RESUMEN
Diabetic foot syndrome is one of the most serious complications of diabetes, with a 5-year mortality of around 50 %. This essential public health problem has a mortality rate higher than the average range of cancer (31 % at 5 years). The development of multidisciplinary teams plays a central role in reducing the number of major amputations and controlling treatment costs. The new recommendations make it possible to structure the management of ulcers by primary care providers (nurses, podiatrists, pharmacists, general practitioners, etc.) and they offer clear investigation and treatment plans for an increase of the healing rate and a reduction of the length of stay in hospital.
Le syndrome du pied diabétique est l'une des complications les plus graves du diabète, avec une mortalité à 5 ans avoisinant les 50 %. Ce problème de santé publique essentiel présente une létalité supérieure à la moyenne des cancers (31 % à 5 ans). Le développement d'équipes multidisciplinaires joue un rôle central dans la réduction du nombre d'amputations majeures et dans le contrôle des coûts des traitements. Les nouvelles recommandations permettent de structurer la prise en charge des ulcères par les intervenants de premier recours (infirmières, podologues, pharmaciens, médecins généralistes, etc.) et elles offrent des plans d'investigation et de traitement clairs pour une augmentation du taux de guérison et une réduction de la durée d'hospitalisation.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Humanos , Pie Diabético/terapia , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Grupo de Atención al Paciente/organización & administraciónRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To establish a nomogram model for predicting the risk of sepsis in diabetic foot patients, and to provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment. METHODS: The clinical data of 430 patients with diabetic foot who were hospitalized in Chu Hsien-I Memorial Hospital of Tianjin Medical University from January 2022 to March 2023 were reviewed and collected, including age, gender, past medical history, smoking and drinking history, family history, diabetes course, Texas grade of diabetic foot and laboratory indicators within 24 hours after admission. Patients were divided into sepsis group and non-sepsis group according to the presence or absence of sepsis during hospitalization. The differences in clinical data between the two groups were compared. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to screen the influencing factors of sepsis in patients with diabetic foot during hospitalization, and a nomogram predictive model was established. The performance of the prediction model was evaluated by receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC curve), calibration curve and decision curve analysis (DCA). Internal validation was performed by using Bootstrap method. RESULTS: A total of 430 patients were enrolled, among which 90 patients developed sepsis during hospitalization and 340 patients did not. There were statistically significant differences in diabetes course, Texas grade of diabetic foot, white blood cell count (WBC), neutrophil count (NEU), lymphocyte count (LYM), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), hemoglobin (Hb), albumin (Alb), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-reactive protein (CRP), and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) between the two groups. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes course [odds ratio (OR) = 2.774, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was 1.053-7.308, P = 0.039], Texas grade of diabetic foot (OR = 2.312, 95%CI was 1.014-5.273, P = 0.046), WBC (OR = 1.160, 95%CI was 1.042-1.291, P = 0.007), HbA1c (OR = 1.510, 95%CI was 1.278-1.784, P < 0.001), CRP (OR = 1.007, 95%CI was 1.000-1.014, P = 0.036) were independent risk factors for sepsis in patients with diabetic foot during hospitalization, while Alb was a protective factor (OR = 0.885, 95%CI was 0.805-0.972, P = 0.011). A nomogram predictive model was constructed based on the above 6 indicators. The ROC curve showed that the area under ROC curve (AUC) of the nomogram predictive model for identifying the sepsis patients was 0.919 (95%CI was 0.889-0.948). The AUC of the nomogram predictive model after internal verification was 0.918 (95%CI was 0.887-0.946). Hosmer-Lemeshow test showed χ 2 = 2.978, P = 0.936, indicating that the calibration degree of the predictive model was good. Calibration curve showed that the predicted probability of sepsis was in good agreement with the actual probability. DCA curve showed that the nomogram predictive model had good clinical usefulness. CONCLUSIONS: The nomogram predictive model based on the risk factors of diabetes course, Texas grade of diabetic foot, WBC, HbA1c, CRP and Alb has good predictive value for the occurrence of sepsis in patients with diabetic foot during hospitalization, which is helpful for clinical screening of the possibility of diabetic foot patients progressing to sepsis, and timely personalized intervention for different patients.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Nomogramas , Sepsis , Humanos , Sepsis/diagnóstico , Sepsis/complicaciones , Sepsis/sangre , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/sangre , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Modelos Logísticos , Curva ROC , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
Plantar shear stress may have an important role in the formation of a Diabetic Foot Ulcer, but its measurement is regarded as challenging and has limited research. This paper highlights the importance of anatomical specific shear sensor calibration and presents a feasibility study of a novel shear sensing system which has measured in-shoe shear stress from gait activity on both healthy and diabetic subjects. The sensing insole was based on a strain gauge array embedded in a silicone insole backed with a commercial normal pressure sensor. Sensor calibration factors were investigated using a custom mechanical test rig with indenter to exert both normal and shear forces. Indenter size and location were varied to investigate the importance of both loading area and position on measurement accuracy. The sensing insole, coupled with the calibration procedure, was tested one participant with diabetes and one healthy participant during two sessions of 15 minutes of treadmill walking. Calibration with different indenter areas (from 78.5 mm2 to 707 mm2) and different positions (up to 40 mm from sensor centre) showed variation in measurements of up to 80% and 90% respectively. Shear sensing results demonstrated high repeatability (>97%) and good accuracy (mean absolute error < ±18 kPa) in bench top mechanical tests and less than 21% variability within walking of 15-minutes duration. The results indicate the importance of mechanical coupling between embedded shear sensors and insole materials. It also highlights the importance of using an appropriate calibration method to ensure accurate shear stress measurement. The novel shear stress measurement system presented in this paper, demonstrates a viable method to measure accurate and repeatable in-shoe shear stress using the calibration procedure described. The validation and calibration methods outlined in this paper could be utilised as a standardised approach for the research community to develop and validate similar measurement technologies.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Zapatos , Estrés Mecánico , Humanos , Pie Diabético/fisiopatología , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Calibración , Masculino , Pie/fisiopatología , Pie/fisiología , Femenino , Fenómenos Biomecánicos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Marcha/fisiología , Caminata/fisiología , Presión , AdultoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore the unique transcriptional feature of fibroblasts subtypes and the role of ferroptosis in diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). METHODS: The GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus) was searched to obtain the DFUs single-cell and transcriptional datasets. After identifying cell types by classic marker genes, the integrated single-cell dataset was used to run trajectory inference, RNA velocity, and ligand-receptor interaction analysis. Next, bulk RNA-seq datasets of DFUs were analyzed to the key ferroptosis genes. RESULTS: Here, we profile 83529 single transcriptomes from the foot samples utilizing single-cell sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of DFU from GEO database and identified 12 cell types, with fibroblasts exhibiting elevated levels of ferroptosis activity and substantial cellular heterogeneity. Our results defined six main fibroblast subsets that showed mesenchymal, secretory-reticular, secretory-papillary, pro-inflammatory, myogenesis, and healing-enriched functional annotations. Trajectory inference and cell-cell communication analysis revealed two major cell fates with subpopulations of fibroblasts and altered ligand-receptor interactions. Bulk RNA sequencing data identified CGNL1 as a distinctive diagnostic signature in fibroblasts. Notably, CGNL1 positively correlated with pro-inflammatory fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, our analysis delineated the heterogeneity present in cell populations of DFUs, showing distinct fibroblast subtypes characterized by their own unique transcriptional features and enrichment functions. Our study will help us better understand DFUs pathogenesis and identifies CGNL1 as a potential target for DFUs therapies.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Fibroblastos , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN , Análisis de la Célula Individual , Pie Diabético/genética , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/patología , Humanos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Análisis de la Célula Individual/métodos , Análisis de Secuencia de ARN/métodos , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Integrated diagnostic and therapeutic dressings are desirable to relieve diabetic patients who often suffer from diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) and peripheral vascular diseases (PVDs). However, it is highly difficult to monitor the pulse waves with fidelity under wet environments and connect the waveforms to diseases through a small strain sensor. Additionally, immobilizing MXenzyme to regulate spatially heterogeneous levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and applying active intervention to enhance ulcer healing on a single structure remain a complex task. To address these issues, we designed a multiscale wearable dressing comprising a knitted all-textile sensing array for quantitatively investigating the pulse wave toward PVD diagnosis. MXenzyme was loaded onto the dressing to provide multiple enzyme mimics for anti-inflammatory activities and deliver electrical stimulation to promote wound growth. In mice, we demonstrate that high and uniform expression of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is observed only in the group undergoing dual mediation with electrical stimulation and MXenzyme. This observation indicates that the engineered wound dressing has the capability to accelerate healing in DFU. In human patient evaluations, the engineered dressing distinguishes vascular compliance and pulse period, enabling the diagnosis of arteriosclerosis and return blockage, two typical PVDs. The designed and engineered multiscale dressing achieves the purpose of integrating diagnostic peripheral vessel health monitoring and ulcer healing therapeutics for satisfying the practical clinical requirements of geriatric patients.
Asunto(s)
Vendajes , Cicatrización de Heridas , Humanos , Animales , Ratones , Pie Diabético/terapia , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/metabolismo , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Enfermedades Vasculares Periféricas/terapia , Enfermedades Vasculares Periféricas/diagnóstico , Masculino , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
Neurofibromas, rare benign tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath, present diagnostic challenges, particularly in diabetic patients with toe ulcers. This case involves a 55-year-old female with type 2 diabetes mellitus who developed an enlarging ulcer on her right second toe. The initial evaluation suggested a diabetic ulcer; however, advanced imaging revealed a mass-like lesion. Partial excision and biopsy confirmed a neurofibroma with spindle cells within the myxoid stroma and S100 protein expression. One month later, total excision and Z-plasty reconstruction were performed under general anesthesia. The patient's postoperative recovery was uneventful, and the patient was discharged without complications. Follow-up revealed successful healing with no recurrence or functional issues. This case highlights the importance of considering neurofibromas in the differential diagnosis of diabetic toe ulcers to avoid misdiagnosis and ensure appropriate management.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Pie Diabético , Errores Diagnósticos , Neurofibroma , Humanos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/cirugía , Neurofibroma/diagnóstico , Neurofibroma/cirugía , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Dedos del Pie/cirugía , Diagnóstico DiferencialRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Evidence on the prevalence of foot problems among people with diabetes in India at a national level is lacking. Hence, this study was aimed to assess the burden of high-risk (HR) feet in people with diabetes across India. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: A cross-sectional national-level project 'Save the Feet and Keep Walking' campaign was conducted by the Research Society for the Study of Diabetes in India (RSSDI) from July 10, 2022 to August 10, 2022. A modified version of 3 min foot examination was used to assess the foot problems. Around 10 000 doctors with RSSDI membership were trained online to conduct foot screening and provided a standardised monofilament for detection of loss of protective sensation. People with diabetes aged >18 years who visited the clinics during the study period were examined for foot problems. Data were collected online using the semi-structured questionnaire. A total of 33 259 participants with complete information were included for the final analysis. The foot at risk was categorised based on International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot guidelines 2023. RESULTS: Nearly 75% of the participants were aged above 45 years. Around 49% had diabetes duration >5 years and uncontrolled diabetes (hemoglobin A1c >8%). Presence of history of foot ulcer (20%), lower limb amputation (15.3%), foot deformities (24.5%) and absence of diminished dorsal pedis and posterior tibial pulses (26.4%) was noted in the study participants. Around 25.2% of them had HR feet and highly prevalent among males. Diabetic kidney and retinal complications were present in 70% and 75.5% of people with HR feet. Presence of heel fissures (OR (95% CI) 4.6 (4.2 to 5.1)) and callus or corns (OR (95% CI) 3.6 (3.3 to 4.0)) were significantly associated with HR feet. CONCLUSIONS: One-fourth of people with diabetes were found to have HR feet in India. The findings are suggestive of regular screening of people with diabetes for foot problems and strengthening of primary healthcare.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Tamizaje Masivo , Humanos , Masculino , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/etiología , Femenino , India/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Persona de Mediana Edad , Tamizaje Masivo/métodos , Adulto , Prevalencia , Caminata , Anciano , Diagnóstico Precoz , Factores de Riesgo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a common chronic disease, affecting 435 million people globally. Impaired vasculature in DM patients leads to complications like lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD) and foot ulcers, often resulting in amputations. DM causes additional peripheral neuropathy leading to multifactorial wound problems. Current diagnostics often deem unreliable, but Near-Infrared Fluorescence with Indocyanine Green (ICG NIR) can be used to assess the foot perfusion. Therefore, this study explores DM's impact on foot perfusion using ICG NIR. METHODS: Baseline ICG NIR fluorescence imaging was performed in LEAD patients with and without DM. Ten perfusion parameters were extracted and analyzed to assess differences in perfusion patterns. RESULTS: Among 109 patients (122 limbs) of the included patients, 32.8 % had DM. Six of ten perfusion parameters, mainly inflow-related, differed significantly between DM and non-DM patients (p-values 0.007-0.039). Fontaine stage 4 DM patients had the highest in- and outflow values, with seven parameters significantly higher (p-values 0.004-0.035). CONCLUSION: DM is associated with increased in- and outflow parameters. Patients with- and without DM should not be compared directly due to different vascular pathophysiology and multifactorial wound problems in DM patients. Quantified ICG NIR fluorescence imaging offers additional insight into the effect of DM on foot perfusion.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Pie , Verde de Indocianina , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Pie Diabético/fisiopatología , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico por imagen , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie/irrigación sanguínea , Pie/diagnóstico por imagen , Pie/fisiopatología , Imagen Óptica/métodos , Diabetes Mellitus/fisiopatología , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/diagnósticoRESUMEN
Care for the patient with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) entails understanding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and a systematic approach to diagnosis and treatment. The authors will review elements of DFU in geriatric patients including the pathophysiology of diabetes, epidemiology and management of DFU in the context of developing a Plan for Healing. The authors will discuss comprehensive principles of a Plan for Healing, which applies to all aspects of chronic wounds.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Cicatrización de Heridas , Humanos , Pie Diabético/terapia , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Anciano , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has consistently published evidence-based guideline recommendations on the prevention and management of diabetes-related foot complications. In 2023, the group published their first guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CNO) in persons with diabetes. The guidelines highlight 26 recommendations based on 4 categories: diagnosis, identification of remission, treatment, and prevention of re-activation. As reviewed in the guidelines, there are 2 recommendations suggesting the use of temperature assessment and monitoring as a tool for management of patients with CNO. Utilizing the systematic review and the GRADE system of evaluation, the authors deemed the level of evidence around temperature monitoring and Charcot to be low with a conditional recommendation for use. The purpose of this manuscript is to summarize the IWGDF guidelines while highlighting the role of foot temperature monitoring. Several case examples are given to illustrate the use of temperature monitoring in patients with CNO. Until there are guidelines determining active vs quiescent CNO, skin temperature monitoring can be a fast, easy-to-use, and effective tool for the clinician.
Asunto(s)
Artropatía Neurógena , Pie Diabético , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Humanos , Artropatía Neurógena/diagnóstico , Artropatía Neurógena/terapia , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/terapia , Monitoreo Fisiológico/métodos , Temperatura CutáneaRESUMEN
Background: The number of prediction models for diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) risk is increasing, but their methodological quality and clinical applicability are uncertain. We conducted a systematic review to assess their performance. Methods: We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases up to 10 February 2024 and extracted relevant information from selected prediction models. The Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST) checklist was used to assess bias risk and applicability. All statistical analyses were conducted in Stata 14.0. Results: Initially, 13,562 studies were retrieved, leading to the inclusion of five development and five validation models from eight studies. DFU incidence ranged from 6% to 16.8%, with age and hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) commonly used as predictive factors. All included studies had a high risk of bias, mainly due to disparities in population characteristics and methodology. In the meta-analysis, we observed area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.78 (95% CI [0.69-0.89]) for development models and 0.84 (95% CI [0.79-0.90]) for validation models. Conclusion: DFU risk prediction models show good overall accuracy, but there is a risk of bias. Adherence to the PROBAST checklist is crucial for improving their clinical applicability.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Humanos , Medición de Riesgo/métodos , Factores de Riesgo , Hemoglobina Glucada/análisis , Modelos EstadísticosRESUMEN
Osteomyelitis (OM) in diabetic foot infection could have many presentations such as an infected ulcer spreading to the bone or superimposed to Charcot neuroarthropathy. However, the sausage toe as a diabetic OM presentation was very rarely investigated; therefore, this study aims to assess the prevalence and signs of this presentation along with treatment modalities and outcomes. This is a retrospective series of patients presenting a sausage toe on admission. Several methods were conducted to diagnose OM, and three treatment modalities were applied. Two groups were compared: acute and chronic sausage toes. Outcomes were defined as sausage toe prevalence, ulcer location, OM prevalence, and comparative treatment results. Out of 82 diabetic toe infection cases, 24 (30%) presented as 'sausage toe'. The side of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the lateral toes was the most frequent ulcer location (50%), mostly on the dorsal aspect followed by the side aspect. There were 15 (62.5%) acute cases and 9 (37.5%) chronic cases. MRI showed signs of OM in 21 (87.5%) cases and signs of septic arthritis in 3 (12.5%) cases. At the final follow-up, a successful treatment was recorded in five (20%) cases with antibiotics alone. Out of the 19 (42%) procedures, conservative surgery was performed successfully in 8 (58%) cases while amputation was needed in 11 (45.8%) cases. There was no significant difference in amputation frequency between acute and chronic groups. This is the first study documenting the sausage toe as a prevalent presentation of diabetic toe infection. The deformity is conclusive of deep infection with a very high osteomyelitis frequency. Surgery is often required for infection control and healing, mainly for chronic cases, and treatment outcomes did not differ between acute and chronic sausage toe groups. It could be beneficial to include this entity in the diabetic wound classification systems.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Osteomielitis , Dedos del Pie , Humanos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Masculino , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Pie Diabético/terapia , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Prevalencia , Anciano , Osteomielitis/epidemiología , Osteomielitis/terapia , Osteomielitis/diagnóstico , Adulto , Resultado del Tratamiento , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Anciano de 80 o más AñosRESUMEN
Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) prevalence and diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence are continuously increasing worldwide. The strong relationship between DM and PAD is highlighted by recent evidence. PAD diagnosis in diabetic patients is very important, particularly in patients with diabetic foot disease (DFD); however, it is often made difficult by the characteristics of such diseases. Diagnosing PAD makes it possible to identify patients at a very high cardiovascular risk who require intensive treatment in terms of risk factor modification and medical therapy. The purpose of this review is to discuss the diagnostic methods that allow for a diagnosis of PAD in diabetic patients. Non-invasive tests that address PAD diagnosis will be discussed, such as the ankle-brachial index (ABI), toe pressure (TP), and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2). Furthermore, imaging methods, such as duplex ultrasound (DUS), computed tomography angiography (CTA), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA), are described because they allow for diagnosing the anatomical localization and severity of artery stenosis or occlusion in PAD. Non-invasive tests will also be discussed in terms of their ability to assess foot perfusion. Foot perfusion assessment is crucial in the diagnosis of critical limb ischemia (CLI), the most advanced PAD stage, particularly in DFD patients. The impacts of PAD diagnosis and CLI identification in diabetic patients are clinically relevant to prevent amputation and mortality.
Asunto(s)
Índice Tobillo Braquial , Pie Diabético , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica , Humanos , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/fisiopatología , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/complicaciones , Índice Tobillo Braquial/métodos , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/fisiopatología , Angiografía por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Angiografía de Substracción Digital/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of blood phosphorus levels with the risk of developing medial arterial calcification (MAC) in lower-limb arteries and diabetic foot (DF) in diabetes patients. We sought to enhance the understanding of the pathophysiology of diabetic complications and develop strategies to mitigate diabetes-related risks. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 701 diabetic patients from the Department of Endocrinology at Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital (2019-2023). We utilized multimodel-adjusted logistic regression to investigate the associations of serum phosphorus levels and the risk of developing MAC and DF. Restricted cubic spline plots were employed to model the relationships, and threshold analysis was used to identify inflection points. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore variations across different demographics. The diagnostic utility of phosphorus concentrations was assessed via the C index, net reclassification improvement (NRI), and integrated discrimination improvement (IDI). RESULTS: Of the 701 patients (mean age 63.9 years; 401 (57.20%) were male), 333 (47.50%) had MAC, and 329 (46.93%) had DF. After controlling for numerous confounding variables, each one-unit increase in phosphorus concentrations was associated with an increased risk of developing MAC (OR 2.65, 95% CI 1.97-3.57, p < 0.001) and DF (OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.09-2.18, p = 0.014). Phosphorus levels demonstrated a linear risk association, with risk not being uniform on either side of the inflection point, which was approximately 3.28 mg/dL for MAC and varied for DF (3.26 to 3.81 mg/dL). Adding the phosphorus as an independent component to the diagnostic model for MAC and DF increased the C index, NRI, and IDI to varying degrees. CONCLUSIONS: Elevated serum phosphorus levels are significantly associated with an increased risk of developing MAC and DF among diabetic people. These findings suggest that phosphorus management could be integrated into routine diagnostic processes to improve the identification and management of lower-extremity diabetic complications.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores , Pie Diabético , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica , Fósforo , Calcificación Vascular , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Retrospectivos , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Fósforo/sangre , Calcificación Vascular/sangre , Calcificación Vascular/epidemiología , Calcificación Vascular/diagnóstico por imagen , Calcificación Vascular/diagnóstico , Anciano , Factores de Riesgo , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/diagnóstico , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/sangre , Enfermedad Arterial Periférica/epidemiología , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/sangre , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Medición de Riesgo , Biomarcadores/sangre , Pronóstico , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
AIMSWERNER SYNDROME IS A RARE PREMATURE AGEING AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDER CAUSED BY PATHOGENIC VARIANTS IN THE WRN GENE. PEOPLE WITH WERNER SYNDROME MAY DEVELOP DIABETES MELLITUS. CHRONIC FOOT ULCERATION IS SEEN, WITH SOME CHARACTERISTICS OVERLAPPING WITH DIABETIC FOOT DISEASE. HOWEVER, THE CLINICAL COURSE OF THE ULCERATION IS ATYPICAL OF DIABETIC FOOT DISEASE. WE PRESENT FOUR SIBLINGS FROM AN IRISH TRAVELLER FAMILY WITH WERNER SYNDROME TO HIGHLIGHT THE COMPLEXITY OF THIS CONDITION. THE IRISH TRAVELLER POPULATION ARE AN INDIGENOUS, ENDOGAMOUS POPULATION IN WHICH CONSANGUINITY IS COMMON. AS A RESULT, RARE AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DISORDERS ARE PREVALENT AMONG THIS POPULATION: . METHODS: We describe our experience managing the complex foot disease seen in all four siblings. Foot complications present in the siblings include painful peripheral neuropathy, chronic foor ulceration, underlying osteomyelitis and acral melanoma. RESULTS: The cases are described individually, with a particular focus on the complex foot disease associated with the condition. CONCLUSIONS: Although the siblings attend a diabetic foot clinic, we suggest that the combination of clinical features seen in these cases is unique to Werner syndrome and warrants the title 'Werner Syndrome' (rather than 'Diabetic') foot.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Hermanos , Síndrome de Werner , Humanos , Síndrome de Werner/genética , Síndrome de Werner/complicaciones , Síndrome de Werner/diagnóstico , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Irlanda , Melanoma/genética , Melanoma/diagnóstico , Melanoma/complicaciones , Osteomielitis/diagnóstico , Osteomielitis/genética , Osteomielitis/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Consanguinidad , Úlcera del Pie/genética , Úlcera del Pie/etiologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: Podiatrists constitute a key member of a multidisciplinary foot care team, but their services remain underutilized. We sought to gain insights into the daily practice of podiatrists focusing on screening for and monitoring of diabetic sensorimotor polyneuropathy (DSPN) as well as foot management. METHODS: This cross-sectional survey included 125 podiatrists from 12 federal states across Germany who responded to an online questionnaire. RESULTS: The majority of patients treated in podiatry practices were referred by general practitioners and diabetologists. Screening for or follow-up of DSPN was performed by 36% of the respondents at least once a year, by 28% only at initial examination, by 21% only at suspicion, and by 10% basically at each treatment visit. Instruments to assess vibration, touch/pressure, and temperature sensation were used by 81% to 94% of the podiatrists. Previously undiagnosed DSPN and foot ulcers were detected frequently/very frequently (≥6 cases/mo) by 24.0 and 18.4% of the podiatrists, respectively. Almost all podiatrists advised daily self-monitoring of feet and appropriate foot care and >50% gave advice on medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Podiatrists play an important role in the detection, monitoring, and management of both DSPN and diabetic foot ulcers, suggesting that the utilization of their services should be fostered.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Neuropatías Diabéticas , Podiatría , Humanos , Neuropatías Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Neuropatías Diabéticas/terapia , Podiatría/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Transversales , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/terapia , Alemania , Masculino , Pautas de la Práctica en Medicina/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Persona de Mediana Edad , AdultoRESUMEN
Background: Charcot neuro-osteoarthropathy (CNO) is a rare but devastating complication of diabetes associated with high rates of morbidity; yet, many nonfoot specialists are unaware of it, resulting in missed and delayed diagnosis. Clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) have proven useful in improving quality of care and standardizing practice in diabetes and diabetic foot care. However, little is known about the consistency in recommendations for identification and management of active CNO. Aim: The aim of this study is to review European national diabetes CPGs for the diagnosis and management of active CNO and to assess their methodological rigor and transparency. Methods: A systematic search was performed to identify diabetes national CPGs across Europe. Guidelines in any language were reviewed to explore whether they provided a definition for active CNO and recommendations for diagnosis, monitoring, and management. Methodological rigor and transparency were assessed using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE-II) tool, which comprises 23 key items organized within six domains with an overall guideline assessment score of ≥ 60% considered to be of adequate quality to recommend use. Each guideline was assessed by two reviewers, and inter-rater agreement (Kendall's W) was calculated for AGREE-II scores. Results: Seventeen CPGs met the inclusion criteria. Breadth of CNO content varied across guidelines (median (IQR) word count: 327; Q1 = 151; Q3 = 790), and 53% provided a definition for active CNO. Recommendations for diagnosis and monitoring were provided by 82% and 53%, respectively, with offloading being the most common management recommendation (88%). Four guidelines (24%) reached threshold for recommendation for use in clinical practice (≥ 60%) with the scope and purpose domain scoring highest (mean (SD): 67%, ± 23%). The remaining domains had average scores ranging between 19% and 53%. Inter-rater agreement was strong (W = 0.882; p < 0.001). Conclusions: European national CPGs for diabetes provide limited recommendations on active CNO. All guidelines showcased deficits in their methodology, suggesting that more rigorous methods should be employed for diabetes CPG development across Europe.
Asunto(s)
Artropatía Neurógena , Guías de Práctica Clínica como Asunto , Humanos , Europa (Continente) , Artropatía Neurógena/terapia , Artropatía Neurógena/diagnóstico , Medicina Basada en la Evidencia , Pie Diabético/terapia , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Neuropatías Diabéticas/terapia , Neuropatías Diabéticas/diagnósticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: To evaluate the association between diabetic foot disease (DFD) and the incidence of fatal and non-fatal events in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from primary-care settings. METHODS: We built a cohort of people with a first DFD episode during 2010-2015, followed up until 2018. These subjects were 1 to 1 propensity score matched to subjects with T2DM without DFD. The incidence of all-cause mortality, the occurrence of new DFD, amputations, cardiovascular diseases, or composite outcome, including all-cause mortality and/or cardiovascular events during the follow-up period, were calculated. A Cox proportional hazard analysis was conducted to evaluate the hazard ratios (HR) for different events. RESULTS: Overall, 11,117 subjects with T2DM with a first episode of DFD were compared with subjects without DFD. We observed higher incidence rates (IRs) for composite outcome (33.9 vs. 14.5 IR per 100 person-years) and a new DFD episode event (22.2 vs. 1.1 IR per 100 person-years) in the DFD group. Compared to those without DFD, those with a first episode of DFD had a higher HR for all events, with excess rates particularly for amputation and new DFD occurrence (HR: 19.4, 95% CI: 16.7-22.6, HR: 15.1, 95% CI: 13.8-16.5, respectively) was found. CONCLUSIONS: Although DFD often coexists with other risk factors, it carries an intrinsic high risk of morbidity and mortality in individuals with T2DM. DFD should be regarded as a severe complication already at its onset, as it carries a poor clinical prognosis.
Asunto(s)
Amputación Quirúrgica , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Pie Diabético , Puntaje de Propensión , Humanos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/mortalidad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/epidemiología , Pie Diabético/mortalidad , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Amputación Quirúrgica/mortalidad , Persona de Mediana Edad , Factores de Riesgo , Anciano , Incidencia , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Tiempo , Pronóstico , Causas de Muerte , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/epidemiología , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prognostic significance of tissue oximetry in healing of trophic defects in patients with diabetic foot syndrome (DFS) after endovascular revascularization. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 42 patients with DFS, tissue oximetry was performed in angiosome projection with the FORE-SIGHT MC-2000 (CASMED) device before and the next day after revascularization of lower limb arteries. The 1st group included 30 patients with wound healing throughout 3 months, the 2nd group included 12 patients with amputation or no healing of trophic defects. RESULTS: Direct revascularization was more common in the 1st group (p=0.001). On the day after intervention, oxygen saturation (StO2) increased in all angiosomes in both groups (p<0.05). StO2 increment differed significantly between groups in all angiosomes except for point I (p<0.05). According to ROC analysis, StO2 increment by 4.5% in absolute values and 7.9% in percentage leads to trophic defect healing within 3 months (sensitivity and specificity were 76.7% and 66.7% for absolute values, 80% and 58.3% for percentage, respectively). CONCLUSION: Evaluation of StO2 in target angiosome may be valuable to predict trophic defect healing after endovascular surgery.
Asunto(s)
Pie Diabético , Oximetría , Cicatrización de Heridas , Humanos , Pie Diabético/cirugía , Pie Diabético/diagnóstico , Pie Diabético/fisiopatología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Oximetría/métodos , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiología , Anciano , Procedimientos Endovasculares/métodos , Pronóstico , Saturación de Oxígeno/fisiología , Resultado del Tratamiento , Espectroscopía Infrarroja Corta/métodos , Extremidad Inferior/irrigación sanguíneaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND Diabetes-related foot disease (DFD) is a serious complication of diabetes, increasing the risk of amputation. Coimplications are preventable, but most diabetics do not receive proper screening and treatment, despite indications. This study was a pilot screening of diabetes-related foot disease in a group of people with glycemic disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS We recruited 143 volunteers over 40 years of age. In the final analysis, we included 85 people diagnosed with glycemic disorders (diabetes or prediabetes), for whom we performed a total of 170 foot measurements. We screened for peripheral artery disease using: foot pulse, ankle-brachial index (manual and automatic), toe-brachial index, and transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2). To screen for diabetic peripheral neuropathy, we used indicators of loss of protective sensation: pressure perception and temperature perception, and plantar pressure distribution. RESULTS A history of diabetes was reported by 26 (30.6%) of the subjects. Disorders of at least 1 foot occurred in 20 (66.7%) subjects with diagnosed diabetes and in 10 (17%) subjects declaring no diabetes. Higher risk and DFD category were correlated with duration of diabetes (r=0.68, p=0.007), glycemic levels (r=0.56, p=0.001), age (r=0.57, p=0.007), and the presence of other diabetes complications. The best predictor of risk in DFD was manual ABI, p=0.001; followed by automatic ABI, p=0.006. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that peripheral complications of diabetes, such as DFD, often remain undiagnosed and untreated despite the high risk of developing ulcers. There is a need for multi-center screening studies.