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Background: Mounting evidence indicates the importance of the interplay between skeletal muscles and lipid metabolism. Remnant cholesterol (remnant-C) is considered one of the principal residual risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders; however, there are limited studies on the impact of remnant-C on sarcopenia. Methods: Data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (KNHANES) between 2008 and 2011 were used in this nationwide population-based study. In total, 17,408 participants were enrolled in this study. The subjects were categorized into four groups according to the quartile of remnant-C values. We conducted multivariable logistic regression analysis to evaluate the association between remnant-C and muscle mass measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results: A total of 1,791 participants (10.3%) presented low muscle mass, and there was a sequential increase in the percentage of low muscle mass across remnant-C quartiles (Q1, 5.2%; Q2, 8.7%; Q3, 11.5%; Q4, 15.7%). In the full adjusted model, those in the highest remnant-C quartile group showed significantly increased odds ratio (OR) for low muscle mass compared with those in the lowest remnant-C group after adjusting for various confounding factors (OR = 1.33, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06-1.68, P <0.05). A wide range of subgroups and sensitivity analyses showed consistent results, supporting the robustness of our findings. Conclusions: Increased remnant-C value was associated with a high risk of low muscle mass in the Korean population. Remnant-C may be a novel marker for the prediction and management of sarcopenia in aging societies.

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BACKGROUND: Malnutrition and sarcopenia significantly increase the risk of intra-hospital delirium, particularly among older adults. Given the potential correlation between calf circumference (CC) and these conditions, CC emerges as a promising predisposing factor for delirium. This study aims to investigate the independent association between delirium and anthropometric parameters, focusing on evaluating CC's predictive capacity for intra-hospital delirium risk. Additionally, it aims to compare CC's predictive performance with the widely used Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), while also considering potential gender disparities. METHODS: This is a retrospective study which enrolled patients aged ≥ 65 years from September 2021 to March 2022 at the Padova Hospital (Italy). Physical characteristics, intra-hospital delirium incidence, and body composition were assessed. Sarcopenia was diagnosed using the 2019 European Consensus criteria. RESULTS: Among 207 subjects, delirium affected 19% of patients. CC showed a significant association with intra-hospital delirium among the analyzed anthropometric parameters. ROC curves indicated that CC's predictive capacity for delirium onset was comparable to MNA (p = 0.98), particularly in women. In a multivariable logistic regression model, female gender and higher cognitive and CC scores emerged as protective factors against delirium onset, with each unit increase in CC associated with a 24% reduction in the odds of delirium. Conversely, sarcopenia did not significantly influence delirium onset. CONCLUSIONS: CC shows promise as a predisposing factor for intra-hospital delirium, similar to MNA, albeit with significant gender differences. CC could serve as a valuable tool for assessing delirium risk among female patients. Further validation of these findings is necessary through larger-scale studies.

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Background: The relationship between atherogenic index of plasma (AIP) and triglyceride glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI) and sarcopenia has not been studied in the United States (US) population. Methods: This research included 4,835 people from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2011 and 2018. The relationship between sarcopenia and TyG-BMI, as well as the AIP index, was examined through the utilization of restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis, subgroup analysis, and multivariate logistic regression analysis. Diagnostic value of AIP and TyG-BMI for sarcopenia was compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Results: In this research, 428 people with sarcopenia were identified among the 4,835 subjects that were included in the experiment. AIP and sarcopenia were positively associated with an odds ratio (OR) of 1.58 and a 95% confidence interval (CI) of (1.07, 2.34) on fully adjusted multivariate logistic regression analysis. Similarly, TyG-BMI and sarcopenia were positively associated with an OR of 8.83 and a 95% CI of (5.46, 14.26). AIP and sarcopenia had a non-linear positive connection (P-value<0.001, P-Nonlinear=0.010), while TyG-BMI and sarcopenia had a linear positive correlation (P-value<0.001, P-Nonlinear=0.064), according to RCS analysis. Subgroup analyses showed a significant interaction between TyG-BMI and sarcopenia due to gender (P = 0.023). ROC curves showed that TyG-BMI (AUC:0.738, 95% CI: 0.714 - 0.761) was more useful than AIP (AUC:0.648, 95% CI: 0.622 - 0.673) in diagnosing sarcopenia. Conclusion: In US adults aged 20-59 years, our study revealed a correlation between elevated AIP and TyG-BMI levels and heightened sarcopenia risk. Moreover, TyG-BMI has better diagnostic validity than AIP.

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This study examined the effects of birth weight on body composition, physical fitness, and sarcopenia in adulthood among young Japanese women. Seventy young adult women (birth weight <2500 g classified as low-birth-weight group [L-BW, n = 13] and ≥2500 g classified as not low-birth-weight group [NL-BW, n = 57]) were evaluated for body composition, physical fitness, and sarcopenia. Skeletal muscle mass was significantly greater (p<0.05) in the NL-BW group than in the L-BW group for all body sites. Effect sizes for the differences in skeletal muscle mass between the two groups were all larger in the NL-BW group than in the L-BW group (0.86-1.44). Knee extension muscle strength was higher in the NL-BW group than in the L-BW group (p = 0.04), but there were no differences between groups with respect to other physical fitness indicators (p>0.05). Except for SMI (p<0.05), other sarcopenia diagnostic evaluations did not differ between the two groups (p>0.05). In conclusion, L-BW female infants were shorter in standing height and smaller in skeletal muscle mass in terms of morphology at the time of young adulthood compared to NL-BW female infants. In addition, in terms of physical fitness, those with L-BW also had a lower-limb power score and a higher proportion of low skeletal muscle mass. Thus, it was suggested that low birth weight infants may be at risk of needing nursing care in old age (i.e., a high predicted incidence of sarcopenia) as well as thinness problems in the fertile generation.

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BACKGROUND: With the advancement of world population aging, age-related sarcopenia (SP) imposes enormous clinical burden on hospital. Clinical research of SP in non-geriatric wards has not been appreciated, necessitating further investigation. However, observational studies are susceptible to confounders. Mendelian randomization (MR) can effectively mitigate bias to assess causality. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlation between SP and comorbidities in orthopedic wards, and subsequently infer the causality, providing a theoretical basis for developing strategies in SP prevention and treatment. METHODS: Logistic regression models were employed to assess the correlation between SP and comorbidities. The MR analysis was mainly conducted with inverse variance weighted, utilizing data extracted from the UK and FinnGen biobank (Round 9). RESULTS: In the cross-sectional analysis, SP exhibited significant associations with malnutrition (P = 0.013) and some comorbidities, including osteoporosis (P = 0.014), body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.021), Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) (P = 0.006). The MR result also provided supporting evidence for the causality between SP and hypertension, osteoporosis and BMI. These results also withstood multiple sensitivity analyses assessing the validity of MR assumptions. CONCLUSION: The result indicated a significant association between SP and BMI, CCI, malnutrition, and osteoporosis. We highlighted that SP and comorbidities deserved more attention in non-geriatric wards, urging further comprehensive investigation.

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BACKGROUND: As populations live longer, there is a progressive increase in chronic degenerative diseases, particularly those related to the musculoskeletal system. Sarcopenia is characterized by loss of skeletal muscle mass, muscle strength, and loss of physical function. It is a common disease in older adults associated with various adverse health outcomes. There is a lack of bioindicators to screen for sarcopenia. Albumin and lymphocyte counts are commonly used to assess the degree of malnutrition, and blood routine, lipids, and thyroid function are relatively easy to obtain as part of a routine physical examination. Therefore, finding blood markers that can screen for sarcopenia is essential. Our primary aim was to explore whether the bioindicators of body composition, lymphocytes, albumin, lipids, and thyroid hormones are associated with sarcopenia, and a secondary aim was to investigate changes in these indicators after an intensive lifestyle intervention preliminarily. METHODS: 60 subjects were selected from Runda and Bailian community health centers in Suzhou, China. They underwent body composition analysis and tested lymphocyte, albumin, lipid, and thyroid hormone levels. The 30 sarcopenia subjects underwent a 3-month intensive lifestyle intervention program. At the end of the intervention, we rechecked the bioindicators. Statistical analyses were performed in IBM SPSS v26.0. RESULTS: The blood indices of sarcopenia subjects were generally lower in albumin, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), and free triiodothyronine (FT3). Body mass index (BMI)(r = 0.6266, p < 0.0001), fat-free mass (r = 0.8110, p < 0.0001), basal metabolism (r = 0.7782, p < 0.0001), and fat mass (r = 0.3916, p = 0.0020) were positively correlated with appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI). Higher BMI and FT3 were associated with lower odds of sarcopenia, while higher fat mass was associated with higher odds of sarcopenia. After a 3-month intensive intervention, sarcopenia subjects had a significant increase in BMI, ASMI, lymphocyte, and albumin levels, and an increase in FT3, but with a non-significant difference (p = 0.342). CONCLUSIONS: Low BMI, FT3, and high fat mass were associated with sarcopenia. Intensive lifestyle intervention can significantly improve ASMI, BMI, lymphocytes, albumin, and FT3 in sarcopenia subjects, which is favorable for delaying the progression of sarcopenia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered on ClinicalTrials.gov, registration number NCT06128577, date of registration: 07/11/2023.

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Sarcopenia is a contributing factor in the development of long-COVID syndrome. We aimed to investigate how intercostal muscle mass changes over 3 months compared to other chest wall muscles following COVID-19 infection, along with identifying factors contributing to intercostal muscle loss during follow-up. We retrospectively studied 110 COVID-19 patients, analyzing muscle masses in the intercostal, pectoralis, and thoracic 12th vertebra level (T12) on initial and follow-up CT scans. Muscle mass was quantitatively assessed using density histogram analysis. We calculated the muscle difference ratio (MDR) as the following formula: (initial muscle mass - follow-up muscle mass)/initial muscle mass. Patients were categorized into 2 groups: <3 months follow-up (n = 53) and ≥ 3 months follow-up (n = 57). We employed stepwise logistic regression, using intercostal MDR ≥ 25% in follow-up as an independent variable and age < 65 years, ventilator use, steroid use, follow-up > 3 months, hospital stay > 13 days, body mass index < 18.5 kg/m², and female gender as dependent variables. The loss of intercostal muscle was the most severe among the 3 chest wall muscles in the CT follow-up. Intercostal MDR was significantly higher in the ≥ 3 months follow-up group compared to the < 3 months group (32.5 ±â€…23.6% vs 19.0 ±â€…21.1%, P = .002). There were no significant differences in pectoralis MDR or T12 MDR between the 2 groups. Stepwise logistic regression identified steroid use (3.494 (1.419-8.604), P = .007) and a follow-up period > 3 months [3.006 (1.339-6.748), P = .008] as predictors of intercostal MDR ≥ 25%. The intercostal muscle wasting was profound compared to that in the pectoralis and T12 skeletal muscles in a follow-up CT scan, and the intercostal muscle wasting was further aggravated after 3 months of COVID-19 infection. The use of steroids and a follow-up period exceeding 3 months were significant predictors for ≥ 25% of intercostal muscle wasting in follow-up.

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The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence and prognosis of cachexia in patients with non-sarcopenic dysphagia. A retrospective cohort study was conducted using the Japanese sarcopenic dysphagia database. Cachexia was diagnosed using the Asian Working Group for Cachexia criteria, sarcopenia using the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 criteria, and malnutrition using the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition criteria. Outcomes were death, swallowing function (Food Intake LEVEL Scale (FILS)), and activities of daily living (Barthel Index (BI)). The mean age of the 175 non-sarcopenic dysphagia patients was 77 (±11) years; 103 (59%) were male, 30 (17%) had cachexia, 133 (76%) had whole-body sarcopenia, and 92 (53%) were malnourished. Of the 30 patients with cachexia, 4 and 11 did not have sarcopenia and malnutrition, respectively. No significant associations were found between cachexia, sarcopenia, and malnutrition. Death was notably higher in the cachexia group (5/30; 17% vs. 2/145; 1%, p = 0.002). Median FILS (7 vs. 8, p = 0.585) and median BI (35 vs. 50, p = 0.469) scores did not show significant differences based on cachexia status. The prevalence of cachexia was 17%, and mortality may be higher with cachexia in non-sarcopenic dysphagia patients.

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The Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI) assesses visceral fat and related metabolic risks. However, its precise correlation with sarcopenia is unclear. This study aimed to examine this correlation. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using NHANES data from 2011 to 2018. To correct VAI skewness, a logarithmic transformation was applied. Multiple covariates were included, and logistic regression was employed to explore the relationship between VAI and sarcopenia. Restricted cubic spline (RCS) and threshold saturation analyses were used to investigate the nonlinear relationship. Subgroup analyses evaluated the effects of various stratification factors. Sensitivity and additive analyses tested the robustness of the findings. The study included 4688 individuals. Participants with sarcopenia had significantly higher VAI values. Logistic regression revealed a significant positive connection between Log VAI and sarcopenia (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.80-2.43) after adjusting for variables. RCS analysis showed a nonlinear correlation, identifying a breakpoint at VAI = 1.51. To the left of this breakpoint, each unit increase in VAI significantly correlated with a higher likelihood of sarcopenia (OR 2.54, 95% CI 1.74-3.79); to the right, increases in VAI did not significantly affect prevalence. Subgroup analyses suggested VAI as an independent risk factor. Sensitivity and additive analyses confirmed the main findings' robustness. Among American adults, the VAI is significantly associated with sarcopenia, with higher VAI values potentially increasing the prevalence of sarcopenia. Monitoring VAI is critical for early identification of high-risk individuals and interventions to delay or minimize the onset and progression of sarcopenia.

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BACKGROUND: The use of antiretrovirals has increased the survival of People Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA), resulting in an aging population and a rise in the incidence of sarcopenia. The lack of uniformity among the prevalences found in studies may be associated with the use of different diagnostic criteria, highlighting the need for local studies to determine the prevalence of sarcopenia. METHODS: Cross-sectional study to estimate the prevalence and associated factors of sarcopenia using the revised criteria of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2). This study included PLWHA of both sexes, aged 40 years or older, who were treated at the infectious disease outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital from 2019 to 2021. Muscle mass was quantified through electrical bioimpedance, using resistance and reactance to calculate appendicular lean mass (ALM) in kg/m². Muscle strength, measured in kg, was assessed using a manual dynamometer, and muscle function was evaluated using the gait speed test (m/s). Numerical variables were analyzed using measures of central tendency and dispersion. The chi-square test was used to assess associations in categorical variables. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI) were calculated to evaluate the strength of associations. RESULTS: Among the 218 PLWHA, the prevalence of sarcopenia was 8.7% (95% CI: 5.6 to 13.3). The mean age of the study population was 51.8 ± 8.3 years; 53.7% were male, 72.9% were brown/Black, 97.7% reported not using illicit drugs, and 24.8% were classified as obese. Multivariate analysis showed that the time since HIV diagnosis (P = 0.022) and the use of illicit drugs were associated with the diagnosis of sarcopenia. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of sarcopenia using the EWGSOP2 criteria was low. People with a longer duration of HIV infection and those using illicit drugs were more likely to develop sarcopenia.

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OBJECTIVES: This study aims to determine whether machine learning can identify specific combinations of long-term conditions (LTC) associated with increased sarcopenia risk and hence address an important evidence gap-people with multiple LTC (MLTC) have increased risk of sarcopenia but it has not yet been established whether this is driven by specific combinations of LTC. DESIGN: Decision trees were used to identify combinations of LTC associated with increased sarcopenia risk. Participants were classified as being at risk of sarcopenia based on maximum grip strength of <32 kg for men and <19 kg for women. The combinations identified were triangulated with logistic regression. SETTING: UK Biobank. PARTICIPANTS: UK Biobank participants with MLTC (two or more LTC) at baseline. RESULTS: Of 140 001 participants with MLTC (55.3% women, median age 61 years), 21.0% were at risk of sarcopenia. Decision trees identified several LTC combinations associated with an increased risk of sarcopenia. These included drug/alcohol misuse and osteoarthritis, and connective tissue disease and osteoporosis in men, which showed the relative excess risk of interaction of 3.91 (95% CI 1.71 to 7.51) and 2.27 (95% CI 0.02 to 5.91), respectively, in age-adjusted models. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of LTC combinations associated with increased sarcopenia risk could aid the identification of individuals for targeted interventions, recruitment of participants to sarcopenia studies and contribute to the understanding of the aetiology of sarcopenia.

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INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) is associated with significant alterations in body composition, including malnutrition due to insufficient intake, chronic inflammation and increased energy expenditure. Identifying the prevalence of malnutrition and the risk of sarcopenia in patients with HF is crucial to improve clinical outcomes. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This cross-sectional, single-center, observational study involved 121 outpatients diagnosed with HF. Nutritional status was assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), the Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST), and the Subjective Global Rating (SGA). Sarcopenia was screened using the SARC-F (Strength, Assistance in walking, Rise from a chair, Climb stairs, Falls) questionnaire and diagnosed based on the European Working Group in Older People (EWGSOP2) criteria and functionality with the Short Performance Battery (SPPB) test. Malnutrition was diagnosed according to the Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria. RESULTS: The study found that 10.7% had cardiac cachexia and 45.4% of deceased patients had been in this condition (p = 0.002). Moderate-to-high risk of malnutrition was identified in 37.1%, 23.9%, and 31.4% of patients according to the MNA, MUST, and SGA tests, respectively. According to the GLIM criteria, 56.2% of patients were malnourished. Additionally, 24.8% of patients had a high probability of sarcopenia, and 57.8% were not autonomous according to SPPB. Patients with less than 30% quadriceps muscle contraction were at a high risk of sarcopenia. CONCLUSIONS: There is a high prevalence of malnutrition among outpatients with HF, which is associated with worse prognosis, increased risk of sarcopenia, and greater frailty. These findings underscore the importance of early nutritional and functional assessments in this population to improve clinical outcomes.

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OBJECTIVES: Cardiac diastolic dysfunction (left ventricular diastolic dysfunction [LVDD]) is a well-known predictor of heart failure. We hypothesized that sarcopenia is independently associated with diastolic dysfunction. We aimed to investigate the association of the most recent consensus definition of sarcopenia with LVDD. METHODS: We included 121 older participants admitted to a cardiology outpatient clinic. We followed the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 definition of confirmed sarcopenia (presence of low muscle mass and low muscle strength). We estimated skeletal muscle mass with bioimpedance analysis and muscle strength by hand grip strength via a Jamar hydraulic hand dynamometer. Skeletal muscle mass was adjusted by body mass index. LVDD was determined by echocardiographic parameters measured per American Society of Echocardiography recommendations. We ran multivariate logistic regression analyses adjusted for well-known risk factors for diastolic dysfunction (i.e., age, sex, obesity, smoking, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and ischemic heart disease) to detect whether sarcopenia was independently associated with diastolic dysfunction. We gave results in odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: Mean age was 69.9 ± 5.8 years, and 38.8% of participants were male. Confirmed sarcopenia was detected in 34.7%, and diastolic dysfunction was detected in 19.8%. In univariate analyses, sarcopenia was associated with diastolic dysfunction (OR, 6.7, 95% CI, 2.4-18.9). Regression analyses showed that two parameters, sarcopenia (OR, 7.4, 95% CI, 2.1-26.6, P = 0.002) and obesity (OR, 5.0, 95% CI, 1.03-24.6, P = 0.046), were associated with diastolic dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed sarcopenia to be a new risk factor for diastolic dysfunction, adding to its known risk factors. Future longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the factors underlying their copresence.

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OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the potential prognostic role of preoperative measurement of erector spinae myosteatosis with Hounsfield unit average calculation as a marker for sarcopenia and frailty in patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery. METHODS: Preoperative computer tomography-derived measurements of 479 consecutive patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery between January 2017 and December 2019 were retrospectively performed. The erector spinae muscle at the level of the 12th vertebra was manually outlined bilaterally on the axial computer tomography slices and Hounsfield unit average calculation was performed. The lower quartile of muscle density values was defined as myosteatotic and thus sarcopenic. Sarcopenic (n = 121) versus non-sarcopenic patients (n = 358) were compared regarding postoperative morbidity and short- and long-term mortality. Results were adjusted for age, body mass index, atrial fibrillation and hypertension using inverse probability weighting. RESULTS: Sarcopenia was associated with higher 30-day mortality (4.1% vs 0.8%; P = 0.012), mid-term mortality after 1 year (9.3% vs 3.1%; P = 0.047) and 2 years (10.8% vs 4.2%; P = 0.047). Long-term mortality (5 years) was 20.8% for sarcopenic and 13.0% for non-sarcopenic patients but was not found to be significantly different (P = 0.089). Sarcopenia was associated with higher rates of reintubation (7.5% vs 1.1%; P < 0.001), sternal wound infections (7.5% vs 2.8%; P = 0.039) and acute kidney injury requiring haemodialysis (2.5% vs 0.4%; P = 0.021). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery, sarcopenia was associated with increased short-term mortality, mid-term mortality and morbidity. The measurement of erector spinae myosteatosis could be an easy and useful parameter in preoperative risk assessment.

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OBJECTIVE: Employing body composition analysis, this study aims to examine the influencing factors and conduct predictive analysis regarding sarcopenia incidence in the middle-aged and elderly population in China. METHODS: This study recruited inpatients from the General Medicine Department of Tongji Medical College Affiliated Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, as the subjects for a single-center retrospective study. Diagnosis was conducted according to the 2019 criteria from the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. Binary logistic regression analysis was utilized to identify factors influencing sarcopenia, and predictive modeling for sarcopenia occurrence was performed based on the area under the ROC curve (AUC). RESULTS: This study comprised 1258 hospitalized patients, of whom 340 were diagnosed with sarcopenia and 918 were not, resulting in a prevalence of 27%. The baseline characteristics showed statistically significant differences between the two groups. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that low protein, low total body water, low minerals, low basal metabolic rate, and age were risk factors for sarcopenia (OR > 1, P < 0.05). Conversely, being male, having a higher BMI, greater fat-free mass index, and a higher InBody score were identified as protective factors against sarcopenia (OR < 1, P < 0.05). The AUC values for predicting sarcopenia occurrence based on low protein, low total body water, low minerals, low basal metabolic rate, and age were 0.871, 0.846, 0.757, 0.645, and 0.649, respectively, indicating their significance as predictive indicators. Combining these five indicators into a new predictive model for sarcopenia yielded an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.932, demonstrating excellent sensitivity and specificity concurrently. CONCLUSION: The results of body composition analysis indicate that sarcopenia occurrence in the middle-aged and elderly population in China is associated with factors such as low protein, low total body water, low minerals, low basal metabolic rate, age, gender, BMI, fat-free mass index, and InBody score. The combination of specific body composition indicators facilitates the effective prediction of sarcopenia. Clinical practitioners should proactively identify the risk factors influencing sarcopenia, accurately predict.

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INTRODUCTION: Handgrip strength and the 5-time chair-stand test are the two important muscle strength measures run through the whole sarcopenia diagnosis algorithm. There is a lack of evidence to confirm which muscle strength measures have a higher detection rate of sarcopenia among Chinese older adults, which is a challenge for community workers to choose the muscle strength measures and to identify more sarcopenia in clinical practice. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the prevalence and diagnostic agreement of sarcopenia based on handgrip strength and the 5-time chair-stand test among Chinese community-dwelling older adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study sampled 1027 community-dwelling older adults from Hunan, China. We used handgrip strength and the 5-time chair-stand test to assess participants' muscle strength and used gait speed and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) to assess physical performance and skeletal muscle mass, respectively. The kappa values of the agreement test were used to evaluate the agreement of handgrip strength and 5-time chair-stand tests in the assessment of sarcopenia. RESULTS: A total of 1027 participants were included in this analysis including 337 males and 690 females with an average age of 70.35 ± 7.24 years. The prevalence of possible sarcopenia, confirmed sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia based on handgrip strength was 50.8%, 20.3% and 14.5% respectively, while the corresponding prevalence for using the 5-time chair-stand test was 27.6%, 10.8% and 10.9%. The kappa value of the consistency test between handgrip strength and 5-time chair-stand test in the assessment of possible sarcopenia, confirmed and severe sarcopenia was 0.26, 0.51 and 0.62, respectively (p < 0.001 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of possible sarcopenia, confirmed sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia based on handgrip strength was significantly higher than that of the 5-time chair-stand test. We recommend handgrip strength as the preferred method of muscle strength measurement for Chinese community-dwelling older adults and use 5-time chair-stand tests when handgrip strength is not available. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: The findings provide information and suggestions to healthcare providers for choosing the muscle strength measures to detect more sarcopenia in clinical practice. Compared with the 5-time chair-stand test, handgrip strength has a better performance to identify sarcopenia in Chinese community-dwelling older adults.

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BACKGROUND: During the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there are numerous symptoms in the skeletal muscular system, such as decreased skeletal muscle mass, strength, and muscle function, which are the main manifestations of sarcopenia. To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sarcopenia from the perspectives of COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and COVID-19 infection, we conducted this study. METHODS: We searched for literature related to COVID-19 and sarcopenia published in PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science. Two researchers independently searched and screened the articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of the final included literature. RevMan 5.4 was used for meta-analysis. RESULTS: A total of 8 articles with a total of 1145 patients were included. There was a significant difference in SARC-F scores (MD = 0.67, 95%CI = [0.41, 0.93], Z = 5.00, P < .00001), handgrip (MD = -1.57, 95%CI = [-2.41, -0.73], Z = 3.66, P = .0002), body weight (MD = -1.87, 95%CI = [-3.69, -0.05], Z = 2.01, P = .04), and skeletal muscle mass index (MD = -0.28, 95%CI = [-0.54, -0.02], Z = 2.13, P = .03) between the time before the COVID-19 pandemic and during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the results showed that there was no significant difference in muscle mass between the 2 groups (MD = -1.72, 95%CI = [-4.39, 0.94], Z = 1.27, P = .21). CONCLUSION: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on sarcopenia. Both infection with COVID-19 and lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic increase the risk of sarcopenia. Research should pay more attention to this disease during the COVID-19 pandemic and adopt effective interventions to minimize adverse outcomes.

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