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OBJECTIVE: This study examined the prevalence, severity and risk factors of anaemia among adult people living with HIV attending an antiretroviral therapy centre in Woreta Primary Hospital, Woreta town, Ethiopia. DESIGN: Hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTING: Public health facility that provides HIV care in Woreta town. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 289 medical records of adults living with HIV/AIDS on highly active antiretroviral therapy from February 2019 to September 2023 at government hospital were reviewed using a systematic sampling method. The data were entered using Epi-info V.7 and exported to SPSS V.23 for data analysis. The data were analysed using bivariate and then multivariate logistic regression models in order to identify variables associated with anaemia. At the 95% CI level, variables having a p value of <0.05 were deemed to be statistically significant predictors. PRIMARY OUTCOME: Prevalence and severity of anaemia and its predictors among adult patients living with HIV on antiretroviral therapy in Woreta Primary Hospital. RESULTS: The total prevalence of anaemia was 31.5% (95% CI 28.9 to 33.8). The prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anaemia was 20.42%, 10.38% and 0.70%, respectively. Predictors independently linked with anaemia were female sex (adjusted OR (AOR) 1.08), age ≥40 years (AOR 1.21), lived with HIV >10 years (AOR 2.31), CD4 counts <200 cells/µL (AOR 3.81), non-suppressed viral load (AOR 1.28), history of opportunistic infections (AOR 1.54), WHO clinical stages III and IV (AOR 1.37 and 2.23, respectively) and history of parasitic infestation (AOR 2.81). CONCLUSIONS: A sizeable proportion of participants were found anaemic. Female sex, older age, longer periods lived with the virus, lower CD4 count, non-suppressed viral load, history of opportunistic infections, WHO clinical stages III and IV and history of parasitic infestation were the contributing factors. Therefore, to improve the anaemic status and living circumstances of patients living with HIV, immediate action on the linked factors is needed, such as monitoring for maintenance of CD4 counts >200 cells/µL and avoiding progression of HIV to the advanced WHO clinical stages, suppressed viral load, preventing opportunistic infections and parasitic infestation.

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Introduction: surgical site infection is associated with longer postoperative hospital stays. We explored factors associated with longer postoperative hospital stays among patients in the surgical ward of a primary rural hospital in Ethiopia, where laboratory facilities for microbiological confirmation of surgical site infections were not available. Methods: an observational study was performed for patients ≥ 18 years of age who underwent elective or emergency surgery from 22nd June 2017 to 19th July 2018. Data were taken from paper-based medical records and patient interviews. The primary outcome was postoperative length of hospital stay. Data were analyzed by multivariable linear regression using Stata software, version 13. Results: seventy-five patients were enrolled, sociodemographic data was obtained from 14 of these patients by interview, and 44 patients had complete outcome and covariate data and were included in regression analysis. Median length of preoperative hospital stay was 3.0 (interquartile range 2.0) days. Postoperative length of hospital stay was longer by 3.8 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-6.55; p=0.008), 4.7 days (95% CI 1.64-7.66; p=0.004), and 5.9 days (95% CI 2.70-9.02; p=0.001), for patients 35-54 years, 55-64 years and the 65+ years respectively, compared to patients who were 18-34 years of age. Patients who received preoperative antibiotics stayed 5.3 days longer (95% CI 1.67-8.87; p=0.005) compared to those who were not given preoperative antibiotics. Conclusion: age and improper use of preoperative antibiotics compound the risk for postoperative length of stay. Infection prevention protocols, including staff training, and surveillance for surgical site infections are critical for improving hospital outcomes.

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Introduction: sexual violence is currently a serious public health problem affecting women´s health. Globally, 1 in 3 women faces sexual violence in their lifetime. Female industry workers are at an increased risk of sexual violence. Assessing the magnitude and factors associated with sexual violence among female industrial workers is important for interventions. The objective was to assess the prevalence and factors associated with sexual violence among female large-scale industries workers in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia, 2021. Methods: institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 807 female industry workers from September to October 2021. Participants were selected by systematic random sampling. The data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Data entry and analysis were done by Epi data v.3.1 and SPSS v.23, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was done to identify factors. Adjusted odds ratios were computed at 95%CI. A P-value below 0.05 was used to declare association. Results: the prevalence of sexual violence were 59.4% (95% CI; 56.0%-62.6%). The significantly associated factors include; age less than twenty-five (AOR=4.01, 95%CI; 2.81, 10.83), never-married women (AOR=3.07, 95%CI; 1.11, 8.46), being secondary education (AOR=2.65, 95%CI; 1.51, 4.66), being contract employee (AOR=4.65, 95%CI; 1.92, 11.22), drinking alcohol (AOR=3.01, 95%CI; 1.49, 6.09), and night work shift (AOR=9.01, 95%CI; 4.53, 17.93). Conclusion: high rate (59.4%) of sexual violence was reported. Age, marital status, educational status, contract type of work agreement, drinking alcohol, and working night work shift were risk factors. Hence, emphasis on creating safe working environment & transportation, education on reproductive rights and reporting of sexual violence.

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In Ethiopia rice crop is considered as a strategic food security crop which is expected to contribute to ensuring food security in the country. Bennch Sheko Zone is one of the major rice growing areas in the South Western Regional State. The study was conducted with specific objectives to investigate factors affecting smallholder farmers' market supply of rice and identify constraints related to rice production in the study area. Two-stage sampling technique was employed to select 119 representative rice-producer households. Descriptive statistics and appropriate econometric models were used to analyze the collected data. Multiple linear regression model used to analyze factors affecting rice market supply. Descriptive result of the study showed, the average annual rice production at the household level was 2.8 tons, of which 70% was supplied to the market. Econometric result showed farm size owned, credit use, annual income, number of oxen owned, and quantity of rice produced were found to be significantly affecting the market supply of rice in a district. Major constraints related to rice production in the district were a lack of proper weed management practices, improved seed, proper method and time of fertilizer application, weak institutional support, disease, and post-harvest handling problems were also important. The research findings suggest that attention should be given to rice production constraints through generation and wide demonstration of demand-driven rice production and post-harvest handling technologies for increased production and productivity to have a better market supply of rice to the market and benefit smallholder farmers.

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BACKGROUND: Essential Newborn care (ENC) is a High-quality universal newborn health care devised by the World Health Organization for the provision of prompt interventions rendered to newborns during the postpartum period. Even though conducting comprehensive studies could provide a data-driven approach to tackling barriers to service adoption, there was a dearth of studies in Ethiopia that assess the geographical variation and predictors of missing ENC. Hence, this study aimed to identify geographical, individual, and community-level predictors of missing ENC messages at the national level. METHODS: This study used the 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey, by using a weighted sample of 7,590 women who gave birth within two years prior to the survey. The spatial analysis was carried out using Arc-GIS version 10.7 and SaTScan version 9.6 statistical software. Spatial autocorrelation (Moran's I) was checked to figure out the non-randomness of the spatial variation of missing ENC in Ethiopia. Six items of care used to construct a composite index.0of ENC uptake were cord examination, temperature measurement, counselling on danger signs, counselling on breastfeeding, observation of breastfeeding, and measurement of birth weight. To assess the presence of significant differences in the mean number of ENC items across covariates, independent t-tests and one-way ANOVA were performed. Finally, a multilevel multivariable mixed-effect negative binomial regression was done by using STATA version 16. The adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) with its corresponding 95% CI was used as a measure of association and variables with a p-value<0.05 were identified as significant predictors of ENC. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of missing ENC was 4,675 (61.6%) (95% CI: 60.5, 62.7) with a significant spatial variation across regions. The majority of Somali, Afar, south Amhara, and SNNPR regions had statistically significant hotspots for missing ENC. The mean (±SD) number of ENC items received was 1.23(±1.74) with a variance of 3.02 indicating over-dispersion. Living in the poorest wealth quintile (aIRR = 0.67, 95%CI: 0.51, 0.87), lack of Antenatal care (aIRR = 0.52, 95%CI: 0.49, 0.71), birth at home (aIRR = 0.27, 95% CI: 0.17, 0.34), living in rural area (aIRR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.24, 0.57) were significant predictors of ENC uptake. CONCLUSION: The level of missing ENC was found to be high in Ethiopia with a significant spatial variation across regions. Hence, the government and policymakers should devise strategies for hotspot areas to improve women's economic capabilities, access to education, and health-seeking behaviours for prenatal care and skilled delivery services to improve ENC uptake.

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BACKGROUND: Oxygen therapy is a life-saving intervention used in various healthcare settings to maintain adequate tissue oxygenation while minimizing cardiopulmonary work. Its effective and safe administration depends largely on the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of health professionals. However, there are no pooled studies that examined these skills in the context of Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of health professionals' knowledge, attitude, practice, and determinant factors about oxygen therapy in Ethiopia. METHODS: The databases PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Hinari, Science Direct, African Journal of Online, and Google Scholar were used to search for published studies; Direct Google searches and institutional repositories were used to search for unpublished studies. Duplicate studies were eliminated with Endnote X8 and reported according to PRISMA guidelines. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal checklist. A random-effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of KAP among health professionals. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics. Publication bias was checked by visual inspection of a funnel plot and Egger's regression test. STATA version 11 software was used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 14 studies with 2,960 participants for knowledge and practice and 9 studies with 1,991 participants for attitude were used to estimate the pooled prevalence of KAP among health professionals. The pooled prevalence of good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice regarding oxygen therapy were 52.13% (95% CI: 43.88, 60.39), 55.08% (95% CI: 50.80, 59.35%), and 48.94% (95% CI: 41.14, 56.74) respectively. Both good knowledge and positive attitude were affected by the availability of oxygen therapy guidelines, with adjusted odds ratios (AOR) of 6.11 (95% CI: 2.45, 15.22) and 2.17 (95% CI: 1.39, 3.39) respectively. Additionally, good knowledge (AOR: 4.31, 95% CI: 1.53, 12.11), training (AOR: 4.09, 95% CI: 2.04-8.20), and having an adequate oxygen supply and delivery system (AOR: 3.12, 95% CI: 1.92-5.07) were statistically associated with good practice. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The national pooled prevalence of good knowledge, positive attitude, and good practice among health professionals was low. Therefore, thorough monitoring, supervision, and evaluation of their oxygen therapy is highly recommended for all stakeholders. Yet again, we strongly advise that the identified factors be improved by organizing training sessions, making oxygen therapy guidelines available, and maintaining an adequate oxygen supply system. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The review protocol was registered in the international prospective register of systematic reviews with registration number PROSPERO: CRD42023486036.

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BACKGROUND: Teenage pregnancy remains one of the major reproductive health problems, especially in sub-Saharan African countries. It can lead to maternal and neonatal complications and social consequences. The proportion of teenage pregnancy differs across regions of Ethiopia. Thus, this study aimed to determine the spatial variation in determinants of teenage pregnancy among adolescents aged 15-19 years in Ethiopia using the 2019 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). METHODS: This study included a total weighted sample of 2165 teenage girls aged 15 to 19 years. A mixed-effect binary logistic regression model was employed to consider the hierarchical nature of the DHS data using STATA version 17. Adjusted odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals are reported, and a p-value less than 0.05 was used to identify significant predictors. The spatial analysis was conducted with ArcGIS version 10.7 and Python 3. To identify factors associated with the hotspots of teenage pregnancy, a multiscale geographically weighted regression (MGWR) was performed. Spatial regression models were compared using adjusted R2, the corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc), and the residual sum of squares (RSS). RESULTS: The prevalence of teenage pregnancy among adolescents aged 15 to 19 years was 12.98% (95% CI: 11.6%, 14.5%). It was spatially clustered throughout the country with a significant Moran's I value. Significant hotspot areas were detected in central and southern Afar; northern, central, and western Gambela; northeastern and southern central Oromia; and the eastern Somali region. The MGWR analysis revealed that the significant predictors of spatial variations in teenage pregnancy were being illiterate and being married. Based on the multivariable multilevel analysis, age 17 (AOR = 3.54; 95% CI: 1.60, 7.81), 18 (AOR = 8.21; 95% CI: 3.96, 17.0), 19 (AOR = 15.0; 95% CI: 6.84, 32.9), being literate (AOR = 0.57; 95% CI: 0.35, 0.92), being married (AOR = 22.8; 95% CI: 14.1, 37.0), age of household head (AOR = 0.98; 95% CI: 0.98, 0.99) and residing in the Gambela region (AOR = 3.27; 95% CI: 1.21, 8.86) were significantly associated with teenage pregnancy among adolescents aged 15 to 19. CONCLUSION: Teenage pregnancy is a public health problem in Ethiopia. Policymakers should prioritize addressing early marriage and improving teenage literacy rates, with a focus on the Gambela region and other hotspot areas. It is crucial to implement policies aimed at transforming the traditional practice of early marriage and to take measures to enhance literacy levels and promote awareness about sexual and reproductive health at the family and school levels. This will help ensure that young people have the opportunity to pursue education and make informed decisions about their reproductive health.

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Job satisfactions have impacts on productivity and essentials provision of care for maternal and child health in the rural area. Despite Health extension workers (HEWs) have pivotal role towards improvement of maternal and child health outcome, there is scarcity of data regarding their job satisfaction, hence this study was employed to assess the level of job satisfaction and associated factors among rural HEW in Buno Bedele Zone, Southwest Ethiopia. A Facility based cross-sectional study design was conducted among 393 randomly selected HEW from May to June, 2023. A pretested; questionnaire was used to collect the data. SPSS version 25 was used for statistical analysis. Logistic regression analysis with odds ratio (OR), a 95% CI and P < 0.05 were used to declare statistical significance. The overall satisfaction of health extension workers was 45.5%, [95% Confidence interval CI 44.0-46.09]. Availability of residence [AOR = 2.349, 95% CI 1.352, 4.083], transfer between kebeles [AOR = 0.267, 95% CI 0.132, 0.540], availability of medical supply [AOR = 2.853, 95% CI 1.474, 5.523], Good working environment [AOR = 3.395, 95% CI 2.017, 5.717], Getting technical support during work from their supervisor [AOR = 3.656, 95% CI 1.851, 7.219] were significantly associated factors with HEW job satisfaction. More than half of the health extension workers were dissatisfied with their jobs. Availability of living home, Transfer, medical supply, Environment, Support was predictor of job satisfaction. It is crucial to encourage intervention mode that may enhance their satisfaction and motivation of HEWs to improve service provision.

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INTRODUCTION: Pneumococcal disease is a serious global public health concern. The primary causative agent of severe illnesses such as pneumonia, meningitis, acute otitis media, and bacteremia is the pneumococcus bacterium. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine is a key strategy to reduce the burden of pneumococcal disease. Understanding the spatial distribution of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine utilization and its associated factors is crucial for designing strategies to improve vaccination implementation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the spatial distribution of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination coverage and identify its determinants in Ethiopia. METHOD: A spatial and multilevel analysis was conducted using data from the 2019 Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey. The analysis included a total of 2,055 weighted children. The association between the outcome variable and the explanatory variables was determined by calculating adjusted odds ratios at a 95% confidence interval. Explanatory variables were considered significantly associated with the outcome if the p-value was less than 0.05. RESULT: The prevalence of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in Ethiopia was 53.94% (95% CI: 51.77, 56.08). Higher complete childhood pneumococcal vaccination coverage was observed in the Addis Ababa, Tigray, Amhara, Benishangul-Gumuz, and Oromia regions, while lower coverage was seen in the Afar, Somali, and SNNPR regions of Ethiopia. Factors significantly associated with complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination included maternal age, antenatal care visits, place of delivery, region, community women's literacy level, community poverty level, and community antenatal care utilization. CONCLUSION: The distribution of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination exhibited spatial variability across Ethiopia. Approximately half of children aged twelve to thirty-five months received the full dose of the childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the country. Several factors were identified as statistically significant determinants of complete childhood pneumococcal conjugate vaccination, including maternal age, antenatal care visits, place of delivery, region, community women's literacy level, community poverty level, and community ANC utilization. Therefore, policies and strategies aimed at combating pneumococcal disease should consider these determinants and address areas with low vaccination coverage.

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BACKGROUND: Self-medication practices involve the use of medications without healthcare professional requests. The threat of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused the practice of a fittest to survive action, with the assumption that something is better than nothing. Moreover, owing to the lack of effective treatment for COVID-19, the general public has shifted toward self-medication and symptomatic treatment, with approximately 80% of people stockpiling medication for use during the pandemic. Thus, this study aimed to assess the factors associated with self-medication practices during the COVID-19 pandemic crisis in southwestern Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study design was employed at selected drug retail outlets in southwestern Ethiopia for 415 community pharmacy clients from July 1, 2021, to September 1, 2021. Purposive sampling techniques were employed to select five drug retail outlets on the basis of high patient flows, and we took the study participants until the required quota allotted to each selected drug retail outlet had been filled. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were employed to identify factors associated with self-medication. AORs with 95% CIs were used to report associations, and the level of significance was set at P < 0.05. RESULTS: Self-medication was significantly associated with being female (AOR 3.51, 95% CI 1.04-12.41), having a college education or above (AOR 47, 95% CI 4.32-55.21), time wastage at public health facilities (AOR 2.71, 95% CI 3.47-5.21), being afraid of contracting COVID-19 (AOR 0.006, 95% CI 0.004-0.185), and having high fees at public health facility (AOR 0.006, 95% CI 0.004-0.185). The most frequently used medications to treat or prevent the COVID-19 pandemic were analgesics (42.4%) and cold medicines (29.5%). Headache (22.2%), fever (13.2%), respiratory infection (14.3%), and cold (21.4%) were the most frequently reported symptoms of the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSION: This study revealed high self-medication practices among study area residents during the COVID-19 pandemic. The primary reasons for self-medication in the context of COVID-19 are fear of the pandemic and time wastage at public health facilities. Therefore, special attention should be given to educating public and health care providers on the types of illnesses that can be self-diagnosed and self-treated and the types of drugs to be used for self-medication.

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BACKGROUND: Ethiopia has made strides in reducing maternal mortality, but significant discrepancies in maternal health service utilization exist across socioeconomic levels. According to studies, women from higher-income households are far more likely to use essential services such as antenatal care, delivery care, and postnatal care than poorer women. This wealth disparity is a primary contributor to persistently high maternal mortality, particularly among poor populations. The study's goal was to assess wealth disparities in maternal health service uptake and identify contributing factors. METHODS AND MATERIALS: We used the Ethiopian Mini Demographic Health Survey (EMDHS), conducted in 2019 on women aged 15-49 living in selected census areas, with a weighted sample size of 3,909. The Erreygers Concentration Index (ECI) was used to measure wealth inequalities in maternal health care, and the ECI decomposition was used to identify factors contributing to inequality in maternal health services. RESULTS: Maternal health service utilization was pro-rich among women in Ethiopia. The prevalence of antenatal care service (ANC), delivery, and postnatal care (PNC) service utilization showed a pro-rich distribution among Ethiopian women, with ECI = 0.115 (95% CI: 0.091-0.137), ECI = 0.223 (95% CI: 0.191-0.276), and ECI = 0.121 (95% CI: 0.041-0.200), respectively. The ECI indices were decomposed to examine the contributing factors to disparities in maternal service utilization in Ethiopia. Mother's current age, household family size, region, birth order, and parity were contributors to maternal health service utilization. CONCLUSION: The ANC service, delivery service and PNC service utilization showed a pro-rich distribution among Ethiopian women. Mother's current age, household family size, region, birth order, and parity are important contributors of maternal health service inequality. To improve access and usage among low-income women, policymakers can develop programs including increasing the number of free or subsidized services and providing transportation.

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BACKGROUND: In sub-Saharan African countries, preventable and manageable diseases such as diarrhea and acute respiratory infections still claim the lives of children. Hence, this study aims to estimate the rate of change in the log expected number of days a child suffers from Diarrhea (NOD) and flu/common cold (NOF) among children aged 6 to 11 months at the baseline of the study. METHODOLOGY: This study used secondary data which exhibit a longitudinal and multilevel structure. Based on the results of exploratory analysis, a multilevel zero-inflated Poisson regression model with a rate of change in the log expected NOD and NOF described by a quadratic trend was proposed to efficiently analyze both outcomes accounting for correlation between observations and individuals through random effects. Furthermore, residual plots were used to assess the goodness of fit of the model. RESULTS: Considering subject and cluster-specific random effects, the results revealed a quadratic trend in the rate of change of the log expected NOD. Initially, low dose iron Micronutrient Powder (MNP) users exhibited a higher rate of change compared to non-users, but this trend reversed over time. Similarly, the log expected NOF decreased for children who used MNP and exclusively breastfed for six months, in comparison to their counterparts. In addition, the odds of not having flu decreased with each two-week increment for MNP users, as compared to non-MNP users. Furthermore, an increase in NOD resulted in an increase in the log expected NOF. Region and exclusive breastfeeding also have a significant relationships with both NOD and NOF. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study underscore the importance of commencing analysis of data generated from a study with exploratory analysis. The study highlights the critical role of promoting EBF for the first six months and supporting children with additional food after six months to reduce the burden of infectious diseases.

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BACKGROUND: Surra is a parasitic disease caused by Trypanosoma evansi that threatens the health and productivity of camels. Despite its significant impact on camels in Ethiopia, surra has not received as much attention as diseases in cattle and other domestic animals. The objective of the study was to estimate the prevalence of surra, identify the potential risk factors and assess the traditional knowledge, attitude and practices of camel herders towards the disease. METHODS: The study used a parasitological and participatory epidemiological (PE) approach. Between February and July 2022, a total of 335 blood samples were collected from camels across three districts and tested using the buffy coat technique. The PE investigation involved six key informant groups consisting of 8 to 12 key persons, and used a semi-structured interview and various PE tools and principles. RESULT: The study found that the prevalence of surra among examined camels was 3.9% (95% CI: 2.1-6.5). The prevalence was significantly higher in camels with a poor body condition score (BCS) (OR = 9.3; 95% CI: 1.8-47.5; p = 0.008) compared with camels with a good BCS. However, district, age, sex, and ethnicity had no effect on the prevalence of surra (p > 0.05). The study also found that the packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly lower (p < 0.0001) in parasitaemic animals (18.92 ± 2.63) than in aparasitaemic animals (25.13 ± 4.56). Camels with poor BCS (22.7 ± 3.5) had a significantly (p < 0.001) lower mean PCV than camels with good BCS (26.2 ± 5.0). The PE investigation showed that all the camel herders were well aware of surra, known locally as Dhukana. The clinical symptoms, the season of high incidence, routes of transmission, impact on production, and control methods were accurately described. Moreover, this study emphasized that surra is the primary disease affecting camel health and productivity. CONCLUSION: The study identified a moderate prevalence of surra in the research area. To reduce surra incidence and associated losses, enhancing veterinary services and providing support for proper camel husbandry practices in the region is recommended. Additionally, future studies should consider using more sensitive and specific techniques like serological and molecular assays, as this study relied on microscopy only.

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BACKGROUND: Familial adenomatous polyposis is characterized by the presence of multiple colorectal adenomatous polyps and caused by germline mutations in the tumor suppressor gene and adenomatous polyposis coli, located on chromosome 5q21-q22. Familial adenomatous polyposis occurs in approximately 1/10,000 to 1/30,000 live births, and accounts for less than 1% of all colorectal cancers in the USA. It affects both sexes equally and has a worldwide distribution. The incidence of colon cancer in low- and middle-income countries is rising. In addition to the increasing incidence, lack of early detection and impeded access to optimal multidisciplinary treatment may worsen survival outcomes. Developing quality diagnostic services in the proper health context is crucial for early diagnosis and successful therapy of patients with colorectal cancer, and applying a resource-sensitive approach to prioritize essential treatments on the basis of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness is key to overcoming barriers in low- and middle-income countries. We report a case of familial adenomatous polyposis presenting as adenocarcinoma with multiple colorectal adenomatous polyps. The diagnosis of familial adenomatous polyposis was made by the presence of numerous colorectal adenomatous polyps and family history of colonic adenocarcinoma. Due to its rarity, we decided to report it. CASE PRESENTATION: A 22-year-old Ethiopian female patient presented to Addis Ababa University College of Health science, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia with rectal bleeding. Abdominopelvic computed tomography scan was done and showed distal rectal asymmetric anterior wall thickening in keeping with rectal tumor. Colonoscopy was done and she was diagnosed to have familial adenomatous polyposis with severe dysplasia. In the meantime, colonoscopy guided biopsy was taken and the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma with familial adenomatous polyposis was rendered. For this, total proctocolectomy was carried out. On laparotomy there was also incidental finding of left ovarian deposition for which left salpingo-oophorectomy was done, and 4 weeks after surgical resection, the patient was started on oxaliplatin, leucovorin, fluorouracil chemotherapy regimen. CONCLUSION: In the clinical evaluation of a patient with rectal bleeding, familial adenomatous polyposis must be considered as a differential diagnosis in subjects having family history of colonic adenocarcinoma for early diagnostic workup, management, family genetic counseling, and testing.

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BACKGROUND: Asthma is a leading cause of emergency hospital visits and a significant factor in lost productive hours. The lack of a synthesized body of knowledge on bronchial asthma has notable public health implications. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to investigate the prevalence of asthma and its predictors among patients presenting in Ethiopian public hospitals. DESIGN: Duplicate studies were removed using EndNote version X9. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale guided the quality assessment, and data extraction followed the Joanna Briggs Institute format. DATA SOURCE AND METHODS: The authors used advanced search methods, including databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Africa Index Medicus, Science Direct, HINARI, Google Scholar, and manual searches. Data presentation adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist. Publication bias was assessed using Egger's regression test and a funnel plot. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted. RESULTS: The search yielded 352 original articles, with 22 meeting the criteria for inclusion. Using the random-effects DerSimonian-Laird model, the prevalence of bronchial asthma was found to be 9.02% (95% CI: 7.50, 10.53). Several factors were associated with the prevalence of bronchial asthma, including the spring season (AOR 3.7; 95% CI: 2.11, 6.49), childhood age (AOR 4.2; 95% CI: 1.84, 9.55), and urban residence (AOR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.29, 2.31). Other significant factors include family history of asthma (AOR 2.89; 95% CI: 2.22, 3.75), insecticide exposure (AOR 3.3; 95% CI: 2.23, 4.91), and the presence of household insects like cockroaches (AOR 3.33; 95% CI: 2.15, 5.15). Smoking (AOR 3.64; 95% CI: 2.66, 4.98), obstructive sleep apnea (AOR 4.29; 95% CI: 2.37, 7.76), and recurrent upper respiratory tract infections (AOR 4.31; 95% CI: 2.24, 8.32) were also significant. CONCLUSION: The pooled prevalence of bronchial asthma is notably high in Ethiopia. Key predictors include childhood age, spring season, urban living, family history of asthma, exposure to insecticides, presence of cockroaches, smoking, obstructive sleep apnea, and recurrent upper respiratory infections. Targeted interventions are crucial and should focus on lifestyle improvements, allergen identification, cockroach control, smoking cessation, reducing insecticide exposure, and promoting a safe environment. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This review's protocol was pre-registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO registration number CRD42023491222).

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The early stages of childhood are a crucial period of life for health, with inadequate nutrition impacting physical growth, cognitive development, and the immune system. A considerable proportion of children are affected by micronutrient intake inadequacy and deficiency across the globe. Evidence on micronutrient intake among children aged 6-23 months is limited in Northwest Ethiopia, where there is a divergence between production and dietary consumption practices compared to other regions of the country. This study aimed to determine micronutrient inadequacy and associated factors among children aged 6-23 months. From February 1 to February 18, 2023, 435 children aged 6-23 months participated in a community-based cross-sectional study in the North Mecha District of the Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia. The study participants were selected using a multistage sampling technique. A multiphasic interactive 24-h dietary recall was used to collect dietary intake data via an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The interviews were conducted with the mothers of the selected children. Nutrient values for the selected 12 micronutrients were calculated using the NutriSurvey 2007 software and food composition tables from Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya. SPSS version 25 was used for the remaining parts of the analysis. The Nutrient Adequacy Ratio and Mean Adequacy Ratio were calculated to evaluate the nutrient intakes. To identify the factors associated with overall micronutrient intake inadequacy, a binary logistic regression analysis was performed, with statistical significance determined at a p-value < 0.05. The overall prevalence of micronutrient intake inadequacy was 64.7% (95% CI 59.9, 69.2). The odds of inadequacy of micronutrient intake were 2.8 times higher among children aged 6-8 months than children aged 9-23 months (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI 1.71, 4.59). Children with paternal education unable to read and write and primary school incomplete were 3.1 (AOR = 3.12, 95% CI 1.26, 7.70) and 2.4 (AOR = 2.40, 95% CI 1.01, 5.73) times more likely to have micronutrient intake inadequacy, respectively, compared to children with paternal education of primary school completed and above. The likelihood of micronutrient intake inadequacy was 1.8 times higher among children from mothers who had an unfavorable nutrition-related attitude than those from mothers who had a favorable attitude (AOR = 1.76, 95% CI 1.02, 3.05). Inadequate intake of micronutrients was shown to be highly prevalent among children aged 6-23 months. Child age, paternal education, and maternal nutrition-related attitude were significantly associated with micronutrient intake inadequacy. Integrating community-guided nutrition interventions targeting nutrition-related knowledge and attitudes of parents is critical in addressing the inadequate micronutrient intake of children in the study community, where production is not a major problem.

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BACKGROUND: Thyroid disease is a global health problem and the most common type of endocrine disorder next to diabetic mellitus, accounting for around 30-40% burden of the endocrine disorders. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess patterns, treatment outcome and associated factors of surgically treated thyroid disease at Public Hospitals in Eastern Ethiopia. METHODS: The study was conducted among surgically treated patients for thyroid disorders using a retrospective cross-sectional study design by reviewing all patients' charts. A data abstraction sheet was used to collect relevant data, and the collected data was analyzed using SPSS version 26 software. Bi-variable and multivariable binary logistic regression was employed to assess the association between dependent and independent variables. RESULTS: The study was conducted on 200 patients' medical records who had complete information. Out of this, 84.5% were female and 66.5% of patients' age was between 20 and 40 years. Toxic goiter was the most common thyroid disease which accounted for 49.5%. Hemorrhage and Hypocalcemia were the most common complications after surgery. Anterior neck swelling of greater than 15 years [(AOR: 52.892 CI = 95% (6.087-459.5.68) (P-0.000)], Total/ near total thyroidectomy [(AOR: 20.139 CI = 95% (4.059-99.931) P-00.000] were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course, while female sex [(AOR: 0.124 CI = 95% (0.34-0.494) P- 0.003)] was associated with lower risk of developing post-operative complications. CONCLUSION: This study showed that 9.5% of operated patients with thyroid disease had complicated post-operative course. Long standing goiter and total/ near total thyroidectomy were significantly associated with complicated post-operative course.

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BACKGROUND: School-based water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) may improve the health and attendance of schoolchildren, particularly post-menarcheal girls, but existing evidence is mixed. We examined the impact of an urban school-based WASH programme (Project WISE) on child health and attendance. METHODS: The WISE cluster-randomised trial, conducted in 60 public primary schools in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia over one academic year, enrolled 2-4 randomly selected classes per school (~ 100 pupils) from grades 2 to 8 (aged 7-16) in an 'open cohort'. Schools were assigned 1:1 by stratified randomisation to receive the intervention during the 2021/2022 or the 2022/2023 academic year (waitlist control). The intervention included improvements to drinking water storage, filtration and access, handwashing stations and behaviour change promotion. Planned sanitation improvements were not realised. At four unannounced classroom visits post-intervention (March-June 2022), enumerators recorded primary outcomes of roll-call absence, and pupil-reported respiratory illness and diarrhoea in the past 7 days among pupils present. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. RESULTS: Of 83 eligible schools, 60 were randomly selected and assigned. In total, 6229 eligible pupils were enrolled (median per school 101.5; IQR 94-112), 5987 enrolled at study initiation (23rd November-22nd December 2021) and the remaining 242 during follow-up. Data were available on roll-call absence for 6166 pupils (99.0%), and pupil-reported illness for 6145 pupils (98.6%). We observed a 16% relative reduction in odds of pupil-reported respiratory illness in the past 7 days during follow-up in intervention vs. control schools (aOR 0.84; 95% CI 0.71-1.00; p = 0.046). There was no evidence of effect on pupil-reported diarrhoea in the past 7 days (aOR 1.15; 95% CI 0.84-1.59; p = 0.39) nor roll-call absence (aOR 1.07; 95% 0.83-1.38; p = 0.59). There was a small increase in menstrual care self-efficacy (aMD 3.32 on 0-100 scale; 95% CI 0.05-6.59), and no evidence of effects on other secondary outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This large-scale intervention to improve school WASH conditions city-wide had a borderline impact on pupil-reported respiratory illness but no effect on diarrhoeal disease nor pupil absence. Future research should establish relationships between WASH-related illness, absence and other educational outcomes. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT05024890.

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BACKGROUND: In Ethiopia, ticks are the major threat to cattle productivity and production, leading to considerable economic losses. The current study was designed to estimate the prevalence of ixodid tick infestation, identify species, assess major risk factors associated with tick infestation and assess public awareness. METHODS: A cross-sectional and questionnaire-based study was conducted from January 2022 to June 2022 in the Aleltu district. The study animals were selected using a simple random sampling method. RESULTS: Of the 400 cattle examined, 303 (75.8%) were found to be infested by one or more tick species. Six species of ticks were identified that belonged to three genera: Amblyomma, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus, and the subgenus Rhipicephalus (Boophilus). The most common tick species identified in terms of their prevalence and dominance were Rh. (Bo) decoloratus, Rh. evertsi, Am. variegatum, Hy. rufipes, Rh. bergeoni and Rh. praetextatus. In the present study, Rh. (Bo) decoloratus was the most prevalent (56.8%) in the study area. Among the risk factors considered, the prevalence of tick species had a statistically significant (p < 0.05) association with the age, production systems and body condition of animals. Out of 110 people interviewed, 107 (97.3%) believed there was a tick infestation in their village, and almost all farmers 103(93.6%) in the study area were unaware that ticks serve as vectors. CONCLUSIONS: The present study provides preliminary information on the prevalence of tick infestation and the composition of ticks in the Aleltu district. Ticks are a major problem for the cattle in the study area. Therefore, the problem observed in the study area alarms the district and calls for a comprehensive control strategy.

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Animals play a central role in human livelihoods and welfare. Animal diseases have a great impact on the benefits humans derive from animals and can also pose a risk to human health. Better control of animal diseases generates wider societal benefits, including reducing the climate and ecological impacts of livestock and improving animal welfare. To better understand the scale of investment justified for the control and prevention of animal disease, the wide-ranging impacts of disease on animal production and health must be measured. The Global Burden of Animal Diseases (GBADs) programme is quantifying animal disease burden from the local to global levels. The GBADs programme includes country case studies for national- and local-level analysis. Ethiopia is the first case study country in which GBADs methods have been applied. GBADs'Ethiopia case study consists of three activity areas: i) stakeholder engagement; ii) livestock disease burden estimation, including data collection, analytics, evidence generation and communication; and iii) capacity building in animal health economics. At the start of the case study, various stakeholder communication platforms were used to familiarise stakeholders with GBADs and engage their support in various ways, including data access, and, through this engagement, to ensure the programme tools and outputs were relevant and useful to their needs. Existing data were retrieved from multiple sources and used to estimate disease burden. This process involved multiple steps, including estimation of biomass and economic value, the Animal Health Loss Envelope (farm-level disease burden), wider economic impacts and attribution of the disease burden to different levels of causes. This was carried out for major livestock species (cattle, sheep, goats and poultry) in Ethiopia. Capacity building on animal health economics was carried out for GBADs end users to increase competence in utilising animal health economic evidence, including GBADs outputs. This article documents experiences of the implementation of these activities in the GBADs Ethiopia case study.

Les animaux représentent une part substantielle des moyens de subsistance et contribuent de manière essentielle au bien-être humain. Les bénéfices que l'humanité peut retirer des animaux sont toutefois compromis par les maladies animales, qui font aussi peser un risque sur la santé publique. Les avantages sociétaux d'un meilleur contrôle des maladies animales dépassent la portée strictement sanitaire et recouvrent notamment l'atténuation de l'impact climatique et environnemental des animaux d'élevage et l'amélioration du bien-être animal. Pour mieux appréhender l'échelle des investissements requis pour contrôler et prévenir les maladies animales, il convient de mesurer les impacts très divers de ces maladies sur la production et la santé animales. Le programme " Impact mondial des maladies animales " (GBADs) procède actuellement à la quantification de la charge des maladies animales, du niveau local au niveau mondial. Il comprend aussi des études de cas conduites dans des pays choisis pour une analyse à l'échelle nationale, voire locale. L'Ethiopie est le premier pays à avoir fait l'objet d'une étude de cas nationale reprenant les méthodes du GBADs. L'étude comportait trois volets d'activités : i) la mobilisation des parties prenantes ; ii) l'estimation de la charge des maladies chez les animaux d'élevage, notamment la collecte de données, leur analyse, l'apport d'éléments probants et la communication ; et iii) le renforcement des capacités en économie de la santé animale. Au lancement de l'étude, plusieurs plateformes de communication professionnelles ont été utilisées pour mieux faire connaître le GBADs aux différents acteurs et solliciter leur soutien de diverses manières, en particulier en termes d'accès aux données, et pour s'assurer, grâce à cette mobilisation, que les outils et les résultats du programme étaient pertinents pour eux et répondaient à leurs besoins. Les données existantes ont été recueillies auprès de multiples sources et ont permis d'estimer la charge sanitaire. Ce processus comportait plusieurs étapes, dont l'estimation de la biomasse et de la valeur économique, la définition de l'enveloppe des pertes sanitaires animales (charge sanitaire à l'échelle des exploitations), l'appréciation des effets économiques au sens large et la répartition de la charge sanitaire en fonction des niveaux des causes attribuées. Les analyses portaient sur les principales espèces d'animaux d'élevage (bovins, ovins, caprins et volailles) en Ethiopie. Des activités de renforcement des capacités en économie de la santé animale ont été proposées aux utilisateurs finaux du GBADs afin de les former à l'utilisation des preuves économiques en santé animale. Les auteurs expliquent comment s'est déroulée la mise en oeuvre de ces activités lors de l'étude du GBADs conduite en Ethiopie.

Los animales desempeñan un papel fundamental en los medios de subsistencia y el bienestar humanos. En este sentido, las enfermedades animales tienen un gran impacto en los beneficios que los humanos obtienen de los animales y también pueden suponer un riesgo para la salud humana. Un mejor control de las enfermedades animales genera beneficios sociales más amplios, como la reducción del impacto climático y ecológico de la ganadería y la mejora del bienestar animal. Para comprender mejor la magnitud de la inversión justificada para el control y la prevención de las enfermedades animales, es preciso medir las amplias repercusiones de las enfermedades en la producción y la sanidad animal. El programa sobre el impacto global de las enfermedades animales (GBADs) cuantifica el impacto de las enfermedades animales desde el nivel local hasta el mundial. El programa GBADs incluye estudios de casos por países a fin de realizar un análisis a escala nacional y local. Etiopía es el primer país en el que se han aplicado los métodos del GBADs. El estudio de caso del GBADs en dicho país se divide en tres áreas de actividad: i) la participación de las partes interesadas; ii) la estimación del impacto de las enfermedades del ganado, incluida la recopilación de datos, el análisis, la generación de pruebas y la comunicación; y iii) el desarrollo de capacidades en el ámbito de la economía de la sanidad animal. Al inicio del estudio de caso, se utilizaron diversas plataformas de comunicación con las partes interesadas para familiarizarlas con el GBADs y recabar su apoyo a través de diversas vías, entre las que se incluía el acceso a los datos, y, mediante esta colaboración, garantizar que las herramientas y los resultados del programa fueran pertinentes y útiles para sus necesidades. Se obtuvieron datos de diversas fuentes que se utilizaron para estimar el impacto de las enfermedades. Este proceso implicó múltiples pasos, incluida la estimación de la biomasa y el valor económico, la cartera de pérdidas en sanidad animal (impacto de las enfermedades a nivel de explotación), los impactos económicos más amplios y la atribución del impacto de las enfermedades a diferentes categorías de causas. Esto se llevó a cabo para las principales especies ganaderas (bovinos, ovinos, caprinos y aves de corral) en Etiopía. Se realizaron actividades de capacitación en economía de la sanidad animal para los usuarios finales con el fin de aumentar su competencia en la utilización de los datos económicos sobre sanidad animal, incluidos los resultados del GBADs. Este artículo documenta las experiencias de la puesta en práctica de estas actividades en el estudio de caso del GBADs en Etiopía.

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