RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In Argentina, peanuts are stored for 3-6 months. It is important to avoid proliferation of fungi and insect pests during this period. In this study, the potential of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) microcapsules to conserve peanut kernels was evaluated in microcosms and on a pilot scale. RESULTS: In microcosm assays, microcapsules containing BHA at a dose of 1802 µg g-1 reduced 37% of total fungal count. Higher reductions (77-100%) were obtained with a combined treatment with BHA formulation (1802 µg g-1 ) plus fungicide (methyl thiophanate 0.0100 g L-1 and metalaxyl 0.0133 g L-1 ). However, germination levels of peanut seeds treated with the BHA formulation were less than 6% throughout the incubation time. In pilot-scale trials, the storage conditions allowed the control of fungal development and insect proliferation. Quantifiable levels of BHA were also detected throughout the entire storage period. The combined treatment significantly reduced fungal contamination at 2 months of storage (C1-2015: 37.41%; C1-2016: 28.48%; C2-2016: 45.02%). Seed germination of unshelled stored peanuts was not affected by the formulation. CONCLUSION: The application of the BHA formulation during storage combined with pre-seeding treatment could be an appropriate strategy to maintain the quality of the peanut kernels destined for seed. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Arachis/microbiología , Hidroxianisol Butilado/química , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Arachis/crecimiento & desarrollo , Argentina , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Composición de Medicamentos , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Conservación de Alimentos/instrumentación , Conservantes de Alimentos/química , Hongos/efectos de los fármacos , Hongos/genética , Hongos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hongos/aislamiento & purificación , Germinación , Proyectos Piloto , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Synthetic antioxidants are used in the food and pharmaceutical industry, however, there is concern about their safety; this has prompted the search for new antioxidants that are effective, safe and act at low concentrations. The objective of this study is to evaluate the oxygen radical scavenging capacity and clastogenic effect of the Isoespintanol /2-isopropyl-3,6-dimethyl-5-methylphenol) in DNA of human lymphocyte compared with the BHA (Butylated hydroxyanisole). The oxygen radical scavenging ability was evaluated by methods ORACFL and ORACPGR, genotoxicity was determined by comet assay and data analysis was performed using ANOVA and Duncan test. The results show that the oxygen radical scavenging capacity of the BHA is higher than Isoespintanol, however according to the reactivity concept proposed by Lopez-Alarcon and Lissi, the Isoespintanol it is more reactive than BHA. Furthermore, according to some studies, BHA presented adverse effects on the health of consumers. Comet assay results revealed that at concentrations between 3 and 1620 µM the Isoespintanol don't show clastogenic effects on DNA. In conclusion, the antioxidant capacity for the BHA is higher than Isoespintanol, but considering reactivity concepts proposed by López-Alarcon and Lissi, the Isoespintanol is faster to neutralize radicals that the BHA, furthermore, according to the National Institute of Health "BHA" is a human carcinogen.
Asunto(s)
Annonaceae , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Daño del ADN/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antioxidantes/aislamiento & purificación , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Daño del ADN/fisiología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/toxicidad , Linfocitos/metabolismo , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Neurogenic differentiation of bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offers a new hope for patients with many neurological disorders. Several chemical inducers are employed to induce BMMSCs differentiation into nerve cells. In the present study, we compared different inducers [2-mercaptoethanol (BME), tretinoin (ATRA), dimethyl sulfoxide/butylated hydroxyanisole (DMSO/BHA), and indomethacin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (indomethacin/IBMX)] on the neurogenic differentiation of BMMSCs and aimed to identify a more efficient and safer method. The MSCs were first identified by their ability to adhere to plastic and by the expression of positive (CD44, CD90, and CD105) and negative (CD34) markers assessed by flow cytometry. The efficiency of the neurogenic differentiation was determined by assessing the mRNA and protein expression of nestin, microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP2), neuron specific enolase (NSE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western-blot, respectively. The effect of these inducers on cell viability was also evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. This comprehensive study shows that indomethacin/IBMX is better than BME, DMSO/BHA, and ATRA both in terms of efficiency and safety, while BME suppressed the growth and proliferation of MSCs.
Asunto(s)
Células de la Médula Ósea/citología , Técnicas Citológicas/métodos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/citología , Células-Madre Neurales/citología , Neuronas/citología , Animales , Células de la Médula Ósea/efectos de los fármacos , Células de la Médula Ósea/metabolismo , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Diferenciación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Diferenciación Celular/fisiología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Dimetilsulfóxido/farmacología , Factores de Crecimiento de Célula Hematopoyética/farmacología , Indometacina/farmacología , Masculino , Mercaptoetanol/farmacología , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/efectos de los fármacos , Células Madre Mesenquimatosas/metabolismo , Células-Madre Neurales/efectos de los fármacos , Células-Madre Neurales/metabolismo , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tretinoina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Interdisciplinary collaboration is widely recognized and considered essential for optimizing the development of knowledge and practice. However, interdisciplinarity is commonly accepted as an unquestioned good; rarely examined as both a source of benefit as well as difficulty for nursing and other disciplines. The aim of this article is to critically examine the opportunities and challenges that interdisciplinarity can provide for research in nursing and other disciplines. Based on a North American perspective, I describe the emergence of uni-disciplinary nursing research and the knowledge exchanges that occurred between nursing and other disciplines. I discuss the rise of interdisciplinary research, outline several examples of nursing participation in interdisciplinarity, and highlight the prominent benefits and difficulties associated with interdisciplinary research. I argue that authentic collaboration is required to conduct meaningful interdisciplinary research and describe how this can be promoted.
Colaboração interdisciplinar é amplamente reconhecida e considerada essencial para a otimização do desenvolvimento do conhecimento e prática. No entanto, a interdisciplinaridade é comumente aceita como um bem inquestionável, raramente examinado tanto como uma fonte de benefícios, bem como dificuldade para a enfermagem e outras disciplinas. O objetivo deste artigo é analisar criticamente as oportunidades e desafios que a interdisciplinaridade pode oferecer para a pesquisa em enfermagem e outras disciplinas. Com base em uma perspectiva norte-americana, descreve-se o surgimento de pesquisas em enfermagem unidisciplinar e as trocas de conhecimento que ocorreram entre a enfermagem e outras disciplinas. Discute-se a ascensão da pesquisa interdisciplinar, delineiam-se vários exemplos de participação da enfermagem na interdisciplinaridade, e destacam-se os benefícios proeminentes e dificuldades associadas com a pesquisa interdisciplinar. Defende-se que a colaboração autêntica é necessária para conduzir a pesquisa interdisciplinar significativa e descreve-se como isso pode ser promovido.
La colaboración interdisciplinaria es ampliamente reconocida y considerada esencial para optimizar el desarrollo del conocimiento y la práctica. Sin embargo, la interdisciplinariedad es comúnmente aceptada como un bien incuestionable; rara vez examinada tanto como una fuente de beneficio, así como de dificultad para la enfermería y otras disciplinas. El objetivo de este artículo es examinar críticamente las oportunidades y desafíos que la interdisciplinariedad puede proporcionar para la investigación en enfermería y otras disciplinas. Sobre la base de una perspectiva norteamericana, describe-se el surgimiento de la investigación en enfermería unidisciplinaria y los intercambios de conocimientos que se produjeron entre la enfermería y otras disciplinas. Se discute el aumento de la investigación interdisciplinaria, esbozan-se varios ejemplos de la participación de enfermería en la interdisciplinariedad, y destacan-se los beneficios y las dificultades asociadas con la investigación interdisciplinaria. Argumenta-sé que se requiere auténtica colaboración para llevar a cabo la investigación interdisciplinaria significativa y describe-se la forma en que esto puede ser promovido. .
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Femenino , Catecol O-Metiltransferasa/biosíntesis , /biosíntesis , Placenta/enzimología , Embarazo/metabolismo , Esteroide Hidroxilasas/biosíntesis , Xenobióticos/farmacología , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Carcinógenos , Cumarinas/farmacología , Inducción Enzimática , Naftoles/farmacología , Primer Trimestre del EmbarazoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: In the last years, food grade antioxidants are used safely as an alternative to traditional fungicides to control fungal growth in several food and agricultural products. AIMS: In this work, the effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl paraben (PP) on two hydrolytic enzyme activity (ß-d-glucosidase and α-d-galactosidase) by Aspergillus section Nigri species under different water activity conditions (aW; 0.98, 0.95 and 0.93) and incubation time intervals (24, 48, 72 and 96h) was evaluated on peanut-based medium. METHODS: The activity of two glycosidases, ß-d-glucosidase and α-d-galactosidase, was assayed using as substrates 4-nitrophenyl-ß-d-glucopyranosido and 4-nitrophenyl-α-d-galactopyranosido, respectively. The enzyme activity was determined by the increase in optical density at 405nm caused by the liberation of p-nitrophenol by enzymatic hydrolysis of the substrate. Enzyme activity was expressed as micromoles of p-nitrophenol released per minute. RESULTS: The major inhibition in ß-d-glucosidase activity of A. carbonarius and A. niger was found with 20mmoll(-1) of BHA or PP at 0.98 and 0.95 aW, respectively, whereas for α-d-galactosidase activity a significant decrease in enzyme activity with respect to control was observed in A. carbonarius among 5 to 20mmoll(-1) of BHA or PP in all conditions assayed. Regarding A. niger, the highest percentages of enzyme inhibition activity were found with 20mmoll(-1) of BHA or PP at 0.95 aW and 96h. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this work provide information about the capacity of BHA and PP to inhibit in vitro conditions two of the most important hydrolytic enzymes produced by A. carbonarius and A. niger species.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Aspergillus/efectos de los fármacos , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Medios de Cultivo , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Proteínas Fúngicas/biosíntesis , Parabenos/farmacología , alfa-Galactosidasa/biosíntesis , beta-Glucosidasa/biosíntesis , Agar , Arachis , Aspergillus/enzimología , Aspergillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aspergillus niger/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus niger/enzimología , Aspergillus niger/crecimiento & desarrollo , Inducción Enzimática/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales , Temperatura , Factores de Tiempo , AguaRESUMEN
4-nerolidylcatechol (4-NC) is an unstable natural product that exhibits important antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other properties. It is readily obtainable on a multi-gram scale through straightforward solvent extraction of the roots of cultivated Piper peltatum or P. umbellatum, followed by column chromatography on the resulting extract. Semi-synthetic derivatives of 4-NC with one or two substituent groups (methyl, acetyl, benzyl, benzoyl) on the O atoms have been introduced that have increased stability compared to 4-NC and significant in vitro inhibitory activity against the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties may be important for the antiplasmodial mode of action of 4-NC derivatives. Thus, we decided to investigate the antioxidant properties, cytotoxicity and stability of 4-NC derivatives as a means to explore the potential utility of these compounds. 4-NC showed high antioxidant activity in the DPPH and ABTS assays and in 3T3-L1 cells (mouse embryonic fibroblast), however 4-NC was more cytotoxic (IC50 = 31.4 µM) and more unstable than its derivatives and lost more than 80% of its antioxidant activity upon storage in solution at -20 °C for 30 days. DMSO solutions of mono-O-substituted derivatives of 4-NC exhibited antioxidant activity and radical scavenging activity in the DPPH and ABTS assays that was comparable to that of BHA and BHT. In the cell-based antioxidant model, most DMSO solutions of derivatives of 4-NC were less active on day 1 than 4-NC, quercetin and BHA and more active antioxidants than BHT. After storage for 30 days at -20 °C, DMSO solutions of most of the derivatives of 4-NC were more stable and exhibited more antioxidant activity than 4-NC, quercetin and BHA and exhibited comparable antioxidant activity to BHT. These findings point to the potential of derivatives of 4-NC as antioxidant compounds.
Asunto(s)
Antimaláricos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Catecoles/química , Catecoles/farmacología , Piper/química , Células 3T3-L1 , Animales , Antimaláricos/química , Antioxidantes/química , Hidroxianisol Butilado/química , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/química , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Malaria/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones , Dinámicas no Lineales , Raíces de Plantas/química , Plasmodium falciparum/efectos de los fármacos , Plasmodium falciparum/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Each year, a significant portion of the peanuts produced cannot be marketed because of fungal disease at the postharvest stage and mycotoxin contamination. Antioxidants could be used as an alternative to fungicides to control ochratoxigenic fungi in peanuts during storage. This study was carried out to determine the effect of the antioxidant butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and the antimicrobial propyl paraben (PP) on the lag phase before growth, growth rate, and ochratoxin A (OTA) production by Aspergillus section Nigri strains in peanut kernels under different conditions of water activity (aw) and temperature. At 20 mM/g BHA, 18 degrees C, and 0.93 aw, complete inhibition of growth occurred. For PP, there was no growth at 20 mM/g, 18 degrees C, and 0.93, 0.95, and 0.98 aw. BHA at 20 mM/g inhibited OTA production in peanuts by Aspergillus carbonarius and Aspergillus niger aggregate strains at 0.93 aw and 18 degrees C. PP at 20 mM/g completely inhibited OTA production at 18 degrees C. The results of this work suggest that PP is more appropriate than BHA for controlling growth and OTA production by Aspergillus section Nigri species in peanut kernels.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Arachis/microbiología , Aspergillus niger , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Ocratoxinas/biosíntesis , Aspergillus niger/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus niger/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aspergillus niger/metabolismo , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Manipulación de Alimentos , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , Parabenos/farmacología , TemperaturaRESUMEN
Raw pork sausages with no antioxidant (control), 3% or 6% dried plum puree (DP), 3% or 6% dried plum and apple puree (DPA), or 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA/BHT) were (1) stored raw in chubs at 4 degrees C (RR) and evaluated weekly over 28 d, (2) cooked as patties, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4 degrees C (PR) for weekly evaluation over 28 d, or (3) cooked, vacuum packaged, and stored at -20 degrees C (PF) and evaluated monthly over 90 d. DP at 3% or 6% levels was as effective as BHA/BHT for retarding lipid oxidation in PR sausage patties. Likewise, DP at 3% was equally as effective in PF patties, but DP at 6% was even more effective (lower TBARS values) than BHA/BHT for retarding oxidative rancidity. All treatments decreased the fat and increased moisture content of raw sausages but only 6% DP reduced cooking yields. Inclusion of 6% DP decreased internal redness while both 6% DP and DPA increased yellowness of raw sausage. Trained panel sensory evaluations indicated that DP enhanced sweet taste, decreased salt and bitter tastes, and masked cooked pork/brothy, cooked pork fat, spicy/peppery, and sage flavors. In general, warmed-over flavor notes were not affected by storage treatments. Overall, pork sausage with 3% DP or DPA was as acceptable to consumers as the control or those patties with BHA/BHT, but patties with 6% of either plum product were less desirable. Inclusion of 3% DP was effective as a natural antioxidant for suppressing lipid oxidation in precooked pork sausage patties.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Manipulación de Alimentos/métodos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Productos de la Carne/normas , Prunus/química , Animales , Antioxidantes/análisis , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Embalaje de Alimentos/métodos , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Oxidación-Reducción/efectos de los fármacos , Control de Calidad , Porcinos , Gusto , Temperatura , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Visible-light photo-irradiation of the commercial phenolic antioxidants (PhAs) butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), in the presence of vitamin B2 (riboflavin, Rf), in methanolic solutions and under aerobic conditions, results in the photo-oxidation of the PhAs. The synthetic dye photosensitiser Rose Bengal was also employed for auxiliary experiments. With concentrations of riboflavin and PhAs of ca. 0.02 mM and < 1 mM, respectively, the excited triplet state of the vitamin (3Rf*) is quenched by BHT in a competitive fashion with dissolved ground state triplet oxygen. From the quenching of 3Rf*, the semireduced form of the pigment is generated through an electron transfer process from BHT, with the subsequent production of superoxide anion radical (O2*-) by reaction with dissolved molecular oxygen. In parallel, the species singlet molecular oxygen, O2(1delta(g)), is also generated. Both reactive oxygen species produce the photodegradation of BHT. In the case of BHA, the lack of any effect exerted by superoxide dismutase drives out a significant participation of a O2(*-)-mediated mechanism. BHA mainly interacts with O2(1delta(g)) and exhibits a desirable property as an antioxidant--a relatively high capacity for O2(1delta(g)) de-activation and a low photodegradation efficiency by the oxidative species. Electrochemical determinations support the proposed photodegradative mechanism.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Unión Competitiva , Hidroxianisol Butilado/química , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/química , Electroquímica/métodos , Cinética , Luz , Metanol/química , Modelos Químicos , Oxígeno/química , Oxígeno/metabolismo , Consumo de Oxígeno , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/farmacología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Riboflavina/química , Rosa Bengala/farmacología , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodosRESUMEN
Analytical grade (AG) and industrial grade (IG) of three-food grade antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and propyl paraben (PP) were analyzed to prove their fungitoxic effect on Aspergillus section Flavi strains. The effect of interactions among 10 antioxidant treatments at water activity levels (0.982, 0.955, 0.937 a(W)) for 11 and 35 days of incubation and at 25 degrees C in peanut grains on mycelial growth (CFU g(-1)) and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) accumulation were evaluated. Both antioxidant grade treatments had a significant effect (P<0.001) on fungal count. All antioxidant treatments showed the highest effectiveness on control of growth of peanut aflatoxigenic strains at 0.937 a(W) and at 11 days of incubation. Overall, AG and IG binary mixtures M3 (20+10 mM), M4 (20+20 mM) and ternary mixtures M5 (10+10+10 mM), M6 (10+20+10 mM), M7 (20+10+10 mM) and M8 (20+20+10 mM) were the treatments most effective at inhibiting growth of Aspergillus section Flavi strains. Industrial grade BHA 10 and 20 mM, binary mixtures M1 (10+10 mM), M2 (10+20 mM), M3 (20+10 mM), M4 (20+20 mM) and ternary mixtures M5 (10+10+10 mM), M6 (10+20+10 mM), M7 (20+10+10 mM) and M8 (20+20+10 mM) completely inhibited AFB(1) production. The studied results suggest that IG antioxidant mixtures have potential for controlling growth of these mycotoxigenic species and prevent aflatoxin accumulation at the peanut storage system.
Asunto(s)
Aflatoxinas/biosíntesis , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Arachis/microbiología , Aspergillus flavus/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus flavus/metabolismo , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Aspergillus flavus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Microbiología de Alimentos , Parabenos/farmacología , Temperatura , Factores de Tiempo , Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
The Nrf2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2) transcription factor regulates gene expression of the GCLC (glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit), which is a key enzyme in glutathione synthesis, and GSTs (glutathione S-transferases) via the ARE (antioxidant-response element). The Mrp2 (multidrug-resistance protein 2) pump mediates the excretion of GSH and GSSG excretion as well as endo- and xeno-biotics that are conjugated with GSH, glucuronate or sulphate. Considering that Mrp2 acts synergistically with these enzymes, we hypothesized that the regulation of Mrp2 gene expression is also dependent on Nrf2. Using BHA (butylated hydroxyanisole), which is a classical activator of the ARE-Nrf2 pathway, we observed an increase in the transcriptional activity of Mrp2, GCLC and Gsta1/Gsta2 genes in the mouse liver. A similar pattern of co-induction of Mrp2 and GCLC genes was also observed in mouse (Hepa 1-6) and human (HepG2) hepatoma cells treated with BHA, beta-NF (beta-naphthoflavone), 2,4,5-T (trichlorophenoxyacetic acid) or 2AAF (2-acetylaminofluorene), suggesting that these genes share common mechanism(s) of transcriptional activation in response to exposure to xenobiotics. To define the mechanism of Mrp2 gene induction, the 5'-flanking region of the mouse Mrp2 gene (2.0 kb) was isolated, and two ARE-like sequences were found: ARE-2 (-1391 to -1381) and ARE-1 (-95 to -85). Deletion analyses demonstrated that the proximal region (-185 to +99) contains the elements for the basal expression and xenobiotic-mediated induction of the Mrp2 gene. Gel-shift and supershift assays indicated that Nrf2-protein complexes bind ARE sequences of the Mrp2 promoter, preferentially to the ARE-1 sequence. Overexpression of Nrf2 increased ARE-1-mediated CAT (chloramphenicol acetyltransferase) gene activity, while overexpression of mutant Nrf2 protein repressed the activity. Thus Nrf2 appears to regulate Mrp2 gene expression via an ARE element located at the proximal region of its promoter in response to exposure to xenobiotics.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica/genética , Proteínas Mitocondriales/genética , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Proteínas Ribosómicas/genética , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genética , Región de Flanqueo 5'/genética , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Secuencia de Bases , Bilis/efectos de los fármacos , Bilis/metabolismo , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Dominio Catalítico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Secuencia Conservada , Femenino , Eliminación de Gen , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Genes Reporteros/genética , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligasa/genética , Glutamato-Cisteína Ligasa/metabolismo , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Humanos , Isoenzimas/genética , Isoenzimas/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Ratones , Proteínas Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteína 2 Asociada a Resistencia a Múltiples Medicamentos , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/genética , Unión Proteica , Elementos de Respuesta/genética , Proteínas Ribosómicas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Alineación de Secuencia , Activación Transcripcional , beta-naftoflavona/farmacologíaRESUMEN
AIMS: The effectiveness of the food-grade antioxidants butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), trihydroxybutyrophenone (THB), propyl paraben (PP) and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) at 1, 10 and 20 mmol l(-1) concentrations on germination, growth, and aflatoxin B(1) (AFB(1)) production by Aspergillus section Flavi strains was determined. METHODS AND RESULTS: Assays on the lag phase of germination, germination percentage, germ tube elongation rate, lag phase, growth rate and AFB(1) production by three strains of Aspergillus flavus and three of Aspergillus parasiticus were carried out in vitro on peanut extract meal agar conditioned at different water activities (a(w): 0.982, 0.971, 0.955, 0.937). The antioxidants PP and BHA efficiently inhibited the germination of the two species tested at the doses 10 and 20 mmol(-1). The antioxidants PP and BHA at 1 mmol l(-1) and THB at 20 mmol l(-1) reduced the germ tube elongation rate most effectively, regardless of a(w) levels. An increase in the lag time and a reduction in the growth rate of 100% of the strains was observed, this was due to the action of BHT at the doses 10 and 20 mmol(-1) at 0.982, 0.971 and 0.955 a(w), although these treatments stimulated the AFB(1) accumulation in most of the fungi tested. The more effective antioxidants were PP and BHA, which increased the lag phase, reduced the growth rate and AFB(1) production in all of the strains at the four a(w) assayed. At concentrations 10 and 20 mmol l(-1), these antioxidants totally inhibited fungal development. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the antioxidants BHA and PP are effective fungal inhibitors to peanut Aspergillus section Flavi in wide range of water activity. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The results suggest that phenolic antioxidants, BHA and PP, can be effective fungitoxicants on aflatoxigenic strains in peanut at industrial level.
Asunto(s)
Aflatoxina B1/biosíntesis , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Arachis/microbiología , Aspergillus flavus/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus flavus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aspergillus flavus/fisiología , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Medios de Cultivo , Microbiología de Alimentos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Germinación , Parabenos/farmacología , Galato de Propilo/farmacología , Microbiología del AguaRESUMEN
The effect of interactions between two food grade antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and propyl paraben (PP, 100, 200, 500 microg g(-1)) and water activity (a(w), 0.995, 0.98, 0.95) of irradiated maize on lag phase prior to growth, growth rate and fumonisin production by Fusarium verticillioides and Fusarium proliferatum was evaluated at 25 degrees C. Both antioxidants had an effect on growth characteristics, and fumonisin production. However, this was dependent on the dose used and the a(w) treatment. At 500 microg g(-1) BHA and PP increased the lag phase prior to growth, and reduced the growth rate of both Fusarium species significantly, especially at 0.95 a(w). Both antioxidants significantly reduced the production of fumonisin by both Fusarium species, especially at 0.98 and 0.95 a(w). These results suggest that these antioxidants have potential for treatment of maize grain for controlling growth of these mycotoxigenic species and prevent fumonisin accumulation.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Conservación de Alimentos/métodos , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Fumonisinas/metabolismo , Fusarium/efectos de los fármacos , Zea mays/microbiología , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Fusarium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Fusarium/metabolismo , Cinética , Parabenos/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The activation sequence-1 (as-1)-like element found in the promoter of some glutathione S-transferase (GST) genes, has been previously described as a salicylic acid (SA)- and auxin-responsive element. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that the activating effect of SA on the as-1 element is mediated by oxidative species. Supporting this hypothesis, our results show that the antioxidants dimethylthiourea (DMTU) and 3-t-butyl-4-hydroxy-anizole (BHA) inhibit the SA-induced transcription of genes controlled by as-1 elements in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants [i.e. GNT35 gene coding for a GST and (as-1)(4)/beta-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter transgene]. DMTU and BHA also inhibit SA-activated as-1-binding activity in nuclear extracts. Further support for the hypothesis that the as-1 element is activated by oxidative species comes from our result showing that light potentiates the SA-induced activation of the as-1 element. Furthermore, methyl viologen, a known oxidative stress inducer in plants, also activates the as-1 element. Increasing H(2)O(2) levels by incubation with H(2)O(2) or with the catalase inhibitor 3-amino-1,2,5-triazole does not activate the (as-1)(4)/GUS gene. On the contrary, 3-amino-1,2,5-triazole inhibits the activating effect of SA on the (as-1)(4)/GUS gene. These results suggest that oxidative species other than H(2)O(2) mediate the activation of the as-1 element by SA. Our results also suggest that even though the as-1 binding activity is stimulated by oxidative species, this is not sufficient for the transactivation of genes controlled by this element. The complex interplay between SA and reactive oxygen species in the transcriptional activation of defense genes is discussed.
Asunto(s)
Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Elementos de Respuesta/genética , Ácido Salicílico/farmacología , Tiourea/análogos & derivados , Amitrol (Herbicida)/farmacología , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Sitios de Unión/efectos de los fármacos , Sitios de Unión/efectos de la radiación , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Catalasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Glutatión Transferasa/genética , Glutatión Transferasa/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/farmacología , Luz , Estrés Oxidativo , Paraquat/farmacología , Elementos de Respuesta/efectos de los fármacos , Elementos de Respuesta/efectos de la radiación , Tiourea/farmacología , Nicotiana/efectos de los fármacos , Nicotiana/genéticaRESUMEN
AIMS: To examine the effect of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), trihydroxybutyrophenone and propylparaben (PP) (at concentrations of 1-20 mmol l(-1)) on growth of and fumonisin production by Argentinian strains of Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. METHODS AND RESULTS: Studies on lag phases prior to growth, relative growth rates and fumonisin concentrations were carried out in vitro in relation to water activity (0.995-0.93 a(w)) and temperature (18 and 25 degrees C) on a maize meal agar. Overall, PP was the antioxidant which was most effective at inhibiting strains of both species. The lag phase prior to growth and growth rates were significantly decreased by PP and BHA at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1), regardless of the temperature or aw level tested. Total fumonisin production was higher at 0.98 a(w) and decreased by about 45-50% at 0.995 and 0.95 a(w). Overall, BHT only inhibited fumonisin production at 0.95 aw at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1), while BHA was effective at most a(w) levels tested at 10 and 20 mmol l(-1). Propylparaben completely inhibited fumonisin production by both F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum at > 1 mmol l(-1), regardless of the temperature or a(w) level. Small interstrain differences in the levels of inhibition by the antioxidants were observed for three F. verticillioides and four F. proliferatum strains at 0.995, 0.98 and 0.95 a(w). Propylparaben and BHA completely inhibited the growth of both species at the concentrations evaluated, regardless of the a(w) level. CONCLUSIONS: Two antioxidants show promise for the control of growth of and fumonisin production by these species over a wide range of environmental conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Potential exists for using such food-grade preservatives for prevention of mycotoxigenic fungi and their toxins entering the food chain.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Ácidos Carboxílicos/metabolismo , Fusarium/efectos de los fármacos , Fusarium/crecimiento & desarrollo , Micotoxinas/biosíntesis , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Fusarium/metabolismo , Parabenos/farmacología , Zea mays/microbiologíaRESUMEN
The present paper evaluated the effect of the antioxidatively acting agent butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) on the oxidative and energetic processes in the mitochondria of the myocardium, both normal and damaged with isoprenaline. BHA was administered for 20 days in a daily dose of 10 mg.kg-1. Experimental necrosis of the myocardium was induced by a single-dose administration of a dose of 25 mg.kg-1 s.c. The results shown in Graphs 1-7 indicate that BHA in the above-mentioned concentration did not act protectively on the metabolic processes taking place in the mitochondria during experimentally induced necroses of the myocardium.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Mitocondrias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Isquemia Miocárdica/metabolismo , Animales , Masculino , Mitocondrias Cardíacas/efectos de los fármacos , Fosforilación Oxidativa/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
The oxidative stress induced in vivo by benzoyl peroxide (BzPo) or 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) was evaluated in terms of chemiluminescence (CL) emitted by SENCAR mouse skin, a non-invasive method that allows an estimation of overall oxidative stress. The ability of a biomimetic superoxide dismutase, copper(II)(3,5-diisopropylsalicylate)2 (CuDIPS), to inhibit that response was also evaluated. A single application of BzPo to mouse skin resulted in a dose-dependent increase in CL up to 0.083 mumol. Sequential treatment with BzPo in a dose used for tumor promotion resulted in a fall in CL induced by the second topical application. There were no differences between initiated and non-initiated mice in their responses to BzPo-induced CL. CuDIPS, an inhibitor of tumor promotion, was an effective inhibitor of CL in all the protocols evaluated. Conversely, ZnDIPS and DIPS did not inhibit CL. Phenolic antioxidants induced partial inhibition of CL. Unlike BzPo treatment, a single application of TPA up to 105 nmol did not induce an increase in CL, but the second topical application with TPA in a dose used for tumor promotion resulted in a small but significant increase in CL. However, these values of CL were much smaller than the CL induced by BzPo. Our results show a differential response of the skin in terms of the oxidative stress induced by BzPo or TPA.
Asunto(s)
Peróxido de Benzoílo/farmacología , Oxidación-Reducción , Piel/metabolismo , Acetato de Tetradecanoilforbol/farmacología , 9,10-Dimetil-1,2-benzantraceno/farmacología , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Hidroxitolueno Butilado/farmacología , Mediciones Luminiscentes , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos , Salicilatos/farmacología , Piel/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
SOD activity and susceptibility to peroxidation on spermatozoa from frozen and fresh bovine semen were determined either in presence or not of synthetic (BHA) or natural (vitamin E) antioxidants. In sperm suspensions incubated with vitamin E, SOD activity was higher than in the control samples and the ones treated with BHA. It was found a highly significative correlation between malondialdehyde production and SOD activity. SOD activity could be used in bovine spermatozoa as a metabolic indicator of membrane integrity.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacos , Superóxido Dismutasa/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Bovinos , Masculino , Espermatozoides/enzimología , Vitamina E/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The effect of the antioxidants, butylated hydroxy anisole (BHA) and vitamin E, on the rejection of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis from the small intestine of the rat was investigated. Worm expulsion was inhibited by BHA. Malonyldialdehyde production in the small intestines and free radical generation by peritoneal leucocytes from infected rats were also inhibited by BHA. Vitamin E, although inhibiting malonyldialdehyde production, did not prevent worm expulsion. Significantly, vitamin E was much less effective than BHA at reducing free radical generation by rat leucocytes in response to N. brasiliensis.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/farmacología , Infecciones por Nematodos/inmunología , Animales , Hidroxianisol Butilado/farmacología , Femenino , Radicales Libres , Sistema Inmunológico/efectos de los fármacos , Intestino Delgado/inmunología , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/parasitología , Leucocitos/metabolismo , Malondialdehído/metabolismo , Infecciones por Nematodos/metabolismo , Infecciones por Nematodos/parasitología , Nippostrongylus , Cavidad Peritoneal/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas , Vitamina E/farmacologíaRESUMEN
It has been reported that a great part of the deleterious effect caused by ionizing radiations is due to oxidative phenomena. The purpose of this work was to investigate if some antioxidants commonly used in the food industry might have a radioprotecting effect. N propyl-galate (NPG), hydroxyanisol-butylated (HAB) and hydroxytoluene-butylated (HTB) were utilized. Forty BALB/C mice that received 600 rads of gamma irradiation from a 60Co emitter died 17.12 +/- 7.82 days after. Thirteen mice that were injected 5 mg of NPG 24 hours and 30 minutes before radiation survived for more than 90 days. This same effect was observed in 13 mice that were also injected with 10 mg NPC and in other 13 that received 10 mg of HAB in the same way. Doses of 5 mg HAB or 5 and 10 mg HTB did not have a radioprotecting effect. When the radiation dose was increased to 800 rads, the radioprotecting effect was absent with any of the NPG, HAB or HTB doses. In protected mice, preservation of higher numbers of hematopoietic cells were observed in the bone marrow together with slight reduction of chromosomal fractures. There results show that antioxidants used in the food industry have a radioprotecting effect that had not been investigated.