RESUMEN
In this work, we determined optimum ripening time of hard cooked cheeses made by traditional technology or by an innovative process aimed at accelerating flavor formation. For that purpose, we applied survival analysis statistics. Experimental cheese making (E) included homogenization of milk fat, unpasteurized cheese milk, changes in cooking temperature, and a curd-washing step, while traditional cheese making (T) followed a classic hard-cooked cheese making. Cheeses were ripened for 215 days and samples were analyzed at 76, 112, 128, 152, and 215 days. Consumers (250) were recruited and divided into five groups of 50 consumers for each stage. At each sampling time, consumers assessed whether the sample was "under-ripe," "ok," or "over-ripe." Optimum ripening time could be estimated only for E cheeses, with a high percentage of rejection. For T cheeses, it was not possible to determine the optimum ripening time because the rejection by over-ripening was never reported. We verified consumer segmentation: a small percentage found E cheese under-ripe and a high percentage found it over-ripe. Many consumers qualified E cheeses as too spicy, especially at the end of ripening. Spicy flavor is usually perceived before than the texture and evidenced an acceleration of the flavor formation. We concluded that the innovative intervention in cheese making technology was successful in accelerating cheese ripening. It also had potential to develop a new cheese product targeted at consumers who chose/prefer good spicy flavor. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Survival analysis is a useful methodology to determine the optimum ripening time of foods based on consumer data. In this work, it evidenced that the proposed innovative cheese making was successful in accelerating the formation of cheese flavor, and had the potential to develop a new cheese product targeted at consumers who chose/prefer good spicy flavor.
Asunto(s)
Queso/análisis , Queso/normas , Manipulación de Alimentos/normas , Preferencias Alimentarias , Leche/química , Gusto , Animales , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Culinaria , Humanos , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Diferentes tipos de queijos artesanais são produzidos, comercializados e consumidos no Brasil, o que impulsiona o constante desenvolvimento de normas por órgãos oficiais, como o Mapa. A criação do Suasa e do Sisbi-POA foi fundamental para esse setor, por permitir um sistema de equivalência na fiscalização e por ampliar a distribuição. Ainda, o Mapa passou a permitir que queijos artesanais produzidos com leite cru pudessem ser maturados em um período inferior a 60 dias, desde que comprovada sua inocuidade. A redução do tempo de maturação é um tema controverso e polêmico, já que não há critérios específicos que estudos científicos devem contemplar, o que permite múltiplas interpretações de dados. Com a criação e a regulamentação do selo Arte, a fiscalização dos produtos artesanais foi designada aos órgãos de agricultura, pecuária e de saúde pública, em complementação à atribuição já prevista pelo Mapa e pelo Sisbi-POA. Ainda, o selo Arte atribui aos órgãos de inspeção uma função orientadora, atividade que deveria ser prioritariamente executada por agências de extensão e associações. As normas que balizam a produção e comercialização de produtos artesanais devem ser frequentemente atualizadas, devido aos constantes avanços científicos na área e para assegurar a oferta de produtos com qualidade e inócuos aos consumidores.(AU)
Different artisanal cheeses are produced, commercialized and consumed in Brazil, leading to a constant development of related rules by the MAPA and other official agencies. The establishment of two national programs (SUASA and SISBI-POA) allowed an equivalence in inspection system and an expanded distribution. Also, MAPA allowed ripening time lower than 60 days for artisanal raw milk cheeses, based on scientific studies that assure their safety. However, lowering the ripening period is still controversial, once there are no proper established criteria for such scientific studies, leading to potential multiple interpretation of data. The newly established ARTE certification transferred the inspection responsibilities of artisanal products to secretaries of agriculture, livestock and health, in support of what was already predicated by MAPA and SISBI-POA. Based on ARTE certification, the inspection service must also provide orientation guidance to producers, which should be done specifically by extension organs and associations. The norms that guide the production and commercialization of these artisanal products often need to be updated, but based on well-established methodologies and procedures, to ensure the distribution of suitable products to consumers.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Queso/normas , Productos Lácteos/normas , Estándar de Identidad y Calidad de Productos y Servicios , Alimentos de Origen Animal , Legislación Alimentaria/historia , BrasilRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the perceptions and attitudes of artisanal cheese producers (n = 40) in Brazil regarding the implementation of traceability. A questionnaire consisting of 16 statements using a 5-point Likert scale was applied, and descriptive statistics and factor analysis were used for data analysis. The implementation of a traceability system can reduce the number of consumer complaints and the loss of products, in addition to increasing supplier control and process safety, thus protecting health and increasing consumer confidence. However, we did not find consensus on the relationship between implementation of a traceability system and rapid recalls in crisis episodes, or on the reduction in recalls and their negative impact on consumers. Because of the costs that drive implementation of this technology, some artisanal cheese producers do not consider a traceability system as a current reality to monitor their production. We concluded that Brazilian artisanal cheese producers have limited awareness of the impact of traceability implementation, which restricts investments in the system.
Asunto(s)
Actitud , Queso , Política Nutricional , Brasil , Queso/normas , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
Artisanal Colonial-type cheese is made from raw milk and is the main cheese produced by rural families of the southern region of Brazil. The aim of this study was to investigate, identify problems, and propose solutions for the current situation of small family farms producing and informally selling artisanal Colonial-type cheese located in the western part of Santa Catarina State in Southern Brazil. A semistructured questionnaire was employed in 12 rural properties to analyze the mode of production. Physical-chemical and microbiological analyses of water, raw milk, and cheese were performed, and it was found that 92, 50, and 100% of the samples, respectively, were outside of the current Brazilian regulatory parameters. None of the cheesemakers involved in this study met the requirements, as established by law, for artisanal cheese production from raw milk. This study concluded that technical support and changes in public policy are needed to ensure the preservation of this artisanal cheese, considering the historical importance and cultural traditions of these local communities and the socioeconomic importance of cheesemaking to family farming. Furthermore, more research on the safety of the cheese produced from raw milk is needed as well as the development of specific microbiological standards for artisanal Brazilian cheeses. Public policies aimed at guaranteeing food safety that formalize the commercialization of these cheeses will increase food security in those communities that currently produce artisanal cheese informally.
Asunto(s)
Queso/normas , Microbiología de Alimentos , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Legislación Alimentaria , Leche/normas , Animales , Brasil , Queso/análisis , Queso/clasificación , Queso/microbiología , Granjas/normas , Humanos , Leche/química , Leche/microbiología , Población Rural , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Microbiología del Agua , Abastecimiento de Agua/normasRESUMEN
O queijo Minas Frescal é um derivado lácteo de amplo consumo no Brasil, entretanto suas características favorecem o crescimento de microbiota contaminante. As amostras foram submetidas às seguintes análises microbiológicas: enumeração de coliformes a 35⁰C e a 45⁰C, contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e enumeração de Bactérias Ácido Láticas (BAL). Em 10 amostras foi observada contagem de coliformes a 45⁰C acima do padrão estabelecido na legislação, confirmadas como Escherichia coli. Em todas as amostras a contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foi superior ao permitido em legislação. Nas BALs, foi observada baixa contagem em todas as amostras. Diante dos resultados obtidos, se faz necessária a adoção de medidas a fim de melhorar a qualidade microbiológica da matriz alimentícia e garantir a inocuidade alimentar.
Asunto(s)
Carga Bacteriana/métodos , Microbiología de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Queso/microbiología , Queso/normas , Inocuidad de los AlimentosRESUMEN
O queijo Colonial é tradicionalmente presente e apreciado na região Sudoeste do Paraná, e muito frequentemente fabricado de forma artesanal, o que ilustra sua importância socioeconômica. No entanto, são escassos os dados sobre este queijo, não há padrão de identidade e nem legislação a seu respeito. Considerando o exposto, este trabalho teve por objetivo a elaboração de fluxos de processo e verificação das condições de boas práticas de fabricação em estabelecimentos produtores de queijo Colonial. Foram avaliados 5 laticínios da microrregião de Francisco Beltrão PR, onde foram verificadas diferenças sobretudo quanto ao tratamento do leite utilizado, adequação às boas práticas de fabricação, controle de qualidade e inconformidades quanto aos padrões microbiológicos.
Asunto(s)
Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación , Estándar de Identidad y Calidad de Productos y Servicios , Queso/normas , Brasil , Industria LecheraRESUMEN
O queijo parmesão é obtido a partir de massa pré-cozida e prensada, caracterizado por apresentar baixa umidade e tempo de maturação igual ou superior a 6 meses. Objetivou-se analisar a composição de amostras comerciais de queijos parmesão ralados. Foram adquiridas 3 diferentes marcas (A, B, C) de queijo parmesão ralado, em embalagens hermeticamente fechadas, submetidas a análises de composição química e características físico-químicas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de análise variância univariada (ANOVA) e as médias foram submetidas ao teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se que uma das amostras diferenciou-se estatisticamente das demais, estando fora dos padrões legais exigidos pela legislação para queijo parmesão ralado, saindo dos padrões para queijo parmesão ralado.
Asunto(s)
Composición de Alimentos , Fenómenos Químicos , Queso/análisis , Queso/estadística & datos numéricos , Queso/normas , Análisis de los AlimentosRESUMEN
O queijo Minas Frescal é um derivado lácteo de amplo consumo no Brasil, entretanto suas características favorecem o crescimento de microbiota contaminante. As amostras foram submetidas às seguintes análises microbiológicas: enumeração de coliformes a 35⁰C e a 45⁰C, contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva e enumeração de Bactérias Ácido Láticas (BAL). Em 10 amostras foi observada contagem de coliformes a 45⁰C acima do padrão estabelecido na legislação, confirmadas como Escherichia coli. Em todas as amostras a contagem de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva foi superior ao permitido em legislação. Nas BALs, foi observada baixa contagem em todas as amostras. Diante dos resultados obtidos, se faz necessária a adoção de medidas a fim de melhorar a qualidade microbiológica da matriz alimentícia e garantir a inocuidade alimentar.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Queso/microbiología , Queso/normas , Microbiología de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Carga Bacteriana/métodos , Inocuidad de los AlimentosRESUMEN
O queijo Colonial é tradicionalmente presente e apreciado na região Sudoeste do Paraná, e muito frequentemente fabricado de forma artesanal, o que ilustra sua importância socioeconômica. No entanto, são escassos os dados sobre este queijo, não há padrão de identidade e nem legislação a seu respeito. Considerando o exposto, este trabalho teve por objetivo a elaboração de fluxos de processo e verificação das condições de boas práticas de fabricação em estabelecimentos produtores de queijo Colonial. Foram avaliados 5 laticínios da microrregião de Francisco Beltrão PR, onde foram verificadas diferenças sobretudo quanto ao tratamento do leite utilizado, adequação às boas práticas de fabricação, controle de qualidade e inconformidades quanto aos padrões microbiológicos.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Estándar de Identidad y Calidad de Productos y Servicios , Queso/normas , Buenas Prácticas de Fabricación , Brasil , Industria LecheraRESUMEN
O queijo parmesão é obtido a partir de massa pré-cozida e prensada, caracterizado por apresentar baixa umidade e tempo de maturação igual ou superior a 6 meses. Objetivou-se analisar a composição de amostras comerciais de queijos parmesão ralados. Foram adquiridas 3 diferentes marcas (A, B, C) de queijo parmesão ralado, em embalagens hermeticamente fechadas, submetidas a análises de composição química e características físico-químicas. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por meio de análise variância univariada (ANOVA) e as médias foram submetidas ao teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. Observou-se que uma das amostras diferenciou-se estatisticamente das demais, estando fora dos padrões legais exigidos pela legislação para queijo parmesão ralado, saindo dos padrões para queijo parmesão ralado.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Queso/análisis , Queso/estadística & datos numéricos , Composición de Alimentos , Queso/normas , Fenómenos Químicos , Análisis de los AlimentosRESUMEN
This study was done to establish the sodium concentration in the cheeses marketed in the western border region of the Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 30 cheese samples (grated Parmesan, Mozzarella, Prato and Artisanal) were collected from different brands and lots. After analyzing them under atomic emission spectroscopy, in quadruplicate, the sodium levels were ascertained. From the quantification of the sodium content significant differences were noted among the lots of all the cheese brands assessed. The results clearly revealed that 44.4% of the companies had listed nutritional values on the labels that were noncompliant with the legislation. Besides, 77.8% of the brands failed to reduce the sodium concentration to the levels jointly decided upon by the Ministry of Health and Brazilian Association of Food Industries, which should have been achieved ideally towards the end of 2016. While the Artisanal cheeses did not register high concentrations of sodium, the formulation of the grated Parmesan cheese was characterized by its high sodium content (2014.56 mg/100 g), as well as by its steady rise in sodium concentration over the years. This is indicative of the inattentiveness of the industry towards the consumers, as stringent laws to standardize the quantity of added salt in cheeses preparations are nonexistent.(AU)
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração de sódio em queijos comercializados na região da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas 30 amostras de queijos (Parmesão ralado, Muçarela, Prato e Artesanal) de diferentes marcas e lotes, as quais foram analisadas em quadruplicata quanto ao conteúdo de sódio, empregando a espectroscopia de emissão atômica. A quantificação do teor de sódio permitiu constatar que houve diferença significativa entre os lotes de todas as marcas de queijos avaliadas. Os resultados indicaram que 44,4% das empresas estavam com os valores da rotulagem nutricional em desacordo com a legislação. Além disso, 77,8% das marcas não cumprem a meta para redução de sódio acordada entre o Ministério da Saúde e Associação Brasileira das Indústrias da Alimentação, a qual deveria ter sido alcançada até o final do ano de 2016. Em relação aos queijos Artesanais não foram registradas altas concentrações de sódio. O queijo Parmesão ralado destacou-se pelo elevado conteúdo de sódio em sua formulação (2014,56 mg/100 g) e também pelo aumento da adição deste mineral com o passar dos anos. Com isso, evidencia-se a negligência da indústria em relação aos consumidores, devido à ausência de leis para padronizar a adição de sal na preparação de queijos.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Sodio/administración & dosificación , Sodio/análisis , Queso/normas , Etiquetado de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etiquetado de Alimentos/normas , Estándar de Identidad y Calidad de Productos y Servicios , FotometríaRESUMEN
Nisin-loaded amaranth protein isolate:pullulan (API:PUL) nanofibers were prepared by the electrospinning method. The nisin release kinetic was evaluated at pHâ¯3.4 and 6.1 and the antimicrobial effectiveness of the electrospun mats was evaluated in apple juice and fresh cheese. The nisin API:PUL fibers with 120â¯nm average diameter reached 81.49% and 43.85% nisin release after 12â¯h at pHâ¯3.4 and 6.1, respectively. The encapsulation of nisin in electrospun fibers allowed complete bactericidal activity against Salmonella Typhimurium, L. monocytogenes and L. mesenteroides inoculated in apple juice after 48, 20 and 48â¯h, respectively. When nisin API:PUL fibers were applied to fresh cheese, microorganism inactivation was complete after 142, 120 and 170â¯h, respectively. The results demonstrated that nisin API:PUL electrospun fibers significantly reduce the bacterial population and can be used in food products for microbiological safety.
Asunto(s)
Queso , Microbiología de Alimentos/métodos , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales , Listeria monocytogenes/efectos de los fármacos , Nisina/farmacología , Salmonella typhimurium/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Queso/microbiología , Queso/normas , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/microbiología , Jugos de Frutas y Vegetales/normas , Glucanos/química , Glucanos/farmacología , Malus/microbiología , Nanofibras/química , Nisina/químicaRESUMEN
This study was done to establish the sodium concentration in the cheeses marketed in the western border region of the Rio Grande do Sul. A total of 30 cheese samples (grated Parmesan, Mozzarella, Prato and Artisanal) were collected from different brands and lots. After analyzing them under atomic emission spectroscopy, in quadruplicate, the sodium levels were ascertained. From the quantification of the sodium content significant differences were noted among the lots of all the cheese brands assessed. The results clearly revealed that 44.4% of the companies had listed nutritional values on the labels that were noncompliant with the legislation. Besides, 77.8% of the brands failed to reduce the sodium concentration to the levels jointly decided upon by the Ministry of Health and Brazilian Association of Food Industries, which should have been achieved ideally towards the end of 2016. While the Artisanal cheeses did not register high concentrations of sodium, the formulation of the grated Parmesan cheese was characterized by its high sodium content (2014.56 mg/100 g), as well as by its steady rise in sodium concentration over the years. This is indicative of the inattentiveness of the industry towards the consumers, as stringent laws to standardize the quantity of added salt in cheeses preparations are nonexistent.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a concentração de sódio em queijos comercializados na região da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul. Foram coletadas 30 amostras de queijos (Parmesão ralado, Muçarela, Prato e Artesanal) de diferentes marcas e lotes, as quais foram analisadas em quadruplicata quanto ao conteúdo de sódio, empregando a espectroscopia de emissão atômica. A quantificação do teor de sódio permitiu constatar que houve diferença significativa entre os lotes de todas as marcas de queijos avaliadas. Os resultados indicaram que 44,4% das empresas estavam com os valores da rotulagem nutricional em desacordo com a legislação. Além disso, 77,8% das marcas não cumprem a meta para redução de sódio acordada entre o Ministério da Saúde e Associação Brasileira das Indústrias da Alimentação, a qual deveria ter sido alcançada até o final do ano de 2016. Em relação aos queijos Artesanais não foram registradas altas concentrações de sódio. O queijo Parmesão ralado destacou-se pelo elevado conteúdo de sódio em sua formulação (2014,56 mg/100 g) e também pelo aumento da adição deste mineral com o passar dos anos. Com isso, evidencia-se a negligência da indústria em relação aos consumidores, devido à ausência de leis para padronizar a adição de sal na preparação de queijos.
Asunto(s)
Queso/normas , Etiquetado de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Etiquetado de Alimentos/normas , Sodio/administración & dosificación , Sodio/análisis , Fotometría , Estándar de Identidad y Calidad de Productos y ServiciosRESUMEN
Artisanal Minas cheese is produced in Minas Gerais state, Brazil and its varieties are named according to their geographical origin (Serro, Canastra, Serra do Salitre, Araxá and Campo das Vertentes). The cheese is produced with raw cow's milk and the whey from the previous cheese production ("pingo"). The high economic and cultural importance of artisanal cheese in Brazil justifies the efforts to ensure its safety, quality and provenance. This study aimed to characterize the microbial diversity composition, and geographical distribution of artisanal Minas cheese, focusing on the characterization of its autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) microbiota. Artisanal Minas cheese varieties from Serro, Canastra, Serra do Salitre, Araxá and Campo das Vertentes were analyzed by culture-dependent (culturing and LAB sequencing) and -independent (repetitive extragenic palindromic-PCR (rep-PCR) and length heterogeneity-PCR, LH-PCR) methods to characterize the microbiota. The microbial counts were variable between cheese samples, and some samples presented high number of coagulase positive bacteria and coliforms that may be associated with hygienic issues. In all samples was observed a prevalence of LAB. 16S rRNA sequencing and rep-PCR of the LAB strains identified four genus (Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Enterococcus and Weissella), ten species and more than one strain per species. Lactobacillus was the most prevalent genera in all the cheeses. LH-PCR revealed a further six genera and ten species that were not identified by culturing, highlighting the importance of combining both culture-dependent and -independent methods to fully characterize microbiota diversity. Principal component analysis of the LH-PCR data and cluster analysis of rep-PCR data revealed that the artisanal Minas cheese microbiota was influenced not only by their geographical origin but also by the cheese farm. The lack of standardization in the milking and cheese manufacturing procedures between artisanal cheese farms could explain the microbial diversity.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Biodiversidad , Queso/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Microbiota , Leche/microbiología , Alimentos Crudos/microbiología , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Carga Bacteriana , Brasil , Bovinos , Queso/análisis , Queso/normas , ADN Bacteriano/genética , Enterococcus/genética , Enterococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Inocuidad de los Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Lactobacillaceae/genética , Lactobacillaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Lactobacillus/genética , Lactobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Microbiota/genética , Microbiota/fisiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Alimentos Crudos/normasRESUMEN
The effects of the addition of Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-05, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12 and inulin on the quality characteristics of creamy goat cheese during refrigerated storage were evaluated. The manufactured cheeses included the addition of starter culture (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris - R-704) (CC); starter culture, L. acidophilus LA-05 and inulin (CLA); starter culture, B. lactis BB-12 and inulin (CBB); or starter culture, L. acidophilus LA-05, B. lactis BB-12 and inulin (CLB). In the synbiotic cheeses (CLA, CBB and CLB), the counts of L. acidophilus LA-05 and B. lactis BB-12 were greater than 6log CFU g-1, the amount of inulin was greater than 6 g per 100 g, and the firmness was reduced. The cheeses evaluated had high brightness values (L*), with a predominance of yellow (b*). CC had higher contents of proteins, lipids and minerals compared to the other cheeses. There was a decrease in the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and an increase of medium-chain (MCFAs) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) in the synbiotic cheeses compared to CC. The amount of conjugated linoleic acid increased in CLA, CBB and CLB. The highest depth of proteolysis and the greatest changes in the release of free amino acids were found in CLB. The addition of inulin and probiotics, alone or in co-culture, did not affect the cheese acceptance. Inulin and probiotics can be used together for the production of creamy goat cheese without negatively affecting the general quality characteristics of the product, and to add value because of its synbiotic potential.
Asunto(s)
Bifidobacterium animalis/fisiología , Queso/microbiología , Queso/normas , Inulina/química , Lactobacillus acidophilus/fisiología , Animales , Manipulación de Alimentos , CabrasRESUMEN
This study aimed to establish a manufacturing protocol and to characterize semihard cheese covered with lard and rosemary during ripening. After the manufacturing protocol was defined, the cheeses were produced with pasteurized and raw milk from Holstein cows, with and without (control) coating, and then ripened for 60 d. During this period the physicochemical properties, color, proteolysis, texture profile, and sensory acceptance were performed. The early-ripening cheeses differed from the others in terms of color and moisture content. Multivariate statistical analysis separated chesses in groups differentiated by the effects of heat treatment of milk and ripening period. The ripened cheeses obtained from raw milk were sensorially more preferred. The coating gave the final products higher moisture content and favored color and texture characteristics. Consumer testing showed that the cheese obtained from raw milk and coated with lard and rosemary was the most preferred (acceptance of 82%) due to the specific coating of rosemary (aroma and flavor). This product has potential to add value and to diversify the production of semihard cheeses.
Asunto(s)
Queso/análisis , Grasas de la Dieta , Leche , Odorantes , Pasteurización , Rosmarinus , Gusto , Animales , Bovinos , Queso/normas , Color , Comportamiento del Consumidor , Femenino , Calor , Humanos , Hojas de la Planta , Especias , AguaRESUMEN
A Ilha de Marajó possui o maior rebanho bubalino do Brasil, sendo a Microrregião de Arari a principal produtora de leite e queijo de búfala. O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar, por meio de análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas, o Queijo do Marajó tipo manteiga e verificar se há diferenças de suas características entre as estações do ano, chuvosa e seca. A acidez, pH e a porcentagem de gordura no extrato seco foram atributos de composição centesimal que apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,05) pelo teste Tukey, entre as duas estações do ano. Os demais componentes (umidade, gordura, proteína total, cinza, EST e sal) desse queijo não variaram em função da época do ano. Quanto às características microbiológicas, as contagens foram maiores na estação chuvosa, exceto para as de Escherichia coli, que mantiveram-se constantes e adequadas à legislação. As contagens de Staphylococcus aureus foram altas e fora dos padrões da norma vigente. A contagem de aeróbios mesófilos foi maior na época das chuvas. Não foi detectada a presença dos patógenos Listeria monocytogenes e Salmonella sp. Apesar dos queijos analisados se enquadrarem nas legislações estadual e nacional, no tocante à composição química, os resultados indicam contagem S. aureus muito elevadas, o que enfatiza a necessidade da implementação imediata de Boas Práticas de Fabricação para a inocuidade dos produtos, a fim de atingir consonância com as contagens microbiológicas da legislação vigente.(AU)
Marajó Island has the biggest water buffalo herd in Brazil, and the Microregion of Arari is the main water buffalo's milk and cheese producer. This study aimed to characterize physicochemical and microbiological composition of Marajó's butter-type cheese and to verify differences in its characteristics between rainy and dry seasons of the year. Acidity, pH and percentage of fat in dry matter (% FDM) were attributes that showed significant difference (P<0.05) by Tukey test between the two seasons. The remaining Marajó's butter-type cheese components (moisture, fat, total protein, ash, salt and total dry matter) did not vary along the year. Regarding to microbiological characteristics, in general, the count was higher in the rainy season, except for Escherichia Coli, wich remained constant. Values found for total coliforms were medium to low. For E. coli values meet legal requirements (less than 101CFU g-1) and, therefore, were satisfactory. Counts of Staphylococcus aureus were high, with 0% of samples within the standards of the norm in the rainy season and 9.1% in the dry season. The aerobic mesophilic count was different between the periods of the year and was higher in the rainy season. Presence of the pathogens Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella sp. was not detected. Despite the cheeses analyzed are in accordance with national legislation regarding chemical composition, the results indicate counts of S. aureus very high, emphasizing the need for immediate implementation of Good Manufacturing Practices so the safety of products will be in agreement with actual legislation.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Queso/normas , Absorción Fisicoquímica , Microbiología , Leche , BúfalosRESUMEN
The objective of this research was to compare the effect of 2 fungal proteases, one that is already commercially established as a milk-clotting agent and another produced at the laboratory scale, on Prato cheese composition, protein and fat recovery, yield, and sensory characteristics. Cheeses were produced according to the traditional protocol, using protease from the fungus Thermomucor indicae-seudaticae N31 and commercial coagulant from Rhizomucor spp. as clotting agents. A 2×6 factorial design with 3 replications was performed: 2 levels of coagulants and 6 levels of storage time. After 5, 12, 19, 33, 43, and 53d of refrigerated storage (12°C), cheeses were monitored for proteolysis, firmness, and casein degradation by capillary electrophoresis. Sensory acceptance was evaluated after 29d of manufacturing. The different coagulants did not statistically affect Prato cheese composition, protein and fat recovery, and yield. Both cheeses presented good sensory acceptance. Proteolysis increased and firmness decreased for both cheeses during the storage time, as expected for Prato cheese. Caseins were well separated by capillary electrophoresis and the results showed, with good resolution, that the cheeses exhibited similar protein hydrolysis profile. Both cheeses presented good sensory acceptance. The gathered data showed that the protease from T. indicae-seudaticae N31 presented similar action compared with the commercial enzyme, indicating its efficiency as clotting agent for Prato cheese manufacture.
Asunto(s)
Queso/análisis , Queso/normas , Coagulantes/farmacología , Industria Lechera/métodos , Animales , Caseínas/metabolismo , Industria Lechera/normas , Grasas de la Dieta/análisis , Proteínas en la Dieta/análisis , Electroforesis Capilar , Hidrólisis , Proteolisis/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
This study aimed to assess and compare the nutritional, technological, and sensory characteristics of Minas fresh cheese made with goat milk, cow milk, or a mixture of the two stored in cold conditions for 21d. The yield and centesimal composition of the cheeses were not affected by the type of milk used in their preparation. Reductions were observed in the moisture content, pH, proteolysis index, and instrumental hardness; moreover, increases were observed in the syneresis, acidity index, and depth of proteolysis index in all cheeses. The percentages of caprylic, capric, oleic, and linoleic fatty acids were higher in goat milk cheese and cheese made with a mixture of goat and cow milk compared with cow milk cheese, and a sensory evaluation revealed differences in color, flavor, and aroma between the cheeses. The preparation of Minas fresh cheese with a mixture of goat and cow milk can be a viable alternative for dairy products in the market that can be characterized as high-quality products that meet consumer demands.