RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: It was recently discovered that the microbiota has a significant impact on pregnancy, gynecological, and neonatal health. However, studies indicate that people struggle to understand topics, such as microbiota, microbiome, probiotics, and prebiotics, or comprehend them inaccurately or incompletely. Understanding the human microbiota and probiotics that can regulate the microbiota helps women develop daily habits for both healthy nutrition and health protection. The aim of this study was to assess the microbiota awareness levels of women who are planning pregnancy. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out on 417 women who were planning pregnancy. Face-to-face interviews and questionnaires were used to collect research data. A microbiota awareness scale was used as a data collection tool. RESULTS: The study found a statistically significant difference in the subdimension scores related to microbiota awareness, general information, product knowledge, chronic disease, and probiotic and prebiotic knowledge based on the educational status of the participants. The study concluded that the participants had a confusion about microbiota awareness, general information, product information, chronic disease, and probiotic and prebiotic subdimensions. Furthermore, it was found that the participants had only a partial understanding of the relationship between microbiota and diseases. CONCLUSION: It is recommended that training programs focusing on the relationship between microbiota and health in women, such as "microbiota and its importance in women's health" and "microbiota and disease relationship," be organized and women would be encouraged to participate in these training programs.

Asunto(s)

Conocimientos, Actitudes y Práctica en Salud , Microbiota , Probióticos , Humanos , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Embarazo , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Microbiota/fisiología , Adulto Joven , Prebióticos , Adolescente , Escolaridad , Factores Socioeconómicos

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Bronchiectasis is a condition characterized by abnormal and irreversible bronchial dilation resulting from lung tissue damage and can be categorized into two main groups: cystic fibrosis (CF) and non-CF bronchiectasis (NCFB). Both diseases are marked by recurrent infections, inflammatory exacerbations, and lung damage. Given that infections are the primary drivers of disease progression, characterization of the respiratory microbiome can shed light on compositional alterations and susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs in these cases compared to healthy individuals. METHODS: To assess the microbiota in the two studied diseases, 35 subjects were recruited, comprising 10 NCFB and 13 CF patients and 12 healthy individuals. Nasopharyngeal swabs and induced sputum were collected, and total DNA was extracted. The DNA was then sequenced by the shotgun method and evaluated using the SqueezeMeta pipeline and R. RESULTS: We observed reduced species diversity in both disease cohorts, along with distinct microbial compositions and profiles of antimicrobial resistance genes, compared to healthy individuals. The nasopharynx exhibited a consistent microbiota composition across all cohorts. Enrichment of members of the Burkholderiaceae family and an increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio in the CF cohort emerged as key distinguishing factors compared to NCFB group. Staphylococcus aureus and Prevotella shahii also presented differential abundance in the CF and NCFB cohorts, respectively, in the lower respiratory tract. Considering antimicrobial resistance, a high number of genes related to antibiotic efflux were detected in both disease groups, which correlated with the patient's clinical data. CONCLUSIONS: Bronchiectasis is associated with reduced microbial diversity and a shift in microbial and resistome composition compared to healthy subjects. Despite some similarities, CF and NCFB present significant differences in microbiome composition and antimicrobial resistance profiles, suggesting the need for customized management strategies for each disease.

Asunto(s)

Bronquiectasia , Fibrosis Quística , Microbiota , Humanos , Bronquiectasia/microbiología , Bronquiectasia/tratamiento farmacológico , Bronquiectasia/diagnóstico , Fibrosis Quística/microbiología , Fibrosis Quística/tratamiento farmacológico , Fibrosis Quística/diagnóstico , Masculino , Femenino , Microbiota/fisiología , Microbiota/efectos de los fármacos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Esputo/microbiología , Adulto Joven , Estudios de Cohortes , Anciano

RESUMEN

It is estimated that microorganisms colonize 90% of the body surface. In some tracts, such as the genitourinary tract, the microbiota varies throughout life, influenced by hormonal stimulation and sexual practices. This study evaluated the semen differences and presence of Lactobacillus crispatus, Lactobacillus iners, Gardnerella vaginalis and Atopobium vaginae in semen samples from patients with symptoms of chronic prostatitis and men asymptomatic for urogenital infections. Fifty-three semen samples were included: 22 samples from men with symptoms of chronic prostatitis and 31 asymptomatic men (control group). In addition to the presence of L. crispatus, L. iners, G. vaginalis and A. vaginae, semen parameters, total antioxidant capacity of seminal plasma, prostatic antigen and some proinflammatory cytokines were evaluated in each semen sample. Volunteers with symptoms of chronic prostatitis presented a lower percentage of sperm morphology (4.3% vs. control group 6.0%, p = 0.004); in the semen samples of volunteers in the group asymptomatic for urogenital infections, microorganisms associated with the vaginal microbiota were detected more frequently. The presence of bacteria in the vaginal microbiota can also benefit male reproductive health, which undergoes various modifications related to lifestyle habits that are susceptible to modification. Microorganisms associated with the vaginal microbiota, such as L. crispatus, L. iners, G. vaginalis and A. vaginae, may have a protective role against the development of male genitourinary diseases such as prostatitis.

Asunto(s)

Coito , Microbiota , Prostatitis , Semen , Humanos , Masculino , Prostatitis/microbiología , Semen/microbiología , Adulto , Microbiota/fisiología , Gardnerella vaginalis/aislamiento & purificación , Lactobacillus/aislamiento & purificación , Vagina/microbiología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Actinobacteria/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Adulto Joven , Enfermedad Crónica , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Análisis de Semen , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/análisis

RESUMEN

The human microbiome has a crucial role in the homeostasis and health of the host. These microorganisms along with their genes are involved in various processes, among these are neurological signaling, the maturation of the immune system, and the inhibition of opportunistic pathogens. In this sense, it has been shown that a healthy ocular microbiota acts as a barrier against the entry of pathogens, contributing to the prevention of infections. In recent years, a relationship has been suggested between microbiota dysbiosis and the development of neurodegenerative diseases. In patients with glaucoma, it has been observed that the microbiota of the ocular surface, intraocular cavity, oral cavity, stomach, and gut differ from those observed in healthy patients, which may suggest a role in pathology development, although the evidence remains limited. The mechanisms involved in the relationship of the human microbiome and this neurodegenerative disease remain largely unknown. For this reason, the present review aims to show a broad overview of the influence of the structure and composition of the human oral and gut microbiota and relate its dysbiosis to neurodegenerative diseases, especially glaucoma.

Asunto(s)

Disbiosis , Glaucoma , Microbiota , Humanos , Glaucoma/microbiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Disbiosis/complicaciones , Disbiosis/inmunología , Boca/microbiología , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/fisiología , Ojo/microbiología , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/microbiología

RESUMEN

Covering: September 1964 to June 2023Bacteria and fungi living in symbiosis with insects have been studied over the last sixty years and found to be important sources of bioactive natural products. Not only classic producers of secondary metabolites such as Streptomyces and other members of the phylum Actinobacteria but also numerous bacteria from the phyla Proteobacteria and Firmicutes and an impressive array of fungi (usually pathogenic) serve as the source of a structurally diverse number of small molecules with important biological activities including antimicrobial, cytotoxic, antiparasitic and specific enzyme inhibitors. The insect niche is often the exclusive provider of microbes producing unique types of biologically active compounds such as gerumycins, pederin, dinactin, and formicamycins. However, numerous insects still have not been described taxonomically, and in most cases, the study of their microbiota is completely unexplored. In this review, we present a comprehensive survey of 553 natural products produced by microorganisms isolated from insects by collating and classifying all the data according to the type of compound (rather than the insect or microbial source). The analysis of the correlations among the metadata related to insects, microbial partners, and their produced compounds provides valuable insights into the intricate dynamics between insects and their symbionts as well as the impact of their metabolites on these relationships. Herein, we focus on the chemical structure, biosynthesis, and biological activities of the most relevant compounds.

Asunto(s)

Productos Biológicos , Insectos , Microbiota , Insectos/microbiología , Productos Biológicos/farmacología , Productos Biológicos/química , Productos Biológicos/metabolismo , Animales , Microbiota/fisiología , Hongos/metabolismo , Hongos/química , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Simbiosis , Estructura Molecular

RESUMEN

In this review, we address the interplay between the complement system and host microbiomes in health and disease, focussing on oral bacteria known to contribute to homeostasis or to promote dysbiosis associated with dental caries and periodontal diseases. Host proteins modulating complement activities in the oral environment and expression profiles of complement proteins in oral tissues were described. In addition, we highlight a sub-set of bacterial proteins involved in complement evasion and/or dysregulation previously characterized in pathogenic species (or strains), but further conserved among prototypical commensal species of the oral microbiome. Potential roles of these proteins in host-microbiome homeostasis and in the emergence of commensal strain lineages with increased virulence were also addressed. Finally, we provide examples of how commensal bacteria might exploit the complement system in competitive or cooperative interactions within the complex microbial communities of oral biofilms. These issues highlight the need for studies investigating the effects of the complement system on bacterial behaviour and competitiveness during their complex interactions within oral and extra-oral host sites.

Asunto(s)

Caries Dental , Microbiota , Humanos , Microbiota/fisiología , Biopelículas , Simbiosis

RESUMEN

Microorganisms have a close relationship with humans, whether it is commensal, symbiotic, or pathogenic. Recently, it has been documented that microorganisms may influence the response to drug therapy. Pharmacomicrobiomics is an emerging field that focuses on the study of how variations in the microbiome affect the disposition, action, and toxicity of drugs. Two additional sciences have been added to complement pharmacomicrobiomics, namely toxicomicrobiomics, which explores how the microbiome influences drug metabolism and toxicity, and pharmacoecology, which refers to modifications in the microbiome as a result of drug administration. In this context, we introduce the concept of "drug-infection interaction" to describe the influence of pathogenic microorganisms on drug response. This review analyzes the current state of knowledge regarding the relevance of microorganisms in the host's response to drugs. It also highlights promising areas for future research and proposes the term "drug-infection interaction" as an extension of pharmacomicrobiomics.

Asunto(s)

Antiinfecciosos , Microbiota , Humanos , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/metabolismo , Microbiota/fisiología

RESUMEN

At particular stages during their life cycles, fungi use multiple strategies to form specialized structures to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. These strategies encompass sporulation, as well as cell-wall melanization, multicellular tissue formation or even dimorphism. The resulting structures are not only used to disperse to other environments, but also to survive long periods of time awaiting favorable growth conditions. As a result, these specialized fungal structures are part of the microbial seed bank, which is known to influence the microbial community composition and contribute to the maintenance of diversity. Despite the importance of the microbial seed bank in the environment, methods to study the diversity of fungal structures with improved resistance only target spores dispersing in the air, omitting the high diversity of these structures in terms of morphology and environmental distribution. In this study, we applied a separation method based on cell lysis to enrich lysis-resistant fungal structures (for instance, spores, sclerotia, melanized yeast) to obtain a proxy of the composition of the fungal seed bank. This approach was first evaluated in-vitro in selected species. The results obtained showed that DNA from fungal spores and from yeast was only obtained after the application of the enrichment method, while mycelium was always lysed. After validation, we compared the diversity of the total and lysis-resistant fractions in the polyextreme environment of the Salar de Huasco, a high-altitude athalassohaline wetland in the Chilean Altiplano. Environmental samples were collected from the salt flat and from microbial mats in small surrounding ponds. Both the lake sediments and microbial mats were dominated by Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, however, the diversity and composition of each environment differed at lower taxonomic ranks. Members of the phylum Chytridiomycota were enriched in the lysis-resistant fraction, while members of the phylum Rozellomycota were never detected in this fraction. Moreover, we show that the community composition of the lysis-resistant fraction reflects the diversity of life cycles and survival strategies developed by fungi in the environment. To the best of our knowledge this is the first time that the fungal diversity is explored in the Salar de Huasco. In addition, the method presented here provides a simple and culture independent approach to assess the diversity of fungal lysis-resistant cells in the environment.

Asunto(s)

ADN de Hongos , Hongos , Sedimentos Geológicos , Micobioma , Esporas Fúngicas , Ascomicetos/genética , Ascomicetos/fisiología , Basidiomycota/genética , Basidiomycota/fisiología , Chile , Hongos/genética , Hongos/fisiología , Sedimentos Geológicos/microbiología , Lagos/microbiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Micelio/genética , Micelio/aislamiento & purificación , Micelio/fisiología , Micobioma/fisiología , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiología , Esporas Fúngicas/genética , Esporas Fúngicas/aislamiento & purificación , Esporas Fúngicas/fisiología , Humedales , ADN de Hongos/genética , ADN de Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , ADN de Hongos/fisiología

RESUMEN

The microbial composition of the human vagina differs from that of all other mammals, likely as a consequence of the unique composition of vaginal constituents that promote the selective maintenance and proliferation of distinct bacterial species. Similarly, variations between individual healthy women in genetic, environmental, and medical variables also modify the vaginal lumen composition. The direction and magnitude of immune reactions to microorganisms present in the vagina, responses to stress and non-infectious stimuli, coupled with medical and pregnancy history and environmental exposures, can greatly differ between women. Adaptations to both internal and external pressures will determine the ability of select resident vaginal bacteria to numerically dominate and, therefore, the definition of a "normal" vaginal microbiota will substantially differ between individual healthy women.

Asunto(s)

Microbiota , Vagina , Embarazo , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Vagina/microbiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Reproducción , Bacterias , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Mamíferos/genética

RESUMEN

This study examined the effects of lavender essential oil on performance, meat quality, microbial load, fatty acid profile and gut microbiota in quails. In the study, 200 quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) were divided into 4 groups and 5 subgroups. The groups consisted of a control group (0 mg/kg feed) and three lavender essential oil groups, namely Lav125 (125 mg/kg feed), Lav250 (250 mg/kg feed), and Lav500 (500 mg/kg feed). In terms of body weight change, Lav500 group had the best results after the control group (p>0.05). It was observed that, compared to the control group, pH levels were high (p<0.05) in Lav250 and Lav500 groups on the 9th day of storage. The effect of storage time on malondialdehyde (MDA) was used as a parameter of lipid peroxidation in meat, and the Lav250 and Lav500 groups presented lower concentrations as compared to the control group (p<0.05). In this study, the addition of lavender essential oil to the diet enriched the concentrations of n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Moreover, the height of villi in the duodenum and jejunum, and consequently absorption, increased significantly in the Lav500 group as compared to the control group. The concentration of MDA, a blood serum antioxidant enzyme, decreased with the addition of lavender oil. Additionally, lavender essential oil added to quail diets was observed to increase the number of Lactobacillus spp. (probiotic bacteria) colonies (p<0.05).(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Aceites Volátiles/efectos adversos , Carne/análisis , Coturnix/fisiología , Lavandula/efectos adversos , Microbiota/fisiología , Antioxidantes/análisis

RESUMEN

In this study, we investigated the effects of Ganoderma lucidum extract (GLE) supplementation on the cecal microbiota of broilers challenged with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) during the starter phase. A total of 32 one-day-old, unsexed broiler chicks were randomly divided into four dietary treatments with eight birds per treatment and reared individually for 14 days (n = 8). The diet treatments were: non-DSS challenge, DSS challenge only, DSS challenge plus 0.5 mL/L GLE, and DSS challenge plus 1 mL/L GLE. The results showed that DSS challenge plus 0.5 mL GLE alleviated inflammatory gene expression in the duodenum of broilers (p≤0.01). The alpha diversity of bacterial species in the cecal digesta increased in the group treated with DSS plus 1 mL/L GLE compared with the DSS challenge-only group (p≤0.01). Principal component analysis and principal coordinate analysis indicated distinct clusters between groups treated with DSS-only and DSS plus GLE (0.5 and 1 mL/L). The abundance of the genera Ruminiclostridium 9, Enterococcus, and Sellimonas increased in the group treated with DSS plus GLE (0.5 and 1 mL/L) compared with the other groups (p≤0.01). Comparative microbial function analysis demonstrated that the immune system was promoted in the group treated with DSS plus GLE (0.5 and 1 mL/L) compared to the DSS challenge-only group (p≤0.001). These results demonstrated that GLE supplementation can modulate the cecal microbial community of broilers under DSS challenge during the starter phase.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Pollos/microbiología , Reishi/química , Dextranos/efectos adversos , Microbiota/fisiología

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of either a limited forage intake or concentrate supplementation prior to the adaptation to high-concentrate diets on dry matter intake, ruminal pH, bacteria, and protozoa of Nellore cattle. The experiment was designed as a two 3×3 Latin square, and six cannulated Nellore steers were used. Each experimental period was composed by three feeding phases: pre-adaptation (14 days), adaptation (12 days), and finishing (seven days) diet, in a total of 33 days per period. The steers were assigned to one of three pre-adaptation dietary treatments: control (Tifton hay fed ad libitum + mineral supplement), restriction (Tifton hay fed at 1.4% of BW + mineral supplement), and concentrate (Tifton hay fed ad libitum + 0.5% of BW of a mix of concentrate feedstuffs and mineral supplement). The adaptation period consisted of two adaptation diets, which contained 72 and 79% concentrate for six days each. The finishing diet contained 86% concentrate. During the pre-adaptation phase, restricted cattle had higher pH than concentrate-fed cattle. There was a reduction in M. elsdenii relative population in cattle from either restriction or concentrate groups. During adaptation and finishing phases, cattle from concentrate group had smaller F. succinogenes populations compared with the control group. The previous nutritional backgrounds impact ruminal microbiota during adaptation and finishing phases without causing any negative effect on ruminal pH. Feeding concentrate prior to the adaptation positively impacted the transition to high-concentrate diets and promoted increased dry matter intake.(AU)

Asunto(s)

Animales , Bovinos/fisiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Rumen/fisiología , Necesidades Nutricionales/fisiología

RESUMEN

Torquetenovirus (TTV) is a nonpathogenic endogenous virus whose abundance varies with the extent of immune system activation. We determined if the TTV titer in the vagina of pregnant women was associated with vaginal microbiota composition and levels of compounds in vaginal secretions. Vaginal TTV and microbiota composition in 494 second trimester pregnant women were identified by gene amplification and analysis. Vaginal matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMP) and lactic acid isomers were measured by ELISA. Dominance was defined as the relative abundance of a specific bacterium or species at >50% of the total number of bacteria identified. Clinical data were obtained by chart review. The median log10 TTV titer was lowest when Lactobacillus species other than L. iners were dominant (<1.0) as compared to when L. iners (4.1, p = 0.0001), bacteria other than lactobacilli (4.5, p = 0.0016) or no bacterium (4.7, p = 0.0009) dominated. The TTV titer was inversely proportional to L. crispatus abundance (p<0.0001) and directly proportional to levels of G. vaginalis (p = 0.0008) and L. iners (p = 0.0010). The TTV titer was proportional to TIMP-1, TIMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 abundance (p≤0.0002) and inversely proportional to the level of D-lactic acid (p = 0.0024). We conclude that the association between variations in the TTV titer and the relative abundance of specific bacterial species and vaginal compounds indicates that local changes in immune status likely influence vaginal fluid composition.

Asunto(s)

Microbiota/fisiología , Torque teno virus/aislamiento & purificación , Vagina/microbiología , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Embarazo , Mujeres Embarazadas , Vagina/virología

RESUMEN

Microbiotas are a malleable part of ecosystems, including the human ecosystem. Microorganisms affect not only the chemistry of their specific niche, such as the human gut, but also the chemistry of distant environments, such as other parts of the body. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics is one of the key technologies to detect and identify the small molecules produced by the human microbiota, and to understand the functional role of these microbial metabolites. This Review provides a foundational introduction to common forms of untargeted mass spectrometry and the types of data that can be obtained in the context of microbiome analysis. Data analysis remains an obstacle; therefore, the emphasis is placed on data analysis approaches and integrative analysis, including the integration of microbiome sequencing data.

Asunto(s)

Espectrometría de Masas/métodos , Metabolómica/métodos , Microbiota/fisiología , Animales , Humanos , Metaboloma/fisiología

RESUMEN

Soil degradation is a global issue that affects both plant productivity and human life. Intensive grazing practices can accelerate this process, mainly due to rapid removal of biomass from the soil surface. However, the long-term effects of grazing on biological, chemical, and physical properties remain poorly understood, particularly in tropical drylands, such as the Caatinga biome. Our aim was to evaluate the soil properties and combine both culture-dependent and -independent analyses to assess metabolic activity and bacterial community structure. We collected samples (0-20 cm) of three different types of soil in the Caatinga biome: secondary Caatinga forest (NC), grazing exclusion (GE), and degraded areas by overgrazing (OG). We sought to investigate how grazing affects soil properties to determine the effectiveness of grazing exclusion in the restoration of soil fertility/functions. Redundancy analysis demonstrated NC were positively correlated with organic carbon (λ = 0.18, p = 0.0012) and total nitrogen (λ = 0.16, p = 0.0011), while OG was correlated with harmful soil parameters such as Na+ (λ = 0.08, p = 0.0400), electric conductivity (λ = 0.13, p = 0.0060) and exchangeable acidity (λ = 0.11, p = 0.0030). In addition, GE showed lower aluminum content and saturation, reducing these harmful parameters by 48 % and 34 %, respectively. Also, GE showed the highest values for the ß-glucosidase (63.62 mg ρ-nitrophenol kg-1 h-1) and arylsulfatase (5.8 mg ρ-nitrophenol kg-1 h-1) activities. Changes in bacterial community structure were significant (p = 0.0096), with a higher difference comparing GE and OG (p = 0.0135). The GE area showed 20 % more phosphate solubilizers than OG, but there were no differences for siderophores production. All isolates were halotolerant and had at least 60 % nitrogen fixers. Our findings indicate that while soil recovery is slow, with grazing-exclusion areas presenting 18 years of implantation, it seems to improve in subsequent years. Finally, our results provide evidence that microbe-based technologies can mitigate soil degradation in the Caatinga biome.

Asunto(s)

Ecosistema , Herbivoria , Suelo , Animales , Brasil , Microbiota/fisiología , Nitrofenoles/análisis , Suelo/química , Microbiología del Suelo

RESUMEN

Honey bee colony losses worldwide call for a more in-depth understanding of the pathogenic and mutualistic components of the honey bee microbiota and their relation with the environment. In this descriptive study, we characterized the yeast and bacterial communities that arise from six substrates associated with honey bees: corbicular pollen, beebread, hive debris, intestinal contents, body surface of nurses and forager bees, comparing two different landscapes, Minas Gerais, Brazil and Maryland, United States. The sampling of five hives in Brazil and four in the USA yielded 217 yeast and 284 bacterial isolates. Whereas the yeast community, accounted for 47 species from 29 genera, was dominated in Brazil by Aureobasidium sp. and Candida orthopsilosis, the major yeast recovered from the USA was Debaryomyces hansenii. The bacterial community was more diverse, encompassing 65 species distributed across 31 genera. Overall, most isolates belonged to Firmicutes, genus Bacillus. Among LAB, species from Lactobacillus were the most prevalent. Cluster analysis evidenced high structuration of the microbial communities, with two distinguished microbial groups between Brazil and the United States. In general, the higher difference among sites and substrates were dependents on the turnover effect (~ 93% of the beta diversity), with a more pronounced effect of nestedness (~ 28%) observed from Brazil microbiota change. The relative abundance of yeasts and bacteria also showed the dissimilarity of the microbial communities between both environments. These results provide a comprehensive view of microorganisms associated with A. mellifera, highlighting the importance of the environment in the establishment of the microbiota associated with honey bees.

Asunto(s)

Fenómenos Fisiológicos Bacterianos , Abejas , Microbiota , Levaduras , Animales , Bacterias/genética , Abejas/microbiología , Brasil , Microbiota/fisiología , Polen/microbiología , Simbiosis , Estados Unidos , Levaduras/fisiología

RESUMEN

Coffee fermentation involves the action of microorganisms, whose metabolism has a significant influence on the composition of the beans and, consequently, on the beverage's sensory characteristics. In this study, the microbial diversity during the wet fermentation of Coffea arabica L. in the Sierra Nevada of Santa Marta (SNSM) in Colombia was explored by high-throughput sequencing and the resulting cup quality through the standards of the Specialty Coffee Association. The taxonomic assignment of sequence reads showed a high microbial diversity comprised of 695 bacterial and 156 fungal genera. The microbial community was dominated by the Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Leuconostoc, the yeast Kazachstania, and the Acetic Acid Bacteria (AAB) Acetobacter. Co-occurrence relationships suggested synergistic patterns between populations of LAB-AAB, yeasts-AAB, Leuconostoc-Prevotella, LAB-ABB-Selenomonas, and yeasts-fungi-nonLAB-nonAAB, which may result in the production of metabolites that positively impact the sensory attributes of coffee. The beverages produced were classified as specialty coffees, and their score was positively influenced by the fungal richness and the abundance of unclassified Lactobacillales, Pichia, and Pseudomonas. The findings show the richness and microbial diversity of the SNSM and serve as input for future research such as the analysis of microbial-derived metabolites and the establishment of starter cultures in coffee processing that guarantee the generation of high-quality beverages, the standardization of processes, the reduction of economic losses, and the production of value-added products that allow taking advantage of specialty coffee market.

Asunto(s)

Biodiversidad , Coffea , Fermentación , Microbiota , Semillas , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/metabolismo , Coffea/microbiología , Colombia , Hongos/clasificación , Hongos/metabolismo , Microbiota/fisiología , Semillas/metabolismo , Semillas/microbiología

RESUMEN

Bark is a permanent surface for microbial colonization at the interface of trees and the surrounding air, but little is known about its microbial communities. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing to analyze the bark microbiomes of avocado trees from two orchards, and compared one of them to rhizospheric soil. It was shown that the microbial communities of avocado bark have a well-defined taxonomic structure, with consistent patterns of abundance of bacteria, fungi, and archaea, even in trees from two different locations. Bark microbial communities were distinct from rhizospheric soil, although they showed overlap in some taxa. Thus, avocado bark is a well-defined environment, providing niches for specific taxonomic groups, many of which are also found in other aerial plant tissues. The present in-depth characterization of bark microbial communities can form a basis for their future manipulation for agronomical purposes.

Asunto(s)

Biodiversidad , Microbiota , Persea , Corteza de la Planta , Archaea/genética , Bacterias/genética , Hongos/genética , Hongos/fisiología , Metagenómica , Microbiota/genética , Microbiota/fisiología , Persea/microbiología , Corteza de la Planta/microbiología , Microbiología del Suelo

RESUMEN

Microorganisms are often applied as biofertilizer to crops to stimulate plant growth, increase yields and reduce inorganic N application. The survival and proliferation of these allochthonous microorganisms in soil is a necessary requisite for them to promote plant growth. We applied a sterilized or unsterilized not commercialized bacterial consortium mixed with cow manure leachate used by a farmer as biofertilizer to maize (Zea mays L.) in a greenhouse experiment, while maize development and the bacterial community structure was determined just before the biofertilizer was applied a first time (day 44), after three applications (day 89) and after six application at the end of the experiment (day 130). Application of sterilized or unsterilized biofertilizer with pH 4.3 and 864 mg NH4+-N kg-1 had no significant effect on maize growth. The application of the biofertilizer dominated by Lactobacillus (relative abundance 11.90%) or the sterilized biofertilizer changed the relative abundance of a limited number of bacterial groups, i.e. Delftia, Halomonas, Lactobacillus and Stenotrophomonas, without altering significantly the bacterial community structure. Cultivation of maize, however, affected significantly the bacterial community structure, which showed large significant variations over time in the cultivated and uncultivated soil. It was concluded that the bacteria applied as a biofertilizer had only a limited effect on the relative abundance of these groups in uncultivated or soil cultivated with maize.

Asunto(s)

Fertilizantes/microbiología , Microbiota/fisiología , Zea mays/microbiología , Bacterias , Productos Agrícolas , Fertilizantes/análisis , Estiércol , Desarrollo de la Planta , Suelo/química , Microbiología del Suelo

RESUMEN

Plants must deal with harsh environmental conditions when colonizing abandoned copper mine tailings. We hypothesized that the presence of a native microbial community can improve the colonization of the pioneer plant, Baccharis linearis, in soils from copper mining tailings. Plant growth and microbial community compositions and dynamics were determined in cultivation pots containing material from two abandoned copper mining tailings (Huana and Tambillos) and compared with pots containing fresh tailings or surrounding agricultural soil. Controls without plants or using irradiated microbe-free substrates, were also performed. Results indicated that bacteria (Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, and Firmicutes groups) and fungi (Glomus genus) are associated with B. linearis and may support plant acclimation, since growth parameters decreased in both irradiated (transiently without microbial community) and fresh tailing substrates (with a significantly different microbial community). Consistently, the composition of the bacterial community from abandoned copper mining tailings was more impacted by plant establishment than by differences in the physicochemical properties of the substrates. Bacteria located at B. linearis rhizoplane were clearly the most distinct bacterial community compared with those of fresh tailings, surrounding soil and non-rhizosphere abandoned tailings substrates. Beta diversity analyses showed that the rhizoplane bacterial community changed mainly through species replacement (turnover) than species loss (nestedness). In contrast, location/geographical conditions were more relevant than interaction with the plants, to explain fungal community differences.

Asunto(s)

Baccharis/microbiología , Cobre/toxicidad , Microbiota/fisiología , Rizosfera , Contaminantes del Suelo/toxicidad , Baccharis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Bacterias , Biodegradación Ambiental , Chile , Hongos , Geografía , Interacciones Microbiota-Huesped/fisiología , Minería , Suelo/química , Microbiología del Suelo