RESUMEN

Monitoring the use of antimicrobials and the emergence of resistance in animals and people is important for the control of antimicrobial resistance, and for establishing sustainable and effective disease management practices. In this study, we used Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli as indicator species to investigate antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and how these change over time, on ten Swedish pig farms. Indoor environmental sock sampling was performed once a month during the entire production cycle of one batch of pigs on each farm, resulting in 60 samples collected in total. Selective culture for E. coli and Enterococcus spp. resulted in 122 isolates of E. coli, 74 isolates of E. faecium, but no isolates of E. faecalis. Microdilution was used to determine minimum inhibitory concentrations for twelve antimicrobial substances in E. coli and fifteen substances in E. faecium. The overall prevalence of resistance was low. Among the E. coli isolates, the proportions non-wild type (resistant, NWT) isolates were as follows: azithromycin and amikacin 1% (n = 1), trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole 2% (n = 3), ampicillin 6% (n = 7) and tetracycline 9% (n = 11). Among the E. faecium isolates, the NWT proportions were: teicoplanin, linezolid and gentamicin 1% (n = 1), daptomycin 3% (n = 2), erythromycin 26% (n = 19), tetracycline 27% (n = 20), quinupristin/dalfopristin 58% (n = 42). The resistance patterns differed between the farms, likely due to different antimicrobial use, biosecurity measures and source of the animals. The NWT prevalence among E. coli decreased over time, whereas no similar trend could be observed in E. faecium. The results of the current study illustrate the complex factors affecting the antimicrobial resistance patterns observed on each farm, indicating that specific practices and risk factors have an impact on the prevalence and type of antimicrobial resistance. Further studies of the farm environments in combination with antimicrobial use and other risk factor data are needed to elucidate the multifaceted drivers of antimicrobial resistance development on livestock farms.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Enterococcus faecium , Escherichia coli , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Enterococcus faecium/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Porcinos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Suecia/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Granjas , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/métodos

RESUMEN

Staphylococci are classified as one of the pathogens causing bovine mastitis that can pose not only an economic loss to the dairy farms, but a serious public-health threat based on their zoonotic potential. We focused to monitor phenotypes of the isolated strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (S. haemolyticus) from milk of cows with clinical mastitis, including antibiotic resistance, biofilm forming ability and the presence of biofilm- and toxin- related genes. From a total of 191 milk samples were identified as S. aureus - 12% (22 isolates) and S. haemolyticus - 6% (12 isolates). Automatic interpreted reading of the antibiogram evaluated potentially 12 isolates as methicillin-resistant S. aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative Staphylococci. Genotypically, the isolates were positive for blaZ and negative for mecA and mecC. Others important mechanisms were inducible macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (iMLSB) resistance with presence of msrA, ermC, vgaA. The most detected biofilm-associated and toxins genes were clfA, sdrD, sdrE, fnbpB, bbp, isdA, isdB, hla and see. S. aureus isolates were subjected to spa typing. It turned out that despite the strains coming from different farms, they were either resistant or sensitive to antibiotic, were all of the same spa-type t 10035. Our findings revealed the presence iMLSB, which, to our best knowledge, were described in Slovakian bovine staphylococci rarely. The majority of isolates were multidrug-resistant and carried multiple virulence genes, posing a potential public-health risk.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Biopelículas , Mastitis Bovina , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Staphylococcus haemolyticus , Animales , Bovinos , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Femenino , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/genética , Staphylococcus haemolyticus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/genética , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Leche/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética

RESUMEN

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of commercial gentamicin-impregnated collagen sponges (GICS) applied subcutaneously in dogs. In six healthy beagles, an 11 ×6 cm subcutaneous pocket was created, a folded 10×10 cm GICS was inserted, and saline was injected to mimic a seroma. Wound fluid samples were aspirated, and the gentamicin concentration was determined. Simultaneously, blood samples were collected to evaluate the corresponding systemic gentamicin concentration. All samples were collected before and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 18, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 168 hours after GICS placement. The local Cmax of gentamicin was reached after 0.5 hours (range, 0.5-1.0 hours) post-implantation in 5/6 dogs at a median concentration of 2053.3 µg/mL (range, 918.0-2791.9 µg/mL). Whitin 24 hours, the local concentration dropped below the MIC for Staphylococcus sp. (4 µg/mL) in 5/6 dogs. Plasma Cmax was achieved at a median of 1.2 hours post-implantation (range, 1.0-2.0 hours) and reached a median concentration of 10.3 µg/mL (range, 8.8-18.03 µg/mL). After 6 hours, the gentamicin concentration in the plasma was below 4 µg/mL in all dogs. The GICS provided a high local concentration of gentamicin in a short time with a local Cmax:MIC ratio of 513:1, largely sufficient to eliminate susceptible bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) and Pseudomonas sp., in a clinical setting. The repeated administration of saline in the present study seemed to have induced a quicker gentamicin release from the GICS than described in previous studies that typically dealt with "drier" wounds.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Colágeno , Gentamicinas , Animales , Perros , Gentamicinas/farmacocinética , Gentamicinas/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Femenino , Tapones Quirúrgicos de Gaza , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Colistin (CST) is considered as "agent of last resort" against gram-negative bacteria as feed additive. Its clinical effectiveness has reduced since the emergence of mcr-1 gene in ducks. Isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG), a new guanidine derivative, showed positive effects on improving animal weights and alleviating intestinal pathogens, therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of this compound supplement with CST in ducks and explore the possibilities in feed additive. A total of fifteen duck-origin Escherichia coli carrying the mcr-1 gene were included in this study. A checkerboard microdilution assay was used to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial activity of IBG combined with CST against mcr-1-positive E. coli. A 3-by-2 time-kill array of IBG (16, 32, and 64 µg/mL) and CST (1/2 MIC and 1/4 MIC) over 24 hours was utilized to characterize the activity of the agents alone and in combination against E. coli strain 1 in vitro. The intestinal colonization model was used to evaluate the in vivo effect of IBG combined with CST. These results indicated that the combination of IBG plus CST showed a synergistic effect against all clinical isolates (FICI < 0.5). The bacterial burden was reduced by more than 2 log10 CFU/mL when E. coli strain 1 was tested with 1/2 MIC CST plus 64 µg/mL IBG for 24 h. Further experiments in vivo demonstrated that the CST combined with IBG was able to increase duck weights, reduced intestinal pathogenic E. coli and showed a synergistic antibacterial effect. Combination of CST (4 mg/kg b.w.) plus IBG (32 or 64 mg/kg b.w.) achieved 1.84 to 3.29 log10 CFU/g killing after 7 d of therapy, which was significantly different from that in the challenge control group (p<0.05). In summary, our study demonstrated the potential use of IBG as feed additive for veterinary purposes in ducks and provided new insights into overcoming resistance in the future.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Colistina , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Patos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Proteínas de Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Animales , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Colistina/farmacología , Colistina/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/tratamiento farmacológico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Enfermedades Intestinales/veterinaria , Enfermedades Intestinales/microbiología , Enfermedades Intestinales/tratamiento farmacológico , Guanidina/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis

RESUMEN

AIM: This study aimed to summarize the frequency and the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the Salmonella serotypes identified from the specimens of companion animals, livestock, avian, wildlife and exotic species within Atlantic Canada. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The retrospective electronic laboratory data of microbiological analyses of a selected subset of samples from 03 January 2012 to 29 December 2021 submitted from various animal species were retrieved. The frequency of Salmonella serotypes identified, and their antimicrobial susceptibility results obtained using the disk diffusion or broth method were analysed. The test results were interpreted according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute standard. The Salmonella serotypes were identified by slide agglutination (Kauffman-White-Le-Minor Scheme) and/or the Whole Genome Sequencing for the Salmonella in silico Serovar Typing Resource-based identification. RESULTS: Of the cases included in this study, 4.6% (n = 154) had at least one Salmonella isolate, corresponding to 55 different serovars. Salmonella isolation was highest from exotic animal species (n = 40, 1.20%), followed by porcine (n = 26, 0.78%), and canine (n = 23, 0.69%). Salmonella subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium was predominant among exotic mammals, porcine and caprine samples, whereas S. Enteritidis was mostly identified in bovine and canine samples. S. Typhimurium of porcine origin was frequently resistant (>70.0%) to ampicillin. In contrast, S. Typhimurium isolates from porcine and caprine samples were susceptible (>70.0%) to florfenicol. S. Oranienburg from equine samples was susceptible to chloramphenicol, but frequently resistant (>90.0%) to azithromycin. In avian samples, S. Copenhagen was susceptible (>90.0%) to florfenicol, whereas Muenchen was frequently resistant (>90.0%) to florfenicol. S. subsp. diarizonae serovar IIIb:61:k:1,5 of ovine origin was resistant (50.0% isolates) to sulfadimethoxine. No significant changes were observed in the antibiotic resistance profiles across the study years. CONCLUSIONS: This report provides data for surveillance studies, distribution of Salmonella serotypes and their antimicrobial resistance among veterinary specimens of Atlantic Canada.

Asunto(s)

Salmonelosis Animal , Salmonella , Serogrupo , Animales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/clasificación , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Canadá/epidemiología , Ganado/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Mascotas/microbiología , Aves/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Background: Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem related to the transmission of bacteria and genes between humans and animals. The development of new drugs with antimicrobial activity research is an urgent task of modern science. Aim: The article presents data of in vitro and in vivo experiments on new pharmaceutical composition based on nisin. Methods: The antimicrobial activity was studied on the mastitis pathogens. To identify microorganisms the Matrix-Assisted Lazer Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) (mass spectrometry) method was performed using. To determine sensitivity, the serial dilution method and the diffusion method were used. On laboratory animals, biochemical, hematological, and histological research methods were used. Female nonlinear white laboratory rats were used, which were divided into one control group and three experimental ones. Results: "Duration" factor was statistically significant for the following indicators: hemoglobin, hematocrit, leukocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and eosinophils. The "Dose" factor did not show significance for any indicator, which means that the effect was similar regardless of the dose chosen. When analyzing the biochemical indicators, significant differences were found in the "Duration" and "Dose" factors, in the direction of a decrease in the indicators of total protein, globulins, urea, and an increase in the concentration of alkaline phosphatase. When conducting histological studies in the first experimental group, it was established that there were no changes in the structural and functional units of the organs. In animals of the second experimental group, the presence of reversible pathological processes of a compensatory nature was noted. More profound changes in the structure of the studied organs were recorded in the third experimental group. Conclusion: An in vitro study on cell cultures showed that the pharmacological composition has high antimicrobial activity against isolates from the mammary gland secretion of cows with mastitis. An in vivo study on laboratory animals showed that the developed composition belongs to the IV class of substances "low-hazard substances". Histological examination made it possible to select the safest dose of the pharmacological composition of no more than 500 mg/kg.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Nisina , Animales , Femenino , Ratas , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Nisina/farmacología , Bovinos , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Mastitis Bovina/tratamiento farmacológico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Espectrometría de Masa por Láser de Matriz Asistida de Ionización Desorción/veterinaria

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Many clinicians prescribe antifungal agents to treat canine otitis externa (OE). However, studies evaluating the antifungal effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its combinations are limited. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antifungal effects of NAC alone and in combination with other antifungal agents against Malassezia pachydermatis isolated from canine OE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: M. pachydermatis samples were collected from 13 dogs with OE. The final concentration of the inoculum suspensions of M. pachydermatis was 1-5 × 106 colony forming units/mL. The concentrations of the test compounds ketoconazole (KTZ), terbinafine (TER), nystatin (NYS) and NAC were 0.02-300 µg/mL, 0.04-80 µg/mL, 0.16-40 µg/mL and 1.25-20 mg/mL, respectively. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was measured to evaluate the susceptibility of the M. pachydermatis to KTZ, TER, NYS and NAC. The checkerboard testing method and fractional inhibitory concentration index were used to evaluate the effect of NAC in combination with KTZ, TER and NYS against M. pachydermatis. RESULTS: The MIC90 values of M. pachydermatis were 4.6875-9.375 µg/mL, 1.25 µg/mL, 5-10 µg/mL and 10 mg/mL for KTZ, TER, NYS and NAC, respectively. The synergistic effects of KTZ, TER and NYS with NAC were identified in 0/13, 2/13 and 0/13 isolates, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: NAC had an antifungal effect against M. pachydermatis but did not exert synergistic effects when used with KTZ, TER and NYS. Thus, the use of NAC alone as a topical solution could be considered an effective treatment option for canine OE involving M. pachydermatis.

Asunto(s)

Acetilcisteína , Antifúngicos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Quimioterapia Combinada , Malassezia , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Otitis Externa , Animales , Perros , Malassezia/efectos de los fármacos , Otitis Externa/veterinaria , Otitis Externa/tratamiento farmacológico , Otitis Externa/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Quimioterapia Combinada/veterinaria , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Masculino , Femenino

RESUMEN

Bacterial antibiotic resistance is a public health problem affecting humans and animals. This study focuses on identifying Gram-negative bacilli (GNB) (MALDI-TOF MS and Klebsiella MALDI TypeR) resistant to antimicrobials in freshly emitted feces of healthy captive and rescued wild birds from a zoo in Brazil. Birds from the zoo and rescued from sixteen different orders were investigated. Resistant bacteria from feces were selected (MacConkey agar with 2 µg/mL cefotaxime). Genomic similarity and plasmid were investigated by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis of XbaI fragments (XbaI-PFGE) and S1-PFGE. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was performed to search for beta-lactamase genes. From 80 birds included, 26 from the zoo (50 %) and 18 rescued wild birds (64 %) presented cefotaxime-resistant GNB. E. coli and Klebsiella spp were the most prevalent species. Among 65 isolates from the zoo and rescued wild birds, 75 % were considered multidrug-resistant (MDR). The majority of the isolates were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing and resistant to enrofloxacin. blaCTX-M-GROUP-1, blaTEM, and blaSHV were the most detected genes, and blaKPC was detected in K. pneumoniae complex. According to genomic similarity results, some identical profiles were found in birds with no known contact among the zoo or rescued birds. Several isolates carried one to three plasmids (15-350 kb). The presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates from healthy captive and wild birds brings novel data on the dissemination of these elements to the environment.

Asunto(s)

Animales Salvajes , Antibacterianos , Aves , Heces , beta-Lactamasas , Animales , Brasil/epidemiología , Aves/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Heces/microbiología , Animales Salvajes/microbiología , beta-Lactamasas/genética , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias Gramnegativas/genética , Bacterias Gramnegativas/clasificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Animales de Zoológico/microbiología , Plásmidos/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética

RESUMEN

1. The extensive use of antimicrobials in poultry production may contribute to the emergence of resistant bacteria. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence and resistance of different E. coli strains isolated from raw chicken meat and to investigate the possibility to use Lebanese native oregano essential oils as alternatives.2. In total, 250 chickens from Lebanese markets were examined for the presence of E. coli. Isolates were then screened for susceptibility using 19 antibiotics and two essential oils extracted from oregano plants.3. Of the 250 chickens tested, 80% were contaminated with E. coli. Main resistance was seen against amoxycillin, ampicillin, penicillin, tetracycline, tylosin, streptomycin and erythromycin. The highest rate of sensitivity was found in 86.1% of strains to Amoxycillin/Clavulanic acid, 80.09% to Tilmicosin. Both essential oils from Origanum syriacum (98%) and O. ehrenbergii (97.3%) showed promising potential in inhibiting the growth of the tested bacteria. Oil from O. syriacum exhibited superior efficacy against 200 E. coli strains, inhibiting 46.1% at 200 mg/l and all at 400 mg/l, while O. ehrenbergii oil showed slightly lower inhibition, affecting 41.6% at 200 mg/l and all at 400 mg/l.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Pollos , Escherichia coli , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Aceites Volátiles , Origanum , Animales , Pollos/microbiología , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/química , Origanum/química , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Líbano/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Carne/microbiología , Carne/análisis , Microbiología de Alimentos , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Clostridium perfringens (C. perfringens) is an important zoonotic microorganism that can cause animal and human infections, however information about the prevalence status in wild birds of this pathogenic bacterium is currently limited. RESULT: In this study, 57 strains of C. perfringens were isolated from 328 fecal samples of wild birds. All the isolates were identified as type A and 70.18% of the isolates carried the cpb2 gene. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that and 22.80% of the isolates were classified as multidrug-resistant strains. The MLST analysis of the 57 isolates from wild birds was categorized into 55 different sequence types (STs) and clustered into eight clonal complexes (CCs) with an average of 20.1 alleles and the Simpson Diversity index (Ds) of 0.9812, and revealed a high level of genetic diversity within the C. perfringens populations. Interestingly, the isolates from swan goose were clustered in the same CC while isolates from other bird species were more scattered suggesting that a potential difference in genetic diversity among the C. perfringens populations associated with different bird species. CONCLUSION: C. perfringens exhibits a wide range of host adaptations, varying degrees of antimicrobial resistance, and a high degree of genetic diversity in wild birds. Understanding the prevalence, toxin type, antimicrobial resistance, and genetic diversity of C. perfringens in wildlife populations is essential for developing effective strategies for disease control and management.

Asunto(s)

Animales Salvajes , Aves , Infecciones por Clostridium , Clostridium perfringens , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Variación Genética , Clostridium perfringens/genética , Clostridium perfringens/aislamiento & purificación , Clostridium perfringens/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Aves/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Infecciones por Clostridium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Clostridium/microbiología , Infecciones por Clostridium/epidemiología , Animales Salvajes/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Tipificación de Secuencias Multilocus/veterinaria , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Aves/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves/epidemiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Acinetobacter lwoffii (A. lwoffii) is a Gram-negative bacteria common in the environment, and it is the normal flora in human respiratory and digestive tracts. The bacteria is a zoonotic and opportunistic pathogen that causes various infections, including nosocomial infections. The aim of this study was to identify A. lwoffii strains isolated from bovine milk with subclinical mastitis in China and get a better understanding of its antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance profile. This is the first study to analyze the drug resistance spectrum and corresponding mechanisms of A. lwoffii isolated in raw milk. RESULTS: Four A. lwoffii strains were isolated by PCR method. Genetic evolution analysis using the neighbor-joining method showed that the four strains had a high homology with Acinetobacter lwoffii. The strains were resistant to several antibiotics and carried 17 drug-resistance genes across them. Specifically, among 23 antibiotics, the strains were completely susceptible to 6 antibiotics, including doxycycline, erythromycin, polymyxin, clindamycin, imipenem, and meropenem. In addition, the strains showed variable resistance patterns. A total of 17 resistance genes, including plasmid-mediated resistance genes, were detected across the four strains. These genes mediated resistance to 5 classes of antimicrobials, including beta-lactam, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, sulfonamides, and chloramphenicol. CONCLUSION: These findings indicated that multi-drug resistant Acinetobacter lwoffii strains exist in raw milk of bovine with subclinical mastitis. Acinetobacter lwoffii are widespread in natural environmental samples, including water, soil, bathtub, soap box, skin, pharynx, conjunctiva, saliva, gastrointestinal tract, and vaginal secretions. The strains carry resistance genes in mobile genetic elements to enhance the spread of these genes. Therefore, more attention should be paid to epidemiological surveillance and drug resistant A. lwoffii.

Asunto(s)

Acinetobacter , Antibacterianos , Mastitis Bovina , Leche , Animales , Bovinos , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Mastitis Bovina/epidemiología , Femenino , Acinetobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Acinetobacter/genética , Acinetobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Leche/microbiología , China/epidemiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/veterinaria , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Acinetobacter/epidemiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética

RESUMEN

Background: Salmonella infections are considered the most common foodborne pathogens responsible for zoonotic infections and food poisoning in humans and animal species such as birds. Antimicrobial resistance is considered a global anxiety because it causes human public health repercussions, as well as leads to an increase in animal morbidity and death. Aim: The aims of this study are the isolation and identification of Salmonella enterica, as well as to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility test (AST) and the molecular characteristics using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequences for isolates from chicken products (eggs, livers, and minced meat) and human in the Wasit Governorate of Iraq. Methods: A total of 300 samples (150 chicken product samples including eggs, livers, and minced meat, and 150 human fecal samples) were collected from the Wasit governorate of Iraq from January to December 2022. The bacterial isolation was done according to recommendations of ISO 6579 standard and the Global Foodborne Infections Network laboratory protocol. Serotyping test and AST were done by using 19 antibiotic agents according to the recommendations of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2022 by using disc diffusion susceptibility test and Vitik 2 test. Finally, the suspected isolates were confirmed using the conventional PCR method and sequencing for a unique rRNA gene. Results: The results showed that the isolation percentage of S. enterica in chicken products was 8.66% (12% eggs, 6% livers, and 8% minced meat), while in humans it was 4.6%. Also, showed 100% of Salmonella typhi in humans. While, in chicken eggs S. typhi, Salmonella typhimurium, and Salmonella enteritidis were 50%, 33.33%, and 16.66%, respectively. Also, showed 100% of S. typhimurium in both livers and minced meat. The AST in human isolates showed resistance to Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, Amikacin, Gentamicin, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, and Ceftriaxone, while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Nitrofurantoin, Trimethoprim, Azithromycin, and Tetracycline. In chicken products, isolates were resistant with different percentages to Amikacin, Gentamicin, Tetracycline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin, Nitrofurantoin, Ampicillin, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefepime, and Trimethoprim; while no resistance to Amoxicillin, Pipracillin, Ertapenem, Imipenem, Meropenem, Fosfomycin, Azithromycin, and Ceftriaxone. Sequencing by using rRNA gene was done for four PCR products. Conclusion: This study showed the presence of genetic mutations for S. enterica which led to variations in the molecular characteristics, and antimicrobial drug resistance of S. enterica isolated from chicken products and humans.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Pollos , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Salmonella enterica , Animales , Salmonella enterica/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enterica/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella enterica/genética , Humanos , Pollos/microbiología , Irak/epidemiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Carne/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Productos Avícolas/microbiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/microbiología , Infecciones por Salmonella/epidemiología

RESUMEN

Pyometra is a bacterial uterine infection that frequently affects intact older bitches. The treatment of choice is ovariohysterectomy, often associated with perioperative antimicrobial therapy. The aim of this retrospective investigation was to evaluate the antibiotic choice at different administration times (pre-surgery, at surgery/during hospitalization, and post-surgery) against complications and outcomes, considering the susceptibility profile of bacteria. The medical records of 51 bitches referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Turin (January 2021-November 2023) and subjected to ovariohysterectomy and bacteriological examination (bacterial culture and susceptibility tests) of the uterine exudate, were analysed. All animals had a positive outcome without surgical site infections, with a longer hospitalization time in case of peritonitis or sepsis; antimicrobials were administered for an average of 7 days. Comparing the susceptibility of the isolated bacteria towards the antimicrobials administered before, during and after surgery, complete efficacy was observed in 42 %, 46 % and 50 % of cases, respectively. In addition, 5/16 peritonitis cases were treated with an in vitro ineffective antimicrobial, and 30 % of the bitches never received a fully effective antibiotic, according to susceptibility tests using the minimum inhibitory concentration method (MIC). Cephazolin resulted the best option for Escherichia coli, the most frequently isolated bacterium. Our study confirms that pyometra has a good prognosis following ovariohysterectomy and antibiotic administration. Monitoring the clinical evolution without changing the antibiotic according to bacterial susceptibility could represent the right choice in uncomplicated cases. Evaluation of outcomes without postoperative antibacterial treatment or with a shorter course would be another topic worth investigating, with the aim to judiciously reduce the use of antibiotics.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Histerectomía , Ovariectomía , Piómetra , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Piómetra/veterinaria , Piómetra/cirugía , Piómetra/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/cirugía , Histerectomía/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ovariectomía/veterinaria , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Resultado del Tratamiento

RESUMEN

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is an emerging human and animal issue. The frequency of resistance to high importance antimicrobials, isolation of microbes of One Health importance and the nature and frequency of multi-drug resistant (MDR) profiles in Australian small animal referral practice have not been described previously. Medical databases of two private small animal referral hospitals in Queensland, Australia were reviewed for culture and susceptibility (C&S) results from 1 January to 31 December 2020. Hospital site (H1 and H2), culture sample, C&S results and MDR were documented for samples from services operating at both locations. There were 631 microbial isolates and 386 susceptibility profiles from 438 samples. The predominant organism was Staphylococcus pseudintermedius at H1 (n = 95) and Escherichia coli at H2 (n = 23). The majority of samples were integumentary (H1 n = 216, H2 n = 75) or urogenital (H1 n = 74, H2 n = 70). MDR isolates were reported at both hospitals, and were significantly more likely at H1 (69/262, 26.3% vs. 12/121, 9.9%; P < 0.001). High levels of AMR including MDR profiles were reported at the two hospitals evaluated, but they had significantly different resistance patterns and microbial profiles. These results highlight the need to practice appropriate antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary medicine, and are supportive for individual hospital surveillance with antibiograms.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Hospitales Veterinarios , Animales , Hospitales Veterinarios/estadística & datos numéricos , Prevalencia , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Queensland , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Piggery production is highly constrained by diseases, with diarrhoea in piglets being a major cause of economic losses to smallholder farmers in Uganda. Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is thought to be one of the major etiologies of this diarrhoea. A cross-sectional study was carried out in two high pig-producing districts of Uganda with the aim of determining the significance of piglet diarrhoea and the pathogenic determinants of causative E. coli. METHODOLOGY: A total of 40 households with piglets were visited in each district for a questionnaire survey and faecal sample collection. The questionnaire-based data collected included; demographic data and pig management practices. E. coli were isolated from diarrheic (43) and non-diarrheic (172) piglets and were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing against nine commonly used antimicrobial agents. The E. coli isolates were further screened for the presence of 11 enterotoxin and fimbrial virulence gene markers using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Data entry, cleaning, verification and descriptive statistics were performed using Microsoft Excel. Statistical analysis to determine any association between the presence of virulence markers and diarrhea in piglets was done using SPSS software (Version 23), with a p value of less than 0.05 taken as a statistically significant association. RESULTS: Escherichia coli were recovered from 81.4% (175/215) of the faecal samples. All the isolates were resistant to erythromycin, and most showed high resistance to tetracycline (71%), ampicillin (49%), and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (45%). More than half of the isolates (58.3%) carried at least one of the 11 virulence gene markers tested. EAST1 was the most prevalent virulence marker detected (35.4%), followed by STb (14.8%). Expression of more than one virulence gene marker was observed in 6.2% of the isolates, with the EAST1/STa combination being the most prevalent. Three adhesins; F17 (0.6%), F18 (6.3%) and AIDA-I (0.6%) were detected, with F18 being the most encountered. There was a statistically significant association between the occurrence of piglet diarrhoea and the presence of the AIDA-1 (p value = 0.037) or EAST1 (p value = 0.011) gene marker among the isolates. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION: The level of antimicrobial resistance among E. coli isolates expressing virulence markers were high in the sampled districts. The study established a significant association between presence of EAST1 and AIDA-I virulence markers and piglet diarrhea. Further studies should be carried out to elucidate the main adhesins borne by these organisms in Uganda and the actual role played by EAST1 in the pathogenesis of the infection since most isolates expressed this gene.

Asunto(s)

Diarrea , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Uganda/epidemiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/microbiología , Estudios Transversales , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/genética , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/aislamiento & purificación , Virulencia/genética , Heces/microbiología , Animales Recién Nacidos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Destete , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Background: Escherichia coli infection is one of the major diarrheal diseases resulting in the loss of pigs at a young age. Aim: This research investigated the antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia sappan wood extract against E. coli infection as an antibiotic replacement. Methods: E. coli was cultured from diarrheal piglets and then used to find the minimal inhibition concentration (MIC). Caesalpinia sappan wood extract (500 mg/kg) was used for the treatment of diarrheal piglets compared to antibiotics (enrofloxacin 5 mg/kg) by oral administration. Another three groups of diarrheal piglets were used supplemented feed with 1% and 2% extract compared with commercial feed. Subsequently, E. coli enumeration, fecal shape, fecal color, and growth rate were recorded from day 1 to 7. Results: Based on the results, C. sappan wood extract could inhibit E. coli growth at a MIC of 16-34 mg/ml. The number of colonies did not significantly differ between C. sappan wood extract and enrofloxacin treatment groups. A supplemented feed with 1% and 2% C. sappan wood extract could improve the fecal shape and fecal score compared to the control group, albeit only in suckling pigs. There were significant differences from the control group on days 4, 5, 6, and 7 (p < 0.05). However, the average daily gain did not significantly differ among the three groups. Conclusion: The results indicate that C. sappan wood extract could improve diarrheal signs in suckling pigs and can be used as a replacement for antibiotics for organic pig production.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Caesalpinia , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Extractos Vegetales , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Caesalpinia/química , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Porcinos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Diarrea/microbiología , Madera/química , Heces/microbiología

RESUMEN

Present study was designed to evaluate the role of virulence factor genes (papG, cnf1 and hylA) in the pathogenesis of canine pyometra. Antimicrobial susceptibility test and detection of virulence genes were performed Escherichia coli (E. coli) detected in uterine swab samples. Animals were divided into two groups based on the presence (VF+, n:14) or absence (VF-, n:7) of the virulence factor genes papG, cnf1 and hylA. Blood and tissue glutathione peroxidase activity, uterine histopathologic analysis and AQP3, ESR1, PGR, OXTR gene expressions were determined in both groups. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata version 15.1. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to amikacin, whereas resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and lincomycin. None of the isolates were susceptible to cefotaxime. E. coli isolates had at least one virulence gene. The most prevalent gene was fimH (100%), followed by fyuA (95.8%), usp (83.3%), sfa (75%), cnf1 and hlyA (70.8%) genes. Blood GPx activity was greater in VF+ animals. On the other hand, uterine tissue GPx activity was lower in VF+ group compared to the control group. Expression levels of AQP3 were upregulated more than fivefold in VF-dogs compared to the control group. In addition, AQP3 expression levels were found approximately threefold higher in VF (-) than VF (+) group (p < .05). Varying degree of inflammation noted for all animals with pyometra, but the presence of bacteria noted only in VF+ animals. In conclusion, the presence of virulence factor genes does not play a role in the histopathological degree of inflammation, the presence of bacteria was found to vary. Serum GPx activity increased in VF+ animals. While the hormone receptor expressions were similar, AQP expression was upregulated in the absence of virulence factor genes.

Asunto(s)

Acuaporina 3 , Enfermedades de los Perros , Escherichia coli , Glutatión Peroxidasa , Piómetra , Útero , Factores de Virulencia , Animales , Femenino , Factores de Virulencia/genética , Factores de Virulencia/metabolismo , Acuaporina 3/genética , Acuaporina 3/metabolismo , Perros , Piómetra/veterinaria , Piómetra/microbiología , Piómetra/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Útero/patología , Útero/microbiología , Útero/metabolismo , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/patogenicidad , Glutatión Peroxidasa/genética , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Regulación hacia Abajo , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Staphylococcus spp. are growing pathogens in humans and companion animals. The emergence of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus-associated infections, due to zoonotic transmission, is a major public health concern. Domestic animals, such as dogs and cats, are possible reservoirs of multi-resistant bacterial species, which makes it relevant to monitor them due to their proximity to humans. However, there is a lack of information on the real scenario in Europe, especially in Portugal, particularly for animal infections caused by Staphylococcus spp. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp. isolated from cats and dogs diagnosed with infection in Northern Portugal. During 2021-2023, 96 Staphylococcus isolates from dogs and cats with symptoms of bacterial infection, including animals being treated in veterinary clinics/hospitals and cadavers submitted for necropsy at INIAV were included in the study collection. Of the 96 isolates, 63 were from dogs and 33 were Staphylococcus spp. from cats, most of which were isolated from ear (57% and 18%, respectively), skin (19 % and 27 %, respectively) and respiratory tract infections (6 % and 27 %, respectively). Among all the isolates, 12 different Staphylococcus spp. were identified, with Staphylococcus pseudintermedius being the most identified (61 % from dogs and 30 % from cats). It is noteworthy that 36 % of the isolates were multi-drug resistant and 25 % of the isolates showed a methicillin-resistant phenotype, with the mecA gene having been identified in all these isolates. This study highlights a high occurrence of multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus spp. in companion animals in Northern Portugal. This underlines the potential for cats and dogs to act as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance, that can be transmitted to humans, posing a serious threat to public health.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Enfermedades de los Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Mascotas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Animales , Gatos , Perros , Portugal/epidemiología , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de los Gatos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Mascotas/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana

RESUMEN

1. Epidemiological surveillance of Salmonella spp. serves as a primary tool for maintaining the health of poultry flocks. Characterising circulating serotypes is crucial for implementing control and prevention measures. This study conducted phenotypic and molecular characterisation of S. enterica Pullorum, S. enterica Heidelberg, and S. enterica Corvalis isolated from broiler chickens during slaughtering.2. All strains were susceptible to gentamicin, neomycin and norfloxacin. However, resistance rates exceeded 50% for ciprofloxacin and tiamulin, irrespective of the serotype. Approximately 64% of strains were classified as multidrug-resistant, with S. enterica Heidelberg strains exhibiting significantly higher overall resistance. The isolates demonstrated the ability to adhere and produce biofilm at a minimum of three temperatures, with S. enterica Pullorum capable of biofilm production at all temperatures encountered during poultry rearing.3. Each strain possessed between two and seven different virulence-associated genes. Genetic similarity, as indicated by pulsed field gel electrophoresis, exceeded 90% for all three serotypes and strains were classified in the R5 ribotype by PCR, regardless of serotype. Sequencing revealed high similarity among all strains, with homology ranging from 99.61 to 100% and all were classified to a single cluster.4. The results suggested a clonal relationship among the strains, indicating the possible circulation of a unique clonal group of S. enterica Pullorum in the southern region of Brazil.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Pollos , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral , Salmonelosis Animal , Salmonella enterica , Animales , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Salmonelosis Animal/epidemiología , Pollos/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Salmonella enterica/genética , Salmonella enterica/fisiología , Salmonella enterica/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella enterica/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple , Biopelículas , Fenotipo , Virulencia , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/fisiología , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Electroforesis en Gel de Campo Pulsado/veterinaria , Serogrupo

RESUMEN

In herds of dairy goats, mastitis represents a major health and economic problem due to the multiresistance of some microorganisms. In this context, the study aimed to determine the potential of antimicrobial action and antibiofilm of the crude ethanolic extract (CEE) of Hymenaea martiana (jatobá) leaves, as well its fractions, on Staphylococcus sp isolated from bacterial cultures of goat milk. In vitro assays were performed to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC), as well as tests of the effect of CEE on biofilm formation and quantification and the consolidated biofilm. The experimental infection was performed in two groups, each consisting of five goat. Experimental Group 1 (G1) consisted of five females treated with an intramammary ointment based on the CEE, at a concentration of 5%. Experimental Group 2 (G2) consisted of five females treated with a commercial intramammary ointment based on gentamicin, once a day, for six consecutive days. The diagnosis of mastitis was performed using a bacterial culture. The dichloromethane fraction of CEE was the one with the lowest concentrations of MBC, ranging from 195.3 to 781 µg / ml. Concerning to the biofilm, interference of the tested extract was observed for two isolates. In the present study, the ointment prepared from H. martiana extract (jatobá) was able to reduce bacterial infection in mammary glands experimentally infected with S. aureus. Antibacterial activity may be related to the classes of secondary metabolites found.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Biopelículas , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Mastitis , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Animales , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Cabras/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus/fisiología , Mastitis/veterinaria , Mastitis/tratamiento farmacológico , Mastitis/microbiología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana/veterinaria , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Biopelículas/efectos de los fármacos , Leche/microbiología , Hojas de la Planta/química