RESUMEN
Osteoporosis, a prevalent skeletal disorder characterized by diminished bone density, compromised microstructure, and heightened fracture susceptibility, poses a growing public health concern exacerbated by aging demographics. Polysaccharides-based materials, derived from a diverse range of sources, exhibit exceptional biocompatibility. They possess a structure similar to the extracellular matrix, which can enhance cell adhesion in vivo, and demonstrate superior biological activity compared to artificial materials. This study delved into an in-depth examination of the various biomaterials and polysaccharide families associated with the treatment of osteoporosis. This article elucidates the benefits and attributes of polysaccharide-based materials in contrast to current clinical treatment modalities, delineating how these materials address prevalent challenges in the clinical management of osteoporosis. An overview of the prospective applications of polysaccharide-based materials in the future is also provided, as well as outlines the challenges that should be addressed prior to the clinical implementation of such materials.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles , Osteoporosis , Polisacáridos , Osteoporosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Humanos , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/farmacología , Animales , Densidad Ósea/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
With the global spread of COVID-19 posing ongoing challenges to public health systems, there is an ever-increasing demand for effective therapeutics that can mitigate both viral transmission and disease severity. This review surveys the landscape of polysaccharides derived from traditional Chinese medicine, acclaimed for their medicinal properties and potential to contribute to the COVID-19 response. We specifically focus on the capability of these polysaccharides to thwart SARS-CoV-2 entry into host cells, a pivotal step in the viral life cycle that informs transmission and pathogenicity. Moreover, we delve into the concept of trained immunity, an innate immune system feature that polysaccharides may potentiate, offering an avenue for a more moderated yet efficacious immune response against various pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2. Our comprehensive overview aims to bolster understanding of the possible integration of these substances within anti-COVID-19 measures, emphasizing the need for rigorous investigation into their potential applications and underlying mechanisms. The insights provided here strongly support ongoing investigations into the adjunctive use of polysaccharides in the management of COVID-19, with the anticipation that such findings could lead to a deeper appreciation and clearer elucidation of the antiviral potentials inherent in complex Chinese herbal remedies.
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Medicina Tradicional China , Polisacáridos , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/virología , Integración Viral , SARS-CoV-2/fisiología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Innata/inmunología , Antivirales/farmacología , Antivirales/uso terapéutico , HumanosRESUMEN
Central nervous system (CNS) disorders have a complicated pathogenesis, and to date, no single mechanism can fully explain them. Most drugs used for CNS disorders primarily aim to manage symptoms and delay disease progression, and none have demonstrated any pathological reversal. Fucoidan is a safe, sulfated polysaccharide from seaweed that exhibits multiple pharmacological effects, and it is anticipated to be a novel treatment for CNS disorders. To assess the possible clinical uses of fucoidan, this review aims to provide an overview of its neuroprotective mechanism in both in vivo and in vitro CNS disease models, as well as its pharmacokinetics and safety. We included 39 articles on the pharmacology of fucoidan in CNS disorders. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that fucoidan has important roles in regulating lipid metabolism, enhancing the cholinergic system, maintaining the functional integrity of the blood-brain barrier and mitochondria, inhibiting inflammation, and attenuating oxidative stress and apoptosis, highlighting its potential for CNS disease treatment. Fucoidan has a protective effect against CNS disorders. With ongoing research on fucoidan, it is expected that a natural, highly effective, less toxic, and highly potent fucoidan-based drug or nutritional supplement targeting CNS diseases will be developed.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Polisacáridos , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Humanos , Animales , Enfermedades del Sistema Nervioso Central/tratamiento farmacológico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Barrera Hematoencefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo as a valuable Chinese medicine has been used in China for more than 2000 years. Its main active components, polysaccharide (DOP), has been reported to have various pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and alleviating AD effects. However, the precise mechanism underlying its therapeutic effect in AD remains largely unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: The present study sought to assess the efficacy of DOP and elucidate its intricate mechanisms in ameliorating DNFB-induced AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mice were sensitized with DNFB and treated with DOP application for 14 days. Treatment effects were assessed using dermatitis scores, ear thickness and scratching frequency. Epidermal thickness, mast cells and CD4+ T cells infiltration were detected by using H&E, toluidine blue staining and immunofluorescence staining respectively. Serum histamine (HIS), immunoglobulin E (IgE), thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), skin SOD, MDA, GHS, CAT, inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13) and chemokine (MIP-α, MDC, MCP-1) levels were quantify by ELISA and immunohistochemistry. Additionally, qPCR and Western blot analyses were performed to assess genes and proteins expression associated with MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway. RESULTS: The results indicated that DOP effectively mitigated AD-like skin lesions in mice through multiple pathways. It reduced epidermal thickness, ear thickness and scratching frequency in AD mice. Additionally, DOP mitigated inflammatory responses by decreasing the levels of inflammatory factors, as well as reducing serum levels of IgE, HIS, and TSLP. Moreover, DOP inhibited infiltration of mast cells and CD4+ T cells, suppressed the expression of skin chemokines such as MDC, MCP-1, and MIP-α, and enhanced filaggrin content in AD mice. Furthermore, DOP significantly boosted antioxidant capacity, as well as significantly reduced the expression of JAK1, STAT3, NF-κB p65, IκBα, ERK1/2, and p38 proteins and phosphorylated proteins such as p-JAK1, p-STAT3, p-NF-κB p65, p-IκBα, p-ERK1/2, and p-p38. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggested that DOP has significant anti-AD activity, primarily through reducing inflammatory responses, improving antioxidant capacity, repairing the skin barrier, and down-regulating key genes and proteins in MAPK/NF-κB/STAT3 signaling pathway, and that this study may provide valuable insights into the development of innovative therapies for the treatment of AD.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas , Dendrobium , Dermatitis Atópica , FN-kappa B , Polisacáridos , Factor de Transcripción STAT3 , Transducción de Señal , Animales , Dermatitis Atópica/tratamiento farmacológico , Dendrobium/química , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción STAT3/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Mastocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/patología , Piel/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de EnfermedadRESUMEN
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) not only could cause abnormal lipid metabolism in the liver, but also could cause liver inflammation. Previous studies have shown that Polysaccharide of Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (PAMK) could alleviate animal liver inflammatory damage and alleviate NAFLD in mice caused by high-fat diet(HFD), but regulation of liver inflammation caused by NAFLD has rarely been reported. In this study, an animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver inflammation in the liver of mice was established to explore the protective effect of PAMK on the liver of mice. The results showed that PAMK could alleviate the abnormal increase of body weight and liver weight of mice caused by HFD, alleviate the abnormal liver structure of mice, reduce the level of oxidative stress and cytokine secretion in the liver of mice, and downregulate the mRNA expression of TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB and protein expression of P-IκB, P-NF-κB-P65, TLR4, MyD88, NF-κB in the liver. These results indicate that PAMK could alleviate hepatocyte fatty degeneration and damage, oxidative stress and inflammatory response of the liver caused by NAFLD in mice.
Asunto(s)
Atractylodes , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Hígado , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide , FN-kappa B , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Polisacáridos , Transducción de Señal , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , Animales , Atractylodes/química , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide/metabolismo , Factor 88 de Diferenciación Mieloide/genética , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/inmunología , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Masculino , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Hígado/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Citocinas/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and diabetic osteoporosis (DOP) are conditions that significantly impact the quality of life of patients worldwide. Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, a component of traditional Chinese medicine with a history spanning thousands of years, has been utilized in the treatment of osteoporosis and diabetes. Specifically, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch polysaccharide (RGP), a key bioactive compound of Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, has demonstrated immune-modulating properties and beneficial effects on hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and vascular inflammation in diabetic mice. Despite these known actions, the precise mechanisms of RGP in addressing DOP and DPN remain unclear. Our study aimed to explore the impact of RGP on osteoporosis and peripheral neuropathic pain in diabetic mice induced by streptozotocin (STZ). The findings revealed that RGP not only improved hyperglycemia and osteoporosis in STZ-induced diabetic mice but also enhanced osteogenesis, insulin production, and nerve health. Specifically, RGP alleviated distal pain, improved nerve conduction velocity, nerve fiber integrity, and immune cell balance in the spleen. Mechanistically, RGP was found to upregulate HDAC6 mRNA expression in regulatory T cells, potentially shedding light on novel pathways for preventing DOP and DPN. These results offer promising insights for the development of new therapeutic approaches for diabetic complications.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental , Neuropatías Diabéticas , Osteoporosis , Polisacáridos , Rehmannia , Linfocitos T Reguladores , Animales , Rehmannia/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Osteoporosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Osteoporosis/etiología , Neuropatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Linfocitos T Reguladores/efectos de los fármacos , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Masculino , Neuralgia/tratamiento farmacológico , Neuralgia/etiologíaAsunto(s)
Anticoagulantes , Inhibidores del Factor Xa , Fondaparinux , Prótesis Valvulares Cardíacas , Humanos , Fondaparinux/administración & dosificación , Fondaparinux/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores del Factor Xa/administración & dosificación , Inhibidores del Factor Xa/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Anciano , Femenino , Anticoagulantes/administración & dosificación , Persona de Mediana Edad , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
Renal injury, a prevalent clinical outcome with multifactorial etiology, imposes a substantial burden on society. Currently, there remains a lack of effective management and treatments. Extensive research has emphasized the diverse biological effects of natural polysaccharides, which exhibit promising potential for mitigating renal damage. This review commences with the pathogenesis of four common renal diseases and the shared mechanisms underlying renal injury. The renoprotective roles of polysaccharides in vivo and in vitro are summarized in the following five aspects: anti-oxidative stress effects, anti-apoptotic effects, anti-inflammatory effects, anti-fibrotic effects, and gut modulatory effects. Furthermore, we explore the structure-activity relationship and bioavailability of polysaccharides in relation to renal injury, as well as investigate their utility as biomaterials for alleviating renal injury. The clinical experiments of polysaccharides applied to patients with chronic kidney disease are also reviewed. Broadly, this review provides a comprehensive perspective on the research direction of natural polysaccharides in the context of renal injury, with the primary aim to serve as a reference for the clinical development of polysaccharides as pharmaceuticals and prebiotics for the treatment of kidney diseases.
Asunto(s)
Polisacáridos , Humanos , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Animales , Enfermedades Renales/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades Renales/metabolismo , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Riñón/metabolismo , Riñón/patología , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Sustancias Protectoras/uso terapéutico , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) has increased in recent decades. Approximately 25% of patients with MASLD progress to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, which is characterized by hepatic steatosis plus hepatocyte damage, inflammation, and fibrosis. We previously reported that Neurotropin (NTP), a drug used for relieving pain in Japan and China, inhibits lipid accumulation in hepatocytes by preventing mitochondrial dysfunction. We hypothesized that inhibiting hepatic steatosis and inflammation by NTP can be an effective strategy for treating MASLD and tested this hypothesis in a MASLD mouse model. METHODS: Six-week-old C57BL/6NJ male mice were fed a normal diet and normal drinking water or a high-fat diet with high fructose/glucose water for 12 weeks. During the last 6 weeks, the mice were also given high-dose NTP, low-dose NTP, or control treatment. Histologic, biochemical, and functional tests were conducted. MitoPlex, a new proteomic platform, was used to measure mitochondrial proteins, as mitochondrial dysfunction was previously reported to be associated with MASLD progression. RESULTS: NTP inhibited the development of hepatic steatosis, injury, inflammation, and fibrosis induced by feeding a high-fat diet plus high fructose/glucose in drinking water. NTP also inhibited HSC activation. MitoPlex analysis revealed that NTP upregulated the expression of mitochondrial proteins related to oxidative phosphorylation, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, mitochondrial dynamics, and fatty acid transport. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that NTP prevents the development of hepatic steatosis, injury, and inflammation by preserving mitochondrial function in the liver and inhibits liver fibrosis by suppressing HSC activation. Thus, repurposing NTP may be a beneficial option for treating MASLD/metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.
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Dieta Alta en Grasa , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Reposicionamiento de Medicamentos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Animales , Ratones , Masculino , Dieta Alta en Grasa/efectos adversos , Hígado Graso/tratamiento farmacológico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Analgésicos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Despite being the initial choice for treating toxoplasmosis, sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine have limited effectiveness in eliminating the infection and were linked to a variety of adverse effects. Therefore, the search for new effective therapeutic strategies against toxoplasmosis is still required. The current work is the first research to assess the efficacy of spiramycin-loaded maltodextrin nanoparticles (SPM-loaded MNPs) as a novel alternative drug therapy against toxoplasmosis in a murine model. Fifty laboratory-bred Swiss albino mice were divided into five groups: normal control group (GI, n = 10), positive control group (GII, n = 10), orally treated with spiramycin (SPM) alone (GIII, n = 10), intranasal treated with SPM-loaded MNPs (GIV, n = 10), and orally treated with SPM-loaded MNPs (GV, n = 10). Cysts of Toxoplasma gondii ME-49 strain were used to infect the mice. Tested drugs were administered 2 months after the infection. Drug efficacy was assessed by counting brain cysts, histopathological examination, and measures of serum CD19 by flow cytometer. The orally treated group with SPM-loaded MNPs (GV) showed a marked reduction of brain cyst count (88.7%), histopathological improvement changes, and an increasing mean level of CD19 (80.2%) with significant differences. SPM-loaded MNPs showed potent therapeutic effects against chronic toxoplasmosis. Further research should be conducted to assess it in the treatment of human toxoplasmosis, especially during pregnancy.
Asunto(s)
Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Nanopartículas , Polisacáridos , Espiramicina , Toxoplasmosis Animal , Animales , Espiramicina/uso terapéutico , Espiramicina/administración & dosificación , Ratones , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Nanopartículas/química , Toxoplasmosis Animal/tratamiento farmacológico , Toxoplasma/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Encéfalo/parasitología , Encéfalo/patología , Antiprotozoarios/administración & dosificación , Antiprotozoarios/uso terapéutico , Toxoplasmosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Toxoplasmosis/parasitología , Portadores de FármacosRESUMEN
Fucoidan is a polymer of L-fucose and L-fucose-4-sulphate naturally found in marine sources that inhibits p-selectin, preventing neutrophil recruitment to the site of injury. Fucoidan is employed in many studies as a tool to investigate the contribution of neutrophils to pain, showing analgesic effects. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to quantify the analgesic effects of pretreatment with fucoidan reported in the available preclinical studies. In addition, we summarized the articles which have studied the therapeutic effects of fucoidan in pathological pain at preclinical and clinical levels. The results of this systematic review reveal that pretreatment with fucoidan is a powerful tool which reduces neutrophil infiltration by 70-90% at early time points. This meta-analysis showed that preventative treatment with fucoidan produced a significant pain reduction. In addition, several preclinical studies have observed that fucoidan treatment reduces the pain that is associated with various pathologies. Finally, fucoidan has also been tested in several clinical trials, with some degree of analgesic efficacy, but they were mostly small pilot studies. Considering all the above information, it can be concluded that fucoidan is not only a preclinical tool for studying the role of neutrophils in pain but also a promising therapeutic strategy for pain treatment.
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Analgésicos , Dolor , Polisacáridos , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Animales , Analgésicos/farmacología , Analgésicos/uso terapéutico , Dolor/tratamiento farmacológico , Neutrófilos/efectos de los fármacos , Manejo del Dolor/métodos , Infiltración Neutrófila/efectos de los fármacos , Organismos AcuáticosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated neurodegenerative disease with cognitive impairment occurring in the older people, in which extracellular accumulation of ß-amyloid and intracellular aggregation of hyperphosphorylated tau are regarded as the prevailing theories. However, the exact AD mechanism has not been determined. Moreover, there is no effective treatment available in phase III trials to eradicate AD, which is imperative to explore novel treatments. PURPOSE: A number of up-to-date pre-clinical studies on cognitive impairment is beneficial to clarify the pathology of AD. This review recapitulates several advances in AD pathobiology and discusses the neuroprotective effects of natural compounds, such as phenolic compounds, natural polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, peptide, and lipids, underscoring the therapeutic potential for AD. METHODS: Electronic databases involving PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched up to October 2023. Articles were conducted using the keywords like Alzheimer's disease, pathogenic mechanisms, natural compounds, and neuroprotection. RESULT: This review summarized several AD pathologies and the neuroprotective effects of natural compounds such as natural polysaccharides and oligosaccharides, peptide, and lipids. CONCLUSION: We have discussed the pathogenic mechanisms of AD and the effect natural products on neurodegenerative diseases particularly in treating AD. Specifically, we investigated the molecular pathways and links between natural compounds and Alzheimer's disease such as through NF-κB, Nrf2, and mTOR pathway. Further investigation is necessary in exploring the bioactivity and effectiveness of natural compounds in clinical trials, which may provide a promising treatment for AD patients.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Productos Biológicos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Productos Biológicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Oligosacáridos/farmacología , Oligosacáridos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
CONTEXT: Aging is a major risk factor for various neurodegenerative diseases, and ferroptosis has been identified as an important mode of cell death during accelerated aging. As the main component of the edible plant YuZhu in China, Polygonatum polysaccharide (POP) is an important natural compound with anti-aging properties. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the anti-aging effects of POP and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved and to evaluate the overall anti-aging effects of POP on cognitive impairment due to accelerated aging. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A D-galactose (D-gal)-induced accelerated aging rat model was established to evaluate the anti-aging effects of POP and the underlying molecular mechanisms involved. In turn, Morris water maze and open field experiments were used to evaluate the anti-aging effects of POP on cognitive impairment due to accelerated aging. RESULTS: The mechanism by which POP affects nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an essential transcription factor, was confirmed. POP significantly improved d-gal-induced cognitive dysfunction in treated model rats, which exhibited reduced pathological changes in the hippocampus, reduced latency of the water maze platform, and increased exploration time in the central area in the open field experiment compared to those of untreated model rats. Furthermore, POP intervention downregulated ferroptosis-related proteins and upregulated Nrf2 expression, and selective inhibition of Nrf2 eliminated the ability of POP to reduce ferroptosis. CONCLUSIONS: POP is a natural ingredient with therapeutic potential due to its ability to alleviate aging by activating Nrf2, inhibiting ferroptosis, and alleviating cognitive dysfunction.
Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento , Disfunción Cognitiva , Ferroptosis , Galactosa , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2 , Polygonatum , Polisacáridos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Animales , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/tratamiento farmacológico , Disfunción Cognitiva/metabolismo , Disfunción Cognitiva/inducido químicamente , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Polygonatum/química , Ratas , Masculino , Envejecimiento/efectos de los fármacos , Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Ferroptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Aprendizaje por Laberinto/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Skin is the first barrier of body which stands guard for defending aggressive pathogens and environmental pressures all the time. Cutaneous metabolism changes in harmful exposure, following with skin dysfunctions and diseases. Lots of researches have reported that polysaccharides extracted from seaweeds exhibited multidimensional bioactivities in dealing with skin disorder. However, few literature systematically reviews them. The aim of the present paper is to summarize structure, bioactivities and structure-function relationship of algal polysaccharides acting on skin. Algal polysaccharides show antioxidant, immunomodulating, hydration regulating, anti-melanogenesis and extracellular matrix (ECM) regulating abilities via multipath ways in skin. These bioactivities are determined by various parameters, including seaweed species, molecular weight, monosaccharides composition and substitute groups. In addition, potential usages of algae-derived polysaccharides in skin care and therapy are also elaborated. Algal polysaccharides are potential ingredients in formulation that providing anti-aging efficacy for skin.
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Polisacáridos , Algas Marinas , Envejecimiento de la Piel , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Envejecimiento de la Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Algas Marinas/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Animales , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Piel/metabolismo , Cuidados de la Piel/métodos , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Sepsis-associated acute lung injury (ALI) poses a significant threat, characterized by inflammation and oxidative damage. Effective drugs targeting these aspects with reliable drug delivery systems are vital for ALI management. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of algal polysaccharides (APs) with aerosolized drug delivery in ALI mice and clarify the underlying mechanism. To induce the sepsis-associated acute lung injury (ALI) model, mice were administered intraperitoneal injections of 10 mg/kg LPS for 48 h in vivo. ALI mice received APs via atomization to arrive at different sites within the lungs. Lung tissue samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected to access lung injury parameters. Concurrently, western blotting, H&E staining, and immunofluorescence (IF) were applied to investigate the specific impact of APs on ALI. The results showed that APs protect lung tissue against ALI by inhibiting inflammation and mitigating oxidative stress-induced damage. This study highlights promising avenues for ALI intervention using natural compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
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Lesión Pulmonar Aguda , Antiinflamatorios , Pulmón , Estrés Oxidativo , Polisacáridos , Animales , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/administración & dosificación , Administración por Inhalación , Ratones , Lesión Pulmonar Aguda/tratamiento farmacológico , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/patología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Neumonía/tratamiento farmacológico , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/inmunología , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/citología , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Lipopolisacáridos , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/administración & dosificación , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Sepsis/tratamiento farmacológico , Aerosoles , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , HumanosRESUMEN
The prevalence and impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major global health problem. The treatment process of T2DM is long and difficult to cure. Therefore, it is necessary to explore alternative or complementary methods to deal with the various challenges brought by T2DM. Natural plant polysaccharides (NPPs) have certain potential in the treatment of T2DM. However, many studies have not considered the relationship between the structure of NPPs and their anti-T2DM activity. This paper reviews the relevant anti-T2DM mechanisms of NPPs, including modulation of insulin action, promotion of glucose metabolism and modulation of postprandial glucose levels, anti-inflammation and modulation of gut microbiota (GM) and metabolism. This paper provides an in-depth study of the conformational relationships of NPPs and facilitates the development of anti-T2DM drugs or dietary supplements with NPPs.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Polisacáridos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Animales , Hipoglucemiantes/farmacología , Hipoglucemiantes/uso terapéutico , Hipoglucemiantes/químicaRESUMEN
Cancer treatment faces numerous challenges, such as inadequate drug targeting, steep price tags, grave toxic side effects, and limited therapeutic efficacy. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a safe and effective new drug to combat cancer. Microbial polysaccharides, complex and diverse biological macromolecules, exhibit significant microbial variability and uniqueness. Studies have shown that terrestrial microbial polysaccharides possess a wide range of biological activities, including immune enhancement, antioxidant properties, antiviral effects, anti-tumour potential, and hypoglycemic functions. To delve deeper into the structure-activity relationship of these land-based microbial polysaccharides against cancer, we conducted a comprehensive review and analysis of anti-cancer literature published between 2020 and 2024. The anticancer efficacy of terrestrial microbial polysaccharides is influenced by multiple factors, including the microbial species, existing form, chemical structure, and polysaccharide purity. According to the literature, an optimal molecular weight and good water solubility are essential for demonstrating anticancer activity. Furthermore, the addition of mannose and galactose has been found to significantly enhance the anticancer properties of these polysaccharides. These insights will serve as a valuable reference for future research and progress in the field of cancer drug therapy, particularly with regards to terrestrial microbial polysaccharides.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Humanos , Antineoplásicos/química , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias/tratamiento farmacológico , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/química , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/farmacología , Polisacáridos Bacterianos/uso terapéutico , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Animales , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/química , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/farmacología , Polisacáridos Fúngicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a cluster of conditions characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the nervous system. Despite significant advancements in understanding these diseases, therapeutic options remain limited. The medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum has been recognized for its comprehensive array of bioactive compounds with anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, which possess potential neuroprotective properties. This literature review collates and examines the existing research on the bioactivity of active compounds and extracts from Ganoderma lucidum in modulating the pathological hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. The structural information and preparation processes of specific components, such as individual ganoderic acids and unique fractions of polysaccharides, are presented in detail to facilitate structure-activity relationship research and scale up the investigation of in vivo pharmacology. The mechanisms of these components against neurodegenerative diseases are discussed on multiple levels and elaborately categorized in different patterns. It is clearly presented from the patterns that most polysaccharides of Ganoderma lucidum possess neurotrophic effects, while ganoderic acids preferentially target specific pathogenic proteins as well as regulating autophagy. Further clinical trials are necessary to assess the translational potential of these components in the development of novel multi-target drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas , Fármacos Neuroprotectores , Reishi , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Reishi/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/farmacología , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/uso terapéutico , Animales , Triterpenos/farmacología , Triterpenos/química , Triterpenos/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/uso terapéutico , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Polysaccharides are favourable and promising biopolymers for wound care applications due to their abundant natural availability, low cost and excellent biocompatibility. They possess different functional groups, such as carboxylic, hydroxyl and amino, and can easily be modified to obtain the desirable properties and various forms. This review systematically analyses the recent progress in polysaccharides derived materials for wound care applications, emphasizing the most commonly used cellulose, chitosan, alginate, starch, dextran and hyaluronic acid derived materials. The distinctive attributes of each polysaccharide derived wound care material are discussed in detail, along with their different forms, i.e., films, membranes, sponges, nanoemulsions, nanofibers, scaffolds, nanocomposites and hydrogels. The processing methods to develop polysaccharides derived wound care materials are also summarized. In the end, challenges related to polysaccharides derived materials in wound care management are listed, and suggestions are given to expand their utilization in the future to compete with conventional wound healing materials.
Asunto(s)
Materiales Biocompatibles , Polisacáridos , Cicatrización de Heridas , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Polisacáridos/química , Polisacáridos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Materiales Biocompatibles/química , Materiales Biocompatibles/uso terapéutico , Animales , Hidrogeles/química , Hidrogeles/uso terapéutico , Vendajes , Nanocompuestos/química , Nanocompuestos/uso terapéutico , Quitosano/químicaRESUMEN
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. HCC almost exclusively develops in patients with chronic liver disease, driven by a vicious cycle of liver injury, inflammation and regeneration that typically spans decades. A variety of new agents are in development for the treatment of the disease. Polysaccharide is important component of higher plants, membrane of the animal cell and the cell wall of microbes. It is also closely related to the physiological functions. Recently, there has been growing interest in polysaccharides as bioactive natural products, particularly in treating HCC. This paper provides a review of recent experimental and clinical studies on the effects and potential applications of polysaccharides in HCC treatment, aiming to offer theoretical insights and inspiration for further research on the bioactivity mechanisms of polysaccharides in HCC treatment.