids and phenolic substances. In ethyl acetate extract, various flavonoids and phenolic compounds were discovered. CONCLUSION: This is a preliminary report on the identification of phytochemical and HPLC evaluation of ethyl acetate extract of leaves of Butea monosperma Linn. and to unravel the mechanisms driving bioactive qualities and the existence of putative synergy among these substances, more research is needed on the isolation and characterization of individual Flavonoids or phenolic compounds.