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Introduction: sexual violence is currently a serious public health problem affecting women´s health. Globally, 1 in 3 women faces sexual violence in their lifetime. Female industry workers are at an increased risk of sexual violence. Assessing the magnitude and factors associated with sexual violence among female industrial workers is important for interventions. The objective was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence among female large-scale industries workers in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 807 female industry workers from September to October 2021. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done by Epi data v.3.1 and SPSS v.23, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors. Adjusted odds ratios were computed at 95%CI. A P-value below 0.05 was used to declare association. Results: the prevalence of sexual violence were 59.4% (95% CI; 56.0%-62.6%). The significantly associated factors include; age less than twenty-five (AOR=4.01, 95%CI; 2.81, 10.83), never-married women (AOR=3.07, 95%CI; 1.11, 8.46), being secondary education (AOR=2.65, 95%CI; 1.51, 4.66), being contract employee (AOR=4.65, 95%CI; 1.92, 11.22), drinking alcohol (AOR=3.01, 95%CI; 1.49, 6.09), and night work shift (AOR=9.01, 95%CI; 4.53, 17.93). Conclusion: high rate (59.4%) of sexual violence was reported. Age, marital status, educational status, contract type of work agreement, drinking alcohol, and working night work shift were risk factors. Hence, emphasis on creating safe working environment & transportation, education on reproductive rights and reporting of sexual violence.
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Delitos Sexuales , Humanos , Etiopía/epidemiología , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Adulto , Prevalencia , Adulto Joven , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores de Riesgo , Delitos Sexuales/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adolescente , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Factores de EdadRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Most studies about accidents and about PTSD, respectively, have been conducted either on blue-collar workers, or on the entire working population. There are very few such studies on white-collar workers. AIM: To examine diagnosis-specific sickness absence (SA) and disability pension (DP) after a work accident or PTSD, respectively, among white-collar workers in the private retail and wholesale industry. METHODS: A prospective population-based cohort study of all 192,077 such workers aged 18-67 (44% women) in Sweden in 2012, using linked microdata from nationwide registers. We identified individuals who had secondary healthcare due to work-related accidents (n = 1114; 31% women) or to PTSD (n = 216; 79% women) in 2012-2016. Their average number of net days of diagnosis-specific SA (in SA spells > 14 days) and DP were calculated for 365 days before and 365 days after the healthcare visit. RESULTS: 35% of the women and 24% of the men had at least one new SA spell during the 365 days after healthcare due to work accidents. Among women, the average number of SA/DP days increased from 14 in the year before the visit to 31 days the year after; among men from 9 to 21 days. SA days due to fractures and other injuries increased most, while SA days due to mental diagnoses increased somewhat. 73% of women and 64% of men who had healthcare due to PTSD had at least one new SA spell in the next year. Women increased from 121 to 157 SA/DP days and men from 112 to 174. SA due to stress-related disorders and other mental diagnoses increased the most, while DP due to stress-related diagnoses and SA due to musculoskeletal diagnoses increased slightly. CONCLUSIONS: About a quarter of those who had secondary healthcare due to work accidents, and the majority of those with such healthcare due PTSD, had new SA in the following year. SA due to injury and mental diagnoses, respectively, increased most, however, SA/DP due to other diagnoses also increased slightly. More knowledge is needed on factors associated with having or not having SA/DP in different diagnoses after work accidents and among people with PTSD.
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Accidentes de Trabajo , Ausencia por Enfermedad , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático , Humanos , Suecia/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Ausencia por Enfermedad/estadística & datos numéricos , Trastornos por Estrés Postraumático/epidemiología , Adolescente , Accidentes de Trabajo/estadística & datos numéricos , Estudios Longitudinales , Adulto Joven , Anciano , Estudios Prospectivos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Pensiones/estadística & datos numéricos , Comercio/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Although a significant body of evidence has attributed certain occupational exposures with leukemia, such as benzene, formaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene and ionizing radiation, more research is needed to identify work environments at increased risk for this disease. Our study aimed to identify occupational and industry groups associated with an elevated incidence of leukemia using a diverse cohort of workers' compensation claimants from Ontario, Canada. A total of 2,363,818 workers in the Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS) cohort, with claims between 1983-2019, were followed for malignant leukemia diagnoses up to 31 December 2019. We used a Cox proportional-hazards model to estimate the relative incidence of leukemia in specific occupation and industry groups. After adjusting for age and birth year, males in protective services (HR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02-1.35), metal machining (HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.07-1.41), transport (HR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.06-1.25), and mining occupations (HR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.02-1.60) had elevated risks of leukemia compared to other workers in the ODSS, with comparable findings by industry. Among female workers, slight risk elevations were observed among product fabricating, assembling, and repairing occupations, with other increased risks seen in furniture and fixture manufacturing, storage, and retail industries. These findings underscore the need for exposure-based studies to better understand occupational hazards in these settings.
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Industrias , Leucemia , Enfermedades Profesionales , Exposición Profesional , Ocupaciones , Humanos , Ontario/epidemiología , Masculino , Femenino , Incidencia , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Exposición Profesional/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición Profesional/efectos adversos , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Leucemia/epidemiología , Leucemia/inducido químicamente , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Adulto Joven , Anciano , Modelos de Riesgos ProporcionalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Industry payments to physicians are common, but it is unknown how the payments in different categories to radiologists compare to other specialties. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the proportion of industry payments to physicians in radiology in certain categories relative to other specialties. METHODS: The Open Payments Database was analyzed from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2021 for industry payments to all allopathic & osteopathic physicians, and classified into distinct clinical specialties. Payments to physicians in three categories were calculated in relation to total payments in each specialty during the study period: consulting fees, research, and royalties/ownership (royalty, license, or current or prospective ownership or investment). RESULTS: The total value of industry payments to physicians across all specialties was just under $13 billion over the six-year period from 2017 to 2022. During this period, 51.4 million total payments were made to 791,746 physicians. US physicians in radiology received 452,027 payments for a total value of $357 million (2.8 % of total value). For radiologists, 32.8 % of industry payment value was attributed to royalties/ownership and 9.9 % to research, collectively adding up to 42.7 % of all industry payment. The only specialties with higher payments in these two categories considered reflective of innovation payments were the surgical specialties with higher royalty payments. CONCLUSION: The proportion of industry payments in radiology in categories reflecting innovation (royalty/ownership and research fees) is high and second only to surgical specialties.
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Radiología , Radiología/economía , Humanos , Industrias/economía , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Estados Unidos , Radiólogos/economía , Radiólogos/estadística & datos numéricos , Medicina , Bases de Datos Factuales , Conflicto de Intereses/economíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study examines working hours, shift work, and remote work patterns by occupation and industry among U.S. full-time workers, along with the association between working and sleeping hours. METHODS: Utilizing data from 2011 to 2020 American Time Use Survey, this national household survey examines how individuals aged 15 years or older in the United States spend their time within a 24-hour period. FINDINGS: In 2011 to 2019, U.S. full-time workers averaged 8.1 hours of work and 7.8 hours spent sleep on workdays, increasing to 9.6 hours on non-workdays. Among all occupations, Emergency medical technicians and paramedics had the longest average working hours (10.4 hours). Protective services occupations had the highest percentage (41.7%) of workers reporting often working shifts other than daytime. Among all industries, truck transportation industry had the longest average working hours (9.2). Food services and drinking places industries had the highest percentage (28.6%) of workers reporting often working shifts other than daytime. Working hours showed a negative association with sleeping hours. In 2020, 34.0% of full-time workers reported remote work due to COVID-19, with the largest percentage (72.3%) occurring in business and financial operations. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings offer essential benchmarks for comparing working hours and schedules across diverse occupations and industries. These insights empower occupational health practitioners to advocate for prevention measures, addressing health concerns arising from prolonged working hours and shift work.
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COVID-19 , Ocupaciones , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Adulto , Femenino , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Tolerancia al Trabajo Programado , Teletrabajo/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adolescente , Adulto Joven , Horario de Trabajo por Turnos/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate disparities in the work-sleep relationship between Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (NHPIs) and non-Hispanic (NH)-White populations. METHODS: Using data from a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (n = 20,828) in the 2014 National Health Interview Survey, we estimated prevalence of short sleep duration (<7 hours) among NHPIs (10%) and NH-Whites for each of 7 employment industry categories and 3 occupational classes. Mean age was 41 ± 0.5years for NHPIs and 49 ± 0.2years for NH-Whites. Women comprised 52% of both groups. RESULTS: NHPIs were more likely than NH-Whites to report short sleep duration across all industry of employment categories (except for food and accommodation services) and occupational classes. The disparity was widest among NHPI and NH-White workers in the "professional/management" industry category, with NHPIs having higher prevalence of very short (<6 hours; 20% vs. 7%) and short sleep (30% vs. 22%) durations and lower prevalence of recommended sleep duration (45% vs. 68%) and waking up feeling rested (53% vs. 67%). Among the occupational classes, the NHPI-White disparity was widest among participants who held support service occupations. Although professionals had the lowest and laborers had the highest prevalence of short sleep among the three occupational classes in both NHPI and NH-White groups, short sleep duration prevalence was higher among NHPI professionals (35%) than NH-White laborers (33%). NH-White workers across industry and occupational classes had higher sleep medication use prevalence compared to NHPI workers. CONCLUSIONS: The work environment via occupation type may contribute to racial/ethnic disparities in short sleep. Further investigations are warranted.
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Empleo , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico , Población Blanca , Humanos , Femenino , Masculino , Adulto , Nativos de Hawái y Otras Islas del Pacífico/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/psicología , Factores de Tiempo , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Calidad del Sueño , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Sueño , Pueblos Isleños del Pacífico , Duración del SueñoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Drug mortality risks vary among industries, creating distinctive geographic patterns across US counties. However, less is known about how local labor market structure relates to drug overdose mortality amid the synthetic opioid era in the United States. This study investigates the relationship between industry-specific job composition and drug overdose mortality at the county level while exploring how fentanyl's presence in illicit drug supplies may moderate the relationship. METHODS: Data were derived from the National Center for Health Statistics' Multiple Cause of Death files for the rates of drug overdose mortality of any intent, linked with four other sources on industry-specific job shares, drug supply, and county-level sociodemographic characteristics and opioid prescribing rates from the US Census Bureau, the CDC, and the Drug Enforcement Administration. Negative binomial regression models were employed to examine associations between county industry-specific job composition and drug overdose mortality, with tests for moderating effects of state-level fentanyl seizure rates. RESULTS: Our models indicate negative associations between job shares of manufacturing, retail trade, and educational services industries and drug overdose mortality. Positive associations were found for arts/entertainment/recreation and public administration. State-level fentanyl seizure rates had moderating effects on administrative/support/waste management/remediation (A/S/WM/R) and educational services. CONCLUSION: Counties with a higher concentration of arts/entertainment/recreation and public administration jobs need targeted efforts to mitigate drug-related overdose risks. Additionally, areas with higher concentrations of A/S/WM/R service jobs, particularly where fentanyl seizure rates are higher, may require proactive harm reduction strategies for reducing overdose risks.
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Sobredosis de Droga , Fentanilo , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Sobredosis de Droga/mortalidad , Fentanilo/envenenamiento , Femenino , Analgésicos Opioides/envenenamiento , Adulto , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Drogas Ilícitas/envenenamientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess workplace segregation in fatal occupational injury from 1992 to 2017 in North Carolina. METHODS: We calculated occupational fatal injury rates within categories of occupation, industry, race, age, and sex; and estimated expected numbers of fatalities among Black and Hispanic male workers had they experienced the rates of White male workers. We also estimated the contribution of workforce segregation to disparities by estimating the expected number of fatalities among Black and Hispanic male workers had they experienced the industry and occupation patterns of White male workers. We assessed person-years of life-lost, using North Carolina life expectancy estimates. RESULTS: Hispanic workers contributed 32% of their worker-years and experienced 58% of their fatalities in construction. Black workers were most overrepresented in the food manufacturing industry. Hispanic males experienced 2.11 (95% CI: 1.86-2.40) times the mortality rate of White males. The Black-White and Hispanic-White disparities were widest among workers aged 45 and older, and segregation into more dangerous industries and occupations played a substantial role in driving disparities. Hispanic workers who suffered occupational fatalities lost a median 47 life-years, compared to 37 among Black workers and 36 among White workers. CONCLUSIONS: If Hispanic and Black workers experienced the workplace safety of their White counterparts, fatal injury rates would be substantially reduced. Workforce segregation reflects structural racism, which also contributes to mortality disparities. Root causes must be addressed to eliminate disparities.
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Negro o Afroamericano , Hispánicos o Latinos , Traumatismos Ocupacionales , Población Blanca , Humanos , North Carolina/epidemiología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto , Traumatismos Ocupacionales/mortalidad , Hispánicos o Latinos/estadística & datos numéricos , Población Blanca/estadística & datos numéricos , Negro o Afroamericano/estadística & datos numéricos , Lugar de Trabajo/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Segregación Social , Adulto Joven , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Accidentes de Trabajo/mortalidad , Accidentes de Trabajo/estadística & datos numéricos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Work-related asthma (WRA), a preventable occupational disease, can result in adverse health outcomes and employment disability, including decreased productivity, lost workdays, and job loss. Early identification of WRA cases and avoidance of further exposures is crucial for optimal management. OBJECTIVE: We estimate WRA prevalence among US workers by selected sociodemographic characteristics, industry, and occupation groups and assess the differences in adverse health outcomes, preventive care, and lost workdays between persons with WRA and those with non-WRA. METHODS: The 2020 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) data for working adults aged ≥18 years employed in the 12 months before the survey were analyzed. Prevalence, and adjusted prevalence ratios with 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the estimated 170 million US adults working in the past year, 13.0 million (7.6%) had asthma. Among workers with asthma, an estimated 896,000 (6.9%) had WRA. WRA prevalence was highest among males, workers aged ≥55 years, those with no health insurance, those living in the Midwest, and those employed in the accommodation, food, and other services industry, and in production, installation, transportation, and material moving occupations. Workers with WRA were significantly more likely to use preventive medication and rescue inhalers, and to experience adverse health outcomes and lost workdays than workers with non-WRA. CONCLUSION: Early identification of WRA cases, assessment of workplace exposures, and implementation of targeted interventions that consider the hierarchy of controls are critical to preventing future WRA cases and associated adverse health consequences.
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Asma Ocupacional , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Adulto Joven , Adolescente , Asma Ocupacional/epidemiología , Encuestas Epidemiológicas , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , Asma/epidemiología , Modelos Logísticos , Empleo/estadística & datos numéricos , Ocupaciones/estadística & datos numéricos , Anciano , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A large-scale industrial fire occurred in Rouen, France, in 2019. This study assessed the health-related quality of life of people exposed to its consequences 1 year later. METHODS: The study population comprised inhabitants of the exposed area and a non-exposed area. A representative sample was randomly selected using a stratified design. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire to describe fire exposure and to calculate three health-related quality of life scores according to the SF12-v2 scale. After adjustment, descriptive and multivariate analyses were conducted. RESULTS: The sample comprised 4773 participants (response rate 47.7%). In the exposed area, the average mental, physical and overall health scores were 47.5, 52.0 and 73.8 out of 100, respectively. Mean mental and overall health scores were higher in the non-exposed area (49.0 and 76.0, respectively). After adjustment, a lower mental health score was associated with a higher number of perceived types of exposure, reaching -3.72 points [-5.41; -2.04] for five or more different types of perceived exposure. A lower mental health score was associated with soot deposits (-1.04 [-1.70; -0.39]), perceiving odours [(-2.04 [-3.22; -0.86]) up to the day of data collection], and having seen, heard or been awakened by the fire (-1.21 [-1.90; -0.52]). A slightly lower physical health score was associated with soot deposits (-0.57 [-1.07; -0.08]). CONCLUSION: This study highlighted associations between exposure to the consequences of the industrial fire in Rouen and a deterioration of perceived health-related quality of life 1 year later, particularly the mental health dimension.
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Incendios , Calidad de Vida , Humanos , Francia , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Incendios/estadística & datos numéricos , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto , Anciano , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Estado de Salud , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Salud Mental/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Industrial facilities are not located uniformly across communities in the United States, but how the burden of exposure to carcinogenic air emissions may vary across population characteristics is unclear. We evaluated differences in carcinogenic industrial pollution among major sociodemographic groups in the United States and Puerto Rico. METHODS: We evaluated cross-sectional associations of population characteristics including race and ethnicity, educational attainment, and poverty at the census tract level with point-source industrial emissions of 21 known human carcinogens using regulatory data from the US Environmental Protection Agency. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals comparing the highest emissions (tertile or quintile) to the referent group (zero emissions [ie, nonexposed]) for all sociodemographic characteristics were estimated using multinomial, population density-adjusted logistic regression models. RESULTS: In 2018, approximately 7.4 million people lived in census tracts with nearly 12 million pounds of carcinogenic air releases. The odds of tracts having the greatest burden of benzene, 1,3-butadiene, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, trichloroethylene, and nickel emissions compared with nonexposed were 10%-20% higher for African American populations, whereas White populations were up to 18% less likely to live in tracts with the highest emissions. Among Hispanic and Latino populations, odds were 16%-21% higher for benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and ethylene oxide. Populations experiencing poverty or with less than high school education were associated with up to 51% higher burden, irrespective of race and ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS: Carcinogenic industrial emissions disproportionately impact African American and Hispanic and Latino populations and people with limited education or experiencing poverty thus representing a source of pollution that may contribute to observed cancer disparities.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Humanos , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Estudios Transversales , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Carcinógenos/análisis , Butadienos/análisis , Butadienos/efectos adversos , Benceno/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Factores Socioeconómicos , Factores Sociodemográficos , Formaldehído/análisis , Formaldehído/efectos adversos , Níquel/análisis , Níquel/efectos adversos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Puerto Rico/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
The world's population increasingly relies on the ocean for food, energy production and global trade1-3, yet human activities at sea are not well quantified4,5. We combine satellite imagery, vessel GPS data and deep-learning models to map industrial vessel activities and offshore energy infrastructure across the world's coastal waters from 2017 to 2021. We find that 72-76% of the world's industrial fishing vessels are not publicly tracked, with much of that fishing taking place around South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa. We also find that 21-30% of transport and energy vessel activity is missing from public tracking systems. Globally, fishing decreased by 12 ± 1% at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and had not recovered to pre-pandemic levels by 2021. By contrast, transport and energy vessel activities were relatively unaffected during the same period. Offshore wind is growing rapidly, with most wind turbines confined to small areas of the ocean but surpassing the number of oil structures in 2021. Our map of ocean industrialization reveals changes in some of the most extensive and economically important human activities at sea.
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Actividades Humanas , Industrias , Océanos y Mares , Imágenes Satelitales , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Aprendizaje Profundo , Fuentes Generadoras de Energía/estadística & datos numéricos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/estadística & datos numéricos , Sistemas de Información Geográfica , Mapeo Geográfico , Actividades Humanas/economía , Actividades Humanas/estadística & datos numéricos , Caza/estadística & datos numéricos , Industrias/economía , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Navíos/estadística & datos numéricos , VientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: This study sought to understand trends in industry payments for research awarded to orthopedic surgeons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services Open Payments database was queried for the years 2016 to 2021 for industry payments for research. Financial analyses were performed to understand temporal trends and differences by orthopedic subspecialty and principal investigator characteristics such as sex. The threshold for statistical significance was set at .05. RESULTS: A total of 2014 orthopedic surgeons were identified, among whom 542 adult reconstruction (27%) and 460 sports medicine (23%) surgeons were major beneficiaries. Seventy-one female orthopedic surgeons comprised the minority (4%). Total research payments awarded during the study period aggregated to $266,633,592, with adult reconstruction ($88,819,047; 33%) and sports medicine ($57,949,822; 22%) receiving the highest amounts. Total research payments awarded trended upward yearly except for a decline in 2020 that subsequently rebounded (P<.001). Median annual research payment per orthopedic surgeon was $13,375. Median total industry payments per orthopedic surgeon differed between specialties (P <.001), with the highest amounts for adult reconstruction ($44,063) and sports medicine ($34,567) and the lowest amounts for hand ($12,052) and foot and ankle ($19,233). Median total payments did not differ significantly when stratified by sex (P=.276) and region (P=.906). Specialties in which the respective top three companies offered the majority of the research funding were musculoskeletal oncology (90%), pediatric orthopedics (66%), and shoulder and elbow (64%). CONCLUSION: These results can be used as a primer for orthopedic surgeons seeking to leverage industry relationships to fund translational research. [Orthopedics. 2024;47(3):172-178.].
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Investigación Biomédica , Cirujanos Ortopédicos , Humanos , Estados Unidos , Cirujanos Ortopédicos/economía , Cirujanos Ortopédicos/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Masculino , Investigación Biomédica/economía , Conflicto de Intereses/economía , Ortopedia/economía , Industrias/economía , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
The pulp and paper industry is an important contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions1,2. Country-specific strategies are essential for the industry to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050, given its vast heterogeneities across countries3,4. Here we develop a comprehensive bottom-up assessment of net greenhouse gas emissions of the domestic paper-related sectors for 30 major countries from 1961 to 2019-about 3.2% of global anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from the same period5-and explore mitigation strategies through 2,160 scenarios covering key factors. Our results show substantial differences across countries in terms of historical emissions evolution trends and structure. All countries can achieve net-zero emissions for their pulp and paper industry by 2050, with a single measure for most developed countries and several measures for most developing countries. Except for energy-efficiency improvement and energy-system decarbonization, tropical developing countries with abundant forest resources should give priority to sustainable forest management, whereas other developing countries should pay more attention to enhancing methane capture rate and reducing recycling. These insights are crucial for developing net-zero strategies tailored to each country and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 for the pulp and paper industry.
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Agricultura Forestal , Efecto Invernadero , Gases de Efecto Invernadero , Industrias , Internacionalidad , Papel , Desarrollo Sostenible , Madera , Efecto Invernadero/prevención & control , Efecto Invernadero/estadística & datos numéricos , Gases de Efecto Invernadero/análisis , Gases de Efecto Invernadero/aislamiento & purificación , Industrias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Metano/análisis , Metano/aislamiento & purificación , Reciclaje/estadística & datos numéricos , Reciclaje/tendencias , Países Desarrollados , Países en Desarrollo , Bosques , Agricultura Forestal/métodos , Agricultura Forestal/tendencias , Desarrollo Sostenible/tendencias , Clima TropicalRESUMEN
China's pulp and paper industry (CPPI) has been always the main carbon emission source in recent years. However, the analysis on influencing factors of carbon emissions from this industry is insufficient. To address the issue, the CO2 emissions from CPPI are estimated in the period of 2005-2019, the driving factors of CO2 emissions are investigated by the logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) method, the decoupling state of economic growth and CO2 emissions is determined by Tapio decoupling model, and finally, future CO2 emissions are predicted under four scenarios by the STIRPAT model to explore the potential of carbon peaking. The results show that CPPI exhibits a rapid increase and a fluctuating downward trend in CO2 emissions during the period of 2005-2013 and 2014-2019, respectively. The main promoting and inhibiting factors to the increase of CO2 emission are per capita industrial output value and energy intensity, respectively. There are five decoupling states of CO2 emissions and economic growth during the study period, and the CO2 emissions exhibit a weak decoupling state with the industrial output value growth in most years of the study period. It is very difficult to realize the carbon peaking goal by 2030 under the baseline and fast development scenarios. Therefore, efficient low carbon and strong low-carbon development policies are necessary and urgent for the realization of carbon peaking goal and the sustainable development of CPPI.
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Contaminación del Aire , Huella de Carbono , Carbono , Desarrollo Económico , Industrias , Papel , Carbono/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , China , Desarrollo Económico/estadística & datos numéricos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Huella de Carbono/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Examine the risk for site-specific incident cancer across representative transport, rescue, and security industries. METHODS: This Danish nationwide register-based study included all 302,789 workers from transport, rescue and security industries in 2001-2015 and 2,230,877 individuals aged 18-64 years from a total sample of the economically active population for comparison. We used Cox models to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) of incident cancers. We categorized site-specific cancers by using population-attributable fraction (PAF) estimates from the previous literature. RESULTS: During an average follow-up of 13.4 years, 22,116 incident cancer cases were recorded in these industries. Compared with the reference population, the age-adjusted cancer incidence with a high PAF was higher among men in seafaring (HR 1.28; 95% CI 1.14-1.43), and land transport (HR 1.32; 95% CI: 1.26-1.37), and among women in seafaring (HR 1.26; 95% CI: 1.01-1.57), land transport (HR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.12-1.32), aviation (HR 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05-1.41), and police force (HR 1.21; 95% CI: 1.04-1.40). Overall, tobacco and physical inactivity were the most significant risk factors of cancer. CONCLUSIONS: Regardless of considerable disparities in incident cancer attributable to modifiable risk factors across industries, the total incident cancer rate was elevated in all industries in both sexes.
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Industrias , Neoplasias , Policia , Trabajo de Rescate , Transportes , Adolescente , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Adulto Joven , Dinamarca/epidemiología , Disparidades en el Estado de Salud , Incidencia , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Neoplasias/epidemiología , Sistema de Registros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta Sedentaria , Fumar Tabaco/efectos adversos , Fumar Tabaco/epidemiología , Transportes/estadística & datos numéricos , Trabajo de Rescate/estadística & datos numéricos , Policia/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Under the guidance of carbon peak and carbon neutral targets, the industrial structure transformation is vital for carbon emissions reduction in China. However, there is a rebound effect of carbon emissions during the industrial structure transformation. Resource dependence and technological progress have significant impacts on industrial structure transformation and its carbon reduction effect. This paper explores how industrial structure transformation under resource dependence causes the rebound effect from a technological progress perspective. The key results indicate that (1) resource dependence distorts the carbon emissions reduction effect of industrial structure transformation; (2) with the development of technology, the industrial structure upgrading under resource dependence could cause an increase on carbon emissions at the beginning, but the increase would be weakened subsequently, displaying a two-stage feature; (3) the industrial structure rationalization under resource dependence reduces carbon emissions at first, but the reduction would be weakened as the technology develops, then industrial structure's rationalization shows an insignificant impact on carbon emissions, and finally reduces carbon emissions again, presenting a four-stage characteristic; (4) environmental protection technology can correct the distortion effect of resource dependence on the industrial structure rationalization and amplify the industrial structure rationalization's reduction effects on carbon emissions; (5) with the development of energy-saving technology, industrial structure rationalization has a paradoxical impact on carbon emissions, the industrial structure rationalization first reduces, then increases, and finally reduces carbon emissions, indicating an inverted "N" relationship. Finally, policy recommendations for carbon emissions reduction are proposed from the perspective of industrial structure transformation and technological progress.
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Huella de Carbono , Política Ambiental , Tecnología , China , Investigación Empírica , Desarrollo Económico/estadística & datos numéricos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
This study aimed to identify the major industries and jobs with the highest proportion of workers' compensation (WC) claims for COVID-19, characterize COVID-19 WC claims in terms of their demographic properties and disease severity, and identify factors influencing the approval of COVID-19 WC claims as occupational disease. A total of 488 workers who submitted COVID-19-related claims to the Korea Workers' Compensation and Welfare Service (KWCWS) from January 2020 to July 2021 were analyzed. A Fisher's exact test was employed to associate the severity of COVID-19 infection with demographic properties. The highest proportion of all COVID-19 WC claims compensated as occupational disease (N=462) were submitted by healthcare workers (HCW=233, 50%), while only 9% (N=41) of the total originated from manufacturing industries. The 5% (N=26) of the COVID-19 WC claims accepted were evaluated as severe (N=15) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (N=9). A total of 71% (N=329) of the COVID-19 patients compensated (N=462) were from workplaces with infection clusters. A total of 26 WC cases were rejected for various reasons, including unclear infection routes, infection at private gatherings (including within families), no diagnosis, and more. Given our findings, we suggest an official system should be established to detect and compensate more job-associated infectious diseases like COVID-19.
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COVID-19 , Enfermedades Profesionales , Indemnización para Trabajadores , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Enfermedades Profesionales/epidemiología , República de Corea/epidemiología , Indemnización para Trabajadores/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Within this article, a graphical discussion of the veterinary industry is constructed and discussed. This viewpoint centers around the 4 main markets that operate in veterinary medicine: the market for veterinary education, the market for veterinarians, the market for animals, and the market for veterinary services. Moreover, how each market within veterinary medicine is interconnected is the important point of the article. The purpose of the article is to provide a mechanism for discussion on how changes in one market will affect other markets. From this view, I argue that the market for veterinary services is completely dependent on the other 3 markets in terms of defining supply, demand, and market equilibrium. The remainder of the article discusses how to use the multimarket graphical model to aid in discussions around policy changes and provides an example. Some concluding remarks about this view on the interconnectedness of markets within the industry are provided. Again, the intended purpose of this viewpoint is to provide a graphical understanding of the multimarket nature of the industry and a way to discuss any proposed changes to a market based on literature that empirically estimates many aspects of these various markets. I highly encourage any proposed changes to the industry be supported by mathematical/statistical modeling, but the graphical model can aid in a conceptual understanding of those same changes.
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Industrias , Modelos Teóricos , Medicina Veterinaria , Animales , Humanos , Industrias/estadística & datos numéricos , Veterinarios , Medicina Veterinaria/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Discussions about science and engineering postdoctoral researchers focus almost exclusively on academic postdocs and their chances of eventually securing tenure-track faculty positions. Further, biological sciences dominate policy research and published advice for new PhDs regarding postdoctoral employment. Our analysis uses the Survey of Earned Doctorates and Survey of Doctorate Recipients to understand employment implications for physical sciences and engineering (PSE) and life sciences (LS) graduates who took postdoctoral positions in government, industry, and academic sectors. We examine postdoc duration, reasons for staying in a postdoc, movement between sectors, and salary implications. There is considerable movement between employment sectors within the first six years post-PhD. Additionally, postdocs in PSE are shorter, better paid, and more often in nonacademic sectors than postdocs in LS. These results can help science and engineering faculty discuss a broader range of career pathways with doctoral students and help new PhDs make better informed early career decisions.