RESUMEN
The objective was to evaluate the biosolids as an alternative source of nutrients in the production of chrysanthemums by adding increasing doses to the cultivation substrate. The experimental design was in blocks with 6 treatments and 5 replications. The treatments consisted of the mixture (commercial substrate + biosolid) at the concentrations: 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% of biosolid + two controls (100% of biosolid and 100% of substrate). The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse for 90 days. Physiological parameters, number of flower buds, dry biomass and nutrient accumulation were evaluated. Physiological parameters were evaluated using the Infrared Gas Analyzer. The number of flower buds was evaluated by counting. Biomass was determined after drying the structures and then calculated the accumulation of nutrients. A total of 90 plants were evaluated. Concentrations of up to 40% of biosolid promoted a greater number of flower buds, dry biomass and nutrient accumulation. Concentrations above 60% lower number of buds, biomass increment and nutrient accumulation. It is concluded that the biosolid has potential as an alternative source of nutrients in the cultivation of chrysanthemums, indicating concentrations of up to 40% and the nutrient content of each batch generated must be verified.
Asunto(s)
Biomasa , Chrysanthemum , Flores , Nutrientes , Chrysanthemum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Chrysanthemum/metabolismo , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Nutrientes/análisis , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismoRESUMEN
Successful plant reproduction depends on the adequate development of floral organs controlled by cell proliferation and other processes. The Stigma/style cell-cycle inhibitor 1 (SCI1) gene regulates cell proliferation and affects the final size of the female reproductive organ. To unravel the molecular mechanism exerted by Nicotiana tabacum SCI1 in cell proliferation control, we searched for its interaction partners through semi-in vivo pull-down experiments, uncovering a cyclin-dependent kinase, NtCDKG;2. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-localization experiments showed that SCI1 interacts with NtCDKG;2 and its cognate NtCyclin L in nucleoli and splicing speckles. The screening of a yeast two-hybrid cDNA library using SCI1 as bait revealed a novel DEAD-box RNA helicase (NtRH35). Interaction between the NtCDKG;2-NtCyclin L complex and NtRH35 is also shown. Subcellular localization experiments showed that SCI1, NtRH35, and the NtCDKG;2-NtCyclin L complex associate with each other within splicing speckles. The yeast two-hybrid screening of NtCDKG;2 and NtRH35 identified the conserved spliceosome components U2a', NF-κB activating protein (NKAP), and CACTIN. This work presents SCI1 and its interactors, the NtCDKG;2-NtCyclin L complex and NtRH35, as new spliceosome-associated proteins. Our findings reveal a network of interactions and indicate that SCI1 may regulate cell proliferation through the splicing process, providing new insights into the intricate molecular pathways governing plant development.
Asunto(s)
Proliferación Celular , Flores , Nicotiana , Proteínas de Plantas , Empalme del ARN , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Nicotiana/genética , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Técnicas del Sistema de Dos Híbridos , ARN Helicasas DEAD-box/metabolismo , ARN Helicasas DEAD-box/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las PlantasRESUMEN
This study evaluated the effect of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) and glow discharge (glow) cold plasma treatments in color, sugars, organic acids, phenolics (concentration and bioaccessibility), antioxidant activity, volatiles, and microbiota of edible mini-roses. Plasma treatments did not affect the flowers' color, while they increased organic acids and phenolics. Flowers treated with DBD had a higher concentration of most phenolics, including hesperidin (84.04 µg/g) related to antioxidant activity, and a higher mass fraction of most volatiles, including octanal (16.46% after 5 days of storage). Flowers treated with glow had a higher concentration of pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside (392.73 µg/g), greater bioaccessibility of some phenolics and higher antioxidant activity. Plasma treatments reduced the microbiota diversity in mini-roses. Regardless of the plasma treatment, phylum Proteobacteria, family Erwiniaceae, and genus Rosenbergiella were the dominant groups. Results indicate plasma treatments as promising technologies to improve the quality and increase phenolic and specific volatile compounds in mini-roses.
Asunto(s)
Bacterias , Microbiota , Fenoles , Gases em Plasma , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles , Fenoles/metabolismo , Fenoles/química , Gases em Plasma/farmacología , Gases em Plasma/química , Bacterias/metabolismo , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Flores/química , Flores/metabolismoRESUMEN
We used confocal microscopy and spectrofluorescence to characterize the emission spectra in hop flowers, to follow the isomerization processes in different hop preparations, and beers, to compare with HPLC extracted samples. Flowers of different hop cultivars produced in three regions of Brazil, were quantitated by HPLC and GC-MS. The fluorescence spectra showed two characteristic emission bands evaluated from different preparations. The isomerization process leads to a gradual decrease in fluorescence intensity as the reaction progresses. This demonstrates the valuable use of confocal microscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy for analysis of the correlation between bitter acid indices with fluorescence intensity and lifetime microscopy. Such techniques can be used directly in the flowers allowing rapid monitoring of the brewing process. Twenty-nine substances were characterized in the essential oils and some cultivars presented quantities of bitter acids and essential oil levels close to those expected for plants after more than three years of cultivation.
Asunto(s)
Cerveza , Flores , Humulus , Microscopía Confocal , Aceites Volátiles , Brasil , Flores/química , Flores/metabolismo , Humulus/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cerveza/análisis , Aceites Volátiles/química , Isomerismo , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de MasasRESUMEN
Unusual nectaries were anatomically described as being usual traits for Gentianaceae. They are small, avascularized, and formed by 3 to 5 rosette cells with labyrinthine walls around one central cell. Such as nectaries have been reported for stems, petals, and sepals of different species of the family, however, there is no information on the mechanisms involved with the synthesis and release of secretion. Thus, this work aimed to unravel the mechanism of secretion and exudation of nectar for these curious nectaries using Calolisianthus speciosus as a model. Samples were processed according to standard methods for light and electron microscopy. Leaf and sepal nectaries were described, as were those of the apex of petals where ants were observed patrolling a darkened region. The enzymatic method was used for the detection of sugars, proteins, and amino acids in leaf and sepal exudates. The nectaries of petals of C. speciosus are similar to those of its leaves, sepals, and stem, although their activities are asynchronous. Polysaccharides were detected on the labyrinthine walls of rosette cells and protein in the opposite region of the cytoplasm. Labyrinthine walls increase the contact surface between rosette cells and the central cell, allowing for the transfer of secretion. After accumulation, the secretion is released to the subcuticular space of the central cell through disruption of the cuticle. The secretion and exudation of nectar were elucidated and involve distinct organelles.
Asunto(s)
Hormigas , Gentianaceae , Animales , Néctar de las Plantas/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Hormigas/metabolismo , Flores/metabolismoRESUMEN
Although floral nectar is a rich source of nutrients, it is rarely infected by microorganisms. Defense molecules such as proteins have been identified in this fluid, but defense peptides have been largely overlooked. Thus, the aim of this study was to perform an extensive peptidomic analysis of the ornamental tobacco floral nectar to seek peptides involved in nectar defense. Using LC-MS/MS, 793 peptides were sequenced and characterized. After extensive bioinformatics analysis, six peptides were selected for further characterization, synthesis, and evaluation of their antimicrobial properties against phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria. All six peptides had antimicrobial activity to some extent. However, the activity varied by peptide concentration and microorganism tested. An analysis of the action mechanism revealed damage in the cell membrane induced by peptides. The results show that floral nectar is rich in peptides and that, together with proteins and hydrogen peroxide, they contribute to plant defense against microorganisms during pollination.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos , Néctar de las Plantas , Antiinfecciosos/análisis , Antiinfecciosos/metabolismo , Péptidos Antimicrobianos , Cromatografía Liquida , Flores/metabolismo , Peróxido de Hidrógeno/metabolismo , Néctar de las Plantas/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Polinización , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Nicotiana/metabolismoRESUMEN
Native Americans domesticated maize (Zea mays ssp. mays) from lowland teosinte parviglumis (Zea mays ssp. parviglumis) in the warm Mexican southwest and brought it to the highlands of Mexico and South America where it was exposed to lower temperatures that imposed strong selection on flowering time. Phospholipids are important metabolites in plant responses to low-temperature and phosphorus availability and have been suggested to influence flowering time. Here, we combined linkage mapping with genome scans to identify High PhosphatidylCholine 1 (HPC1), a gene that encodes a phospholipase A1 enzyme, as a major driver of phospholipid variation in highland maize. Common garden experiments demonstrated strong genotype-by-environment interactions associated with variation at HPC1, with the highland HPC1 allele leading to higher fitness in highlands, possibly by hastening flowering. The highland maize HPC1 variant resulted in impaired function of the encoded protein due to a polymorphism in a highly conserved sequence. A meta-analysis across HPC1 orthologs indicated a strong association between the identity of the amino acid at this position and optimal growth in prokaryotes. Mutagenesis of HPC1 via genome editing validated its role in regulating phospholipid metabolism. Finally, we showed that the highland HPC1 allele entered cultivated maize by introgression from the wild highland teosinte Zea mays ssp. mexicana and has been maintained in maize breeding lines from the Northern United States, Canada, and Europe. Thus, HPC1 introgressed from teosinte mexicana underlies a large metabolic QTL that modulates phosphatidylcholine levels and has an adaptive effect at least in part via induction of early flowering time.
Asunto(s)
Adaptación Fisiológica , Flores , Interacción Gen-Ambiente , Fosfatidilcolinas , Fosfolipasas A1 , Proteínas de Plantas , Zea mays , Alelos , Mapeo Cromosómico , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Genes de Plantas , Ligamiento Genético , Fosfatidilcolinas/metabolismo , Fosfolipasas A1/clasificación , Fosfolipasas A1/genética , Fosfolipasas A1/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/clasificación , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Zea mays/genética , Zea mays/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
Essential oils (EO) are plant extracts widely used for various pharmacological applications and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects have received a lot of attention because they hold the potential to reduce oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation, alterations involved in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder. This study examined the benefits of administration of flower EO of the Tagetes minuta (10 and 50 mg/kg, intragastric route) in attenuating behavioral, neurochemical, and neuroendocrine changes in animal models of depressive-like behavior induced by acute restraint stress and lipopolysaccharide (0.83 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). We demonstrated that the treatment of mice with flower EO of the T. minuta reversed the depressive-like behavior induced by stress or inflammatory challenge in mice. This effect is most likely due to the reversal of oxidative stress in the hippocampus of mice, the decrease in plasma corticosterone levels, and restoration of the mRNA levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase, protein kinase B, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2. As an outcome, flower EO of the T. minuta has promising antidepressant properties and could be considered for new therapeutic strategies for major depressive disorder.
Asunto(s)
Trastorno Depresivo Mayor , Aceites Volátiles , Tagetes , Animales , Conducta Animal , Factor Neurotrófico Derivado del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Depresión/tratamiento farmacológico , Depresión/metabolismo , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Flores/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Ratones , Proteína Quinasa 1 Activada por Mitógenos/metabolismo , Aceites Volátiles/metabolismo , Aceites Volátiles/farmacología , Aceites Volátiles/uso terapéutico , Estrés Oxidativo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Tagetes/metabolismoRESUMEN
Anthurium andraeanum (Hort.) is an important ornamental in the tropical cut-flower industry. However, there is currently insufficient information to establish a clear connection between the genetic model(s) proposed and the putative genes involved in the differentiation between colors. In this study, 18 cDNA libraries related to the spathe color and developmental stages of A. andraeanum were characterized by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). For the de novo transcriptome, a total of 114,334,082 primary sequence reads were obtained from the Illumina sequencer and were assembled into 151,652 unigenes. Approximately 58,476 transcripts were generated and used for comparative transcriptome analysis between three cultivars that differ in spathe color ('Sasha' (white), 'Honduras' (red), and 'Rapido' (purple)). A large number of differentially expressed genes (8,324), potentially involved in multiple biological and metabolic pathways, were identified, including genes in the flavonoid and anthocyanin biosynthetic pathways. Our results showed that the chalcone isomerase (CHI) gene presented the strongest evidence for an association with differences in color and the highest correlation with other key genes (flavanone 3-hydroxylase (F3H), flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase (F3'5'H)/ flavonoid 3'-hydroxylase (F3'H), and leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase (LDOX)) in the anthocyanin pathway. We also identified a differentially expressed cytochrome P450 gene in the late developmental stage of the purple spathe that appeared to determine the difference between the red- and purple-colored spathes. Furthermore, transcription factors related to putative MYB-domain protein that may control anthocyanin pathway were identified through a weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). The results provided basic sequence information for future research on spathe color, which have important implications for this ornamental breeding strategies.
Asunto(s)
Araceae/metabolismo , Flores/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Araceae/genética , Araceae/crecimiento & desarrollo , Color , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Filogenia , Pigmentación , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , TranscriptomaRESUMEN
Saffron is derived from the stigmas of the flower Crocus sativus L. The drying process is the most important post-harvest step for converting C. sativus stigmas into saffron. The aim of this review is to evaluate saffron's post-harvest conditions in the development of volatile compounds and its aroma descriptors. It describes saffron's compound generation by enzymatic pathways and degradation reactions. Saffron quality is described by their metabolite's solubility and the determination of picrocrocin, crocins, and safranal. The drying process induce various modifications in terms of color, flavor and aroma, which take place in the spice. It affects the aromatic species chemical profile. In the food industry, saffron is employed for its sensory attributes, such as coloring, related mainly to crocins (mono-glycosyl esters or di-glycosyl polyene).
Asunto(s)
Crocus/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , Crocus/metabolismo , Desecación , Flores/química , Flores/metabolismo , Odorantes/análisis , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/metabolismoRESUMEN
PREMISE: The Rubiaceae are ideal for studying the diversity of fruits that develop from flowers with inferior ovary. We aimed to identify morpho-anatomical changes during fruit development that distinguish those derived from the carpel versus the extra-carpellary tissues. In addition, we present the fruit genetic core regulatory network in selected Rubiaceae species and compare it in terms of copy number and expression patterns to model core eudicots in the Brassicaceae and the Solanaceae. METHODS: We used light microscopy to follow morphoanatomical changes in four selected species with different fruit types. We generated reference transcriptomes for seven selected Rubiaceae species and isolated homologs of major transcription factors involved in fruit development histogenesis, assessed their homology, identified conserved and new protein motifs, and evaluated their expression in three species with different fruit types. RESULTS: Our studies revealed ovary-derived pericarp tissues versus floral-cup-derived epicarp tissues. Gene evolution analyses of FRUITFULL, SHATTERPROOF, ALCATRAZ, INDEHISCENT and REPLUMLESS homologs suggest that the gene complement in Rubiaceae is simpler compared to that in Brassicaceae or Solanaceae. Expression patterns of targeted genes vary in response to the fruit type and the developmental stage evaluated. CONCLUSIONS: Morphologically similar fruits can have different anatomies as a result of convergent tissues developed from the epicarps covering the anatomical changes from the pericarps. Expression analyses suggest that the fruit patterning regulatory network established in model core eudicots cannot be extrapolated to asterids with inferior ovaries.
Asunto(s)
Gentianales , Rubiaceae , Anatomía Comparada , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Frutas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Gentianales/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Rubiaceae/genéticaRESUMEN
Potted flower production is an important floricultural activity. However, there have been few studies on the fertilization management of orchids. Fertigation with urea and potassium chloride is feasible, but little information is available regarding the interaction of these fertilizers with other sources of nutrients. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of application of bokashi and a simple superphosphate and their interactions with fertigation on the growth and nutrition of hybrid Cattleya. Seedlings of Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger hybrid were submitted to two ferti-irrigation levels (absent and present) using urea and potassium chloride as nitrogen and potassium sources, respectively. As complementary fertilization, bokashi and superphosphate were applied singly and in combination. A commercial fertilizer (Peters®) was used as an additional control. Fertigation increased plant height; leaf area; number, length, and diameter of pseudobulbs; dry mass of leaves, pseudobulbs, and roots; and content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen. The application of bokashi resulted in dry mass gain in all plant organs. The combination of fertigation and bokashi was superior to the commercial fertilizer in terms of increased leaf area, chlorophyll A content, carotenoid content, and dry mass.
A produção de flores em vaso é uma importante atividade da floricultura. Todavia, são escassos os estudos sobre o manejo da fertilização em orquídeas. A fertirrigação com ureia e cloreto de potássio é uma prática comum; porém, pouco se sabe sobre suas interações com outras fontes de nutrientes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do bokashi e do superfosfato simples e suas interações com a fertirrigação no crescimento e nutrição de um híbrido de Cattleya. Mudas do híbrido entre Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger foram submetidas à dois regimes de fertirrigação (ausência e presente) utilizando ureia e cloreto de potássio como fonte de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K), respectivamente. Além disso, como fertilização complementar foi utilizado o bokashie superfosfato, aplicados isolados e em combinação. O fertilizante comercial Peters® foi utilizado como testemunha adicional. A fertirrigação propiciou incrementos na altura, área foliar, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos pseudobulbos, bem como na massa seca de folhas, pseudobulbos e raízes, além de aumento nos teores de clorofila, carotenoides e teor de N. O uso do bokashi resultou em ganhos na massa seca em todos os órgãos da planta. A utilização combinada entre a fertirrigação e bokashi foi superior ao fertilizante comercial para as características área foliar, teor de clorofila A, carotenoides, além das características de massa seca.
Asunto(s)
Fertilizantes/efectos adversos , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismoRESUMEN
Potted flower production is an important floricultural activity. However, there have been few studies on the fertilization management of orchids. Fertigation with urea and potassium chloride is feasible, but little information is available regarding the interaction of these fertilizers with other sources of nutrients. Thus, the present study evaluated the effects of application of bokashi and a simple superphosphate and their interactions with fertigation on the growth and nutrition of hybrid Cattleya. Seedlings of Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger hybrid were submitted to two ferti-irrigation levels (absent and present) using urea and potassium chloride as nitrogen and potassium sources, respectively. As complementary fertilization, bokashi and superphosphate were applied singly and in combination. A commercial fertilizer (Peters®) was used as an additional control. Fertigation increased plant height; leaf area; number, length, and diameter of pseudobulbs; dry mass of leaves, pseudobulbs, and roots; and content of chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen. The application of bokashi resulted in dry mass gain in all plant organs. The combination of fertigation and bokashi was superior to the commercial fertilizer in terms of increased leaf area, chlorophyll A content, carotenoid content, and dry mass.(AU)
A produção de flores em vaso é uma importante atividade da floricultura. Todavia, são escassos os estudos sobre o manejo da fertilização em orquídeas. A fertirrigação com ureia e cloreto de potássio é uma prática comum; porém, pouco se sabe sobre suas interações com outras fontes de nutrientes. Nesse sentido, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do bokashi e do superfosfato simples e suas interações com a fertirrigação no crescimento e nutrição de um híbrido de Cattleya. Mudas do híbrido entre Laeliocattleya Drumbeat × Laeliocattleya Gold Digger foram submetidas à dois regimes de fertirrigação (ausência e presente) utilizando ureia e cloreto de potássio como fonte de nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K), respectivamente. Além disso, como fertilização complementar foi utilizado o bokashie superfosfato, aplicados isolados e em combinação. O fertilizante comercial Peters® foi utilizado como testemunha adicional. A fertirrigação propiciou incrementos na altura, área foliar, número, comprimento e diâmetro dos pseudobulbos, bem como na massa seca de folhas, pseudobulbos e raízes, além de aumento nos teores de clorofila, carotenoides e teor de N. O uso do bokashi resultou em ganhos na massa seca em todos os órgãos da planta. A utilização combinada entre a fertirrigação e bokashi foi superior ao fertilizante comercial para as características área foliar, teor de clorofila A, carotenoides, além das características de massa seca.(AU)
Asunto(s)
Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismo , Fertilizantes/efectos adversosRESUMEN
In seasonal flowering, plants need to monitor environmental variables. A combination of photoreceptors and the circadian clock initiate signals that regulate a network of genes in the leaf vascular system which communicates through mobile FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) proteins, with the shoot apical meristem (SAM). At the SAM, a second network of genes is turned on specifically in certain cell domains, established by a second mobile protein, TERMINAL FLOWER 1 (TFL1), to ensure that flowering signals are translated into floral meristems at the flanks of the SAM but without compromising the nature of the SAM itself. Here, we provide an update on recent findings about the integration of light signals upstream of FT and tissue-specific events that occur in the SAM to balance flower production with SAM endurance.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/genética , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Meristema/genética , Meristema/metabolismo , Fotoperiodo , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismoRESUMEN
KEY MESSAGE: We characterized genes that function in the photoperiodic flowering pathway in cassava. Transcriptome analysis of field-grown plants revealed characteristic expression patterns of these genes, demonstrating that field-grown cassava experiences two distinct developmental transitions. Cassava is an important crop for both edible and industrial purposes. Cassava develops storage roots that accumulate starch, providing an important source of staple food in tropical regions. To facilitate cassava breeding, it is important to elucidate how flowering is controlled. Several important genes that control flowering time have been identified in model plants; however, comprehensive characterization of these genes in cassava is still lacking. In this study, we identified genes encoding central flowering time regulators and examined these sequences for the presence or absence of conserved motifs. We found that cassava shares conserved genes for the photoperiodic flowering pathway, including florigen, anti-florigen and its associated transcription factor (GIGANTEA, CONSTANS, FLOWERING LOCUS T, CENTRORADIALIS/TERMINAL FLOWER1 and FD) and florigen downstream genes (SUPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 and APETALA1/FRUITFUL). We conducted RNA-seq analysis of field-grown cassava plants and characterized the expression of flowering control genes. Finally, from the transcriptome analysis we identified two distinct developmental transitions that occur in field-grown cassava.
Asunto(s)
Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Manihot/metabolismo , Secuencias de Aminoácidos , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Colombia , Florigena/antagonistas & inhibidores , Florigena/metabolismo , Flores/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Manihot/genética , Manihot/crecimiento & desarrollo , Filogenia , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Alineación de SecuenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is a functional food from Central America. Interest in it is growing rapidly due to the many health benefits from the seed. However, when chia is grown at high latitudes, seed yield may be low whereas a high stem biomass and immature inflorescences are produced. Little is known about the chemical composition and the properties of stems and flowers. In this work, the metabolite profile, the antioxidant activity, and the total polyphenol content of stems and inflorescences were evaluated in a factorial experiment with different chia populations (commercial black chia and long-day flowering mutants G3, G8, and G17) and irrigation (100% and 50% of evapotranspiration). RESULTS: The results show the influence of irrigation and seed source on the antioxidant activity and total polyphenol content of chia flower and stem. Inflorescences exhibit higher antioxidant activity, suggesting their potential use as natural antioxidant. The mutants G3 and G8, at 50% irrigation, contained the highest amounts of compounds with nutraceutical value, especially within the flower. The mutant G17 showed lower antioxidant activity and polyphenol content compared to other seed sources but exhibited high omega 3 content in flowers but low in stems. This indicates that chia varieties should be chosen according to the objective of cultivation. CONCLUSION: These findings, indicating a close relation of metabolite content with irrigation and seed source, may provide the basis for the use of chia flower and stem for their nutraceutical value in the food, feed, and supplement industries. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Salvia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Salvia/metabolismo , Riego Agrícola , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , América Central , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Flores/química , Flores/genética , Flores/crecimiento & desarrollo , Flores/metabolismo , Metabolómica , Mutación , Extractos Vegetales/metabolismo , Tallos de la Planta/química , Tallos de la Planta/genética , Tallos de la Planta/crecimiento & desarrollo , Tallos de la Planta/metabolismo , Salvia/química , Salvia/genética , Agua/análisis , Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: Morpho-physiological changes were observed in Arabidopsis plants acclimated to long-term combined cold and water deficit stresses. Limiting growth and differences in bolting, flowering, and silique development were evidenced. In nature, plants are exposed to multiple and simultaneous abiotic stresses that influence their growth, development, and reproduction. In the last years, the study of combined stresses has aroused the interest to know the physiological and molecular responses, because these new stress conditions are probed to be different from the sum of the individual stress. We are interested in the study of the acclimation of plants growing under the combination of cold and water deficit stresses prevalent in cold-arid or semi-arid climates worldwide. We hypothesized that the reproduction of the acclimated plants will be compromised and affected. Arabidopsis plants were submitted to long-term combined stress from the beginning to the reproductive stage, when floral bud was visible, until the silique development. Our results demonstrate severe morpho-anatomical changes after acclimation to combined stress. Inflorescence stem morphology was altered having a delayed bolting and a limited growth. Flowering and silique formation were delayed, and a higher size in the corolla and the petals was observed. Flower and silique number were severely diminished as a result of combined stress, unlike acclimated plants to individual cold stress. These traits were recovered after deacclimation to optimal conditions and plants achieved similar silique production as control plants. The long-term stress results suggest that there is not a single dominant stress, but there is an alternating dominance depending on the structure or the plant stage development evaluated.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis , Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/metabolismo , Frío , Flores/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Reproducción , AguaRESUMEN
MAIN CONCLUSION: In deciduous fruit trees in which dormancy is induced by low temperatures, the expression of DORMACY-ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX genes (DAM) is regulated by CBF/DREB1 transcription factors. In Vitis vinifera, in which dormancy is induced by the photoperiod, VvDAM-SVPs gene expression is regulated by FLOWERING LOCUS T (VvFT). Using the sequences of the six peach (Prunus persica) DORMACY-ASSOCIATED MADS-box genes (DAM) as query, eight putative DAM genes belonging to the family of MADS-box transcription factors and related to the Arabidopsis floral regulators SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP) and AGAMOUS LIKE 24 (AGL24) were identified in the V. vinifera genome. Among these, five belong to the subfamily SVP-like genes which have been associated with the regulation of flowering and dormancy in annual and perennial plants, respectively. It has been proposed that they play a direct role in the induction and maintenance of endodormancy (ED) through the regulation of the FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) gene. In the present study, it is demonstrated that in V. vinifera: (1) VvDAM-SVPs genes are not regulated by ABA/low temperature-induced VvCBFs transcription factors as described for other species of deciduous fruit trees. (2) A contrasting expression pattern between VvDAM3-SVP and VvFT was found under different experimental conditions related to the entry and exit of grapevine buds from ED. (3) Overexpression of VvFT in somatic grapevine embryos (SGE) repressed the expression of VvDAM3-SVP and VvDAM4-SVP. Taken together, the results suggest that VvDAM3-SVP could be associated with ED in grapevine buds, and that its expression could be regulated by VvFT.
Asunto(s)
Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Vitis , Frío , Flores/genética , Flores/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/genética , Genes de Plantas/genética , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Vitis/genética , Vitis/metabolismoRESUMEN
We tested two sources of lanthanum (La), LaCl3 and La(NO3)3 × 6H2O at a concentration of 40 µM each, in the treatment solution of cut flowers of 15 tulip (Tulipa gesneriana L.) cultivars. Ascorbic acid (AsA; 0.2 g/L) was used as a reference solution, while distilled water was evaluated as an absolute control. With both La sources, bud length and diameter, and stem length were increased; as a result, stem curvature was also significantly increased with La treatments. The cultivars Laura Fygi and Rosario registered the highest relative stem elongation. Lalibela and Acropolis displayed the greatest stem curvature on the last day in vase. At 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 days after cutting, the highest solution uptake was recorded in flower stems treated with LaCl3, surpassing the control by 5, 11, 15, 18 and 24%, respectively. The relative stem elongations observed were 21.3, 27.4, 35.2 and 35.5% in the control, AsA, LaCl3 and La(NO3)3, respectively. The mean solution uptake per gram of stem fresh biomass weight was 1.44, 1.44, 1.71 and 1.54 mL in the control, AsA, LaCl3 and La(NO3)3, respectively. LaCl3 significantly increased the bud length and solution uptake of flower stems, while La(NO3)3 × 6H2O increased stem fresh weight.
Asunto(s)
Flores/efectos de los fármacos , Flores/metabolismo , Lantano/farmacología , Tulipa/efectos de los fármacos , Tulipa/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
Abiotic factors can alter the chemical profile of crops and the number of compounds they contain. In this study, the anthocyanin and anthocyanidin contents, determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC-MS/MS), and the colour attributes of the calyces of three cultivars of Hibiscus sabdariffa subjected to three water stress regimes during the stage of physiological maturity were investigated. The total anthocyanin content in calyx increased relative to the control content under a 65% moisture irrigation regime. Among the cultivars, UAN16-2 showed the greatest increases in the contents of cyanidin, delphinidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, and cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside. The content of cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside showed the greatest increase, increasing by 55% relative to the control level. The contents of these compounds are correlated with colour attributes such as luminosity. Water stress under the 33% moisture condition during plant development led to decreased anthocyanin contents in all of the roselle cultivars.