RESUMEN
La tuberculosis sigue siendo una epidemia mundial y en Chile no ha mostrado una tendencia descendente en los últimos años, con un aumento en los casos infantiles. En los niños, el diagnóstico es un reto debido a la baja carga bacilar y las características de las lesiones, que suelen ser cerradas. Métodos tradicionales como los cultivos, considerados anteriormente como el gold standard, con frecuencia arrojan resultados negativos. Sin embargo, los avances en pruebas moleculares han permitido un progreso significativo en la confirmación bacteriológica. Otras herramientas diagnósticas, como la prueba de tuberculina (PPD) y los ensayos de liberación de interferón gamma (IGRAs), tienen sensibilidades y especificidades variables, siendo útiles como pruebas complementarias. Las imágenes juegan un papel clave en la evaluación diagnóstica de tuberculosis pulmonar y extrapulmonar en pacientes pediátricos. Esta revisión aborda la epidemiología y el proceso diagnóstico de la tuberculosis infantil.
Tuberculosis remains a global epidemic, and in Chile, it has not shown a downward trend in recent years, with an increase in pediatric cases. Diagnosing tuberculosis in children presents challenges due to the low bacillary load and the closed nature of the lesions. Traditional methods like cultures, once considered the gold standard, often yield negative results. However, advances in molecular testing have significantly improved bacteriological confirmation. Other diagnostic tools, such as the tuberculin skin test (PPD) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), offer variable sensitivities and specificities and are useful as complementary tests. Imaging plays a critical role in the diagnostic evaluation of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis in pediatric patients. This review addresses the epidemiology and diagnostic process of pediatric tuberculosis.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Niño , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Esputo/microbiología , Tuberculosis/genética , Tuberculosis/microbiología , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico por imagen , Prueba de Tuberculina , Técnicas de Diagnóstico Molecular , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays play a pivotal role in tuberculosis infection (TBI) diagnosis, with QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus-an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-among the most widely utilized. Newer QuantiFERON-TB platforms with shorter turnaround times were recently released. We aimed to evaluate these platforms' agreement in the diagnosis of TBI. Blood samples from a prospective cohort of tuberculosis household contacts were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks of follow-up, and tested with LIAISON, an automated chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) system, QIAreach, a lateral flow (QFT-LF) semi-automated immunoassay, and the ELISA QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus platform. Test concordances were analyzed. ELISA vs CLIA overall agreement was 83.3% for all tested samples (120/144) [Cohen's kappa coefficient (κ): 0.66 (95% CI: 0.54-0.77)]. Samples positive with CLIA provided consistently higher IFN-γ levels than with ELISA (P < 0.001). Twenty-four (16.7%) discordant pairs were obtained, all CLIA-positive/ELISA-negative: 15 (62.5%) had CLIA IFN-γ levels within borderline values (0.35-0.99 IU/mL) and 9 (37.5%) >0.99 IU/mL. QFT-LF showed only 76.4% (68/89) overall agreement with ELISA [κ: 0.53 (95% CI: 0.37-0.68)] with 21 (23.6%) discordant results obtained, all QFT-LF-positive/ELISA-negative. Overall concordance between ELISA and CLIA platforms was substantial, and only moderate between ELISA and QFT-LF. The CLIA platform yielded higher IFN-γ levels than ELISA, leading to an almost 17% higher positivity rate. The techniques do not seem interchangeable, and validation against other gold standards, such as microbiologically-confirmed tuberculosis disease, is required to determine whether these cases represent true new infections or whether CLIA necessitates a higher cutoff. IMPORTANCE: Tuberculosis is an airborne infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that affects over 10 million people annually, with over 2 billion people carrying an asymptomatic tuberculosis infection (TBI) worldwide. Currently, TBI diagnosis includes tuberculin skin test and the blood-based interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assays, with Qiagen QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT) being among those most widely utilized. We evaluated Qiagen's newer QFT platforms commercially available in a prospective cohort of tuberculosis contacts. A substantial agreement was obtained between the current QFT-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and the new QFT-chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) platform, although QFT-CLIA provided higher concentrations of IFN-γ, leading to a 16.6% higher positivity rate. We highlight that both platforms may not be directly interchangeable and that further validation is required.
Asunto(s)
Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Interferón gamma , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Estudios Prospectivos , Adulto , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Femenino , Masculino , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/métodos , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/métodos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Interferón gamma/sangre , Adulto Joven , Composición Familiar , Adolescente , Niño , Anciano , Preescolar , Inmunoensayo/métodosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of BCG vaccine for adult pulmonary tuberculosis remains uncertain. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of vaccination with BCG-Denmark to prevent initial and sustained interferon-γ release assay conversion in Brazilian health-care workers. METHODS: This substudy is a nested randomised controlled trial embedded within the BRACE trial (NCT04327206). Specifically, this substudy enrolled Brazilian health-care workers (aged ≥18 years) from three sites in Brazil (Manaus, Campo Grande, and Rio de Janeiro) irrespective of previously receiving BCG vaccination. Participants were excluded if they had contraindications to BCG vaccination, more than 1 month of treatment with specific tuberculosis treatment drugs, previous adverse reactions to BCG, recent BCG vaccination, or non-compliance with assigned interventions. Those eligible were randomly assigned (1:1) to either the BCG group (0·1 mL intradermal injection of BCG-Denmark [Danish strain 1331; AJ Vaccines, Copenhagen]) or the placebo group (intradermal injection of 0·9% saline) using a web-based randomisation process in variable-length blocks (2, 4, or 6), and were stratified based on the study site, age (<40, ≥40 to <60, ≥60 years), and comorbidity presence (diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, cardiac condition, hypertension). Sealed syringes were used to prevent inadvertent disclosure of group assignments. The QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT) Plus test (Qiagen; Hilden, Germany) was used for baseline and 12-month tuberculosis infection assessments. The primary efficacy outcome was QFT Plus conversion (≥0·35 IU/mL) by 12 months following vaccination in participants who had a negative baseline result (<0·35 IU/mL). FINDINGS: Between Oct 7, 2020, and April 12, 2021, 1985 (77·3%) of 2568 participants were eligible for QFT Plus assessment at 12 months and were included in this substudy; 996 (50·2%) of 1985 were in the BCG group and 989 (49·8%) were in the placebo group. Overall, 1475 (74·3%) of 1985 participants were women and 510 (25·7%) were men, and the median age was 39 years (IQR 32-47). During the first 12 months, QFT Plus conversion occurred in 66 (3·3%) of 1985 participants, with no significant differences by study site (p=0·897). Specifically, 34 (3·4%) of 996 participants had initial QFT conversion in the BCG group compared with 32 (3·2%) of 989 in the placebo group (risk ratio 1·09 [95% CI 0·67-1·77]; p=0·791). INTERPRETATION: BCG-Denmark vaccination did not reduce initial QFT Plus conversion risk in Brazilian health-care workers. This finding underscores the need to better understand tuberculosis prevention in populations at high risk. FUNDING: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the Minderoo Foundation, Sarah and Lachlan Murdoch, the Royal Children's Hospital Foundation, Health Services Union NSW, the Peter Sowerby Foundation, SA Health, the Insurance Advisernet Foundation, the NAB Foundation, the Calvert-Jones Foundation, the Modara Pines Charitable Foundation, the United Health Group Foundation, Epworth Healthcare, and individual donors. TRANSLATION: For the Portuguese translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
Asunto(s)
Vacuna BCG , Personal de Salud , Humanos , Vacuna BCG/administración & dosificación , Vacuna BCG/inmunología , Masculino , Adulto , Femenino , Brasil , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vacunación , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/inmunología , Tuberculosis Pulmonar/prevención & control , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: To determine the cost-effectiveness of the QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) test versus the tuberculin skin test in diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection in immunocompetent subjects in the context of the Colombian healthcare system. METHODS: A hypothetical cohort of 2000 immunocompetent adults vaccinated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin at birth who are asymptomatic for tuberculosis disease was simulated and included in a decision tree over a horizon of <1 year. The direct healthcare costs related to tests, antituberculosis treatment, and medical care were considered, and diagnostic performance was used as a measure of effectiveness. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was estimated, and univariate deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were carried out using 5000 simulations. The currency was the US dollar for the year 2022, with a cost-effectiveness threshold of $6666 USD (1 gross domestic product per capita for 2022). RESULTS: QFT-Plus was cost-effective with an ICER of $5687 USD for each correctly diagnosed case relative to a threshold of $6666 USD. In the deterministic analysis, QFT-Plus was cost-effective in half of the proposed scenarios. The variable that most affected the ICER was the prevalence of latent tuberculosis and test sensitivities. In the probabilistic analysis, QFT-Plus was cost-effective in 54.74% of the simulated scenarios, and tuberculin skin test was dominant in 13.84%. CONCLUSIONS: The study provides evidence of the cost-effectiveness of QFT-Plus compared with the tuberculin skin test in diagnosing latent tuberculosis infection in immunocompetent adults in the Colombian context.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente , Prueba de Tuberculina , Adulto , Humanos , Colombia/epidemiología , Análisis de Costo-Efectividad , Inmunocompetencia , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/economía , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/métodos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/normas , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/economía , Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Prueba de Tuberculina/métodos , Prueba de Tuberculina/economíaRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation candidates, using tuberculin skin test and QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus, in a high-burden tuberculosis country. Adult candidates for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation performed both tests before and those submitted to transplantation were followed up for 12 months. The prevalence of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection was 17.1% and a moderate agreement between QuantiFERON-TB Gold-Plus and tuberculin skin test was observed in this population. Previous tuberculosis exposure was a risk factor for latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. No cases of tuberculosis were diagnosed during follow-up period.
Asunto(s)
Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Tuberculosis Latente , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Adulto , Humanos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Prueba de Tuberculina , Prevalencia , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Latente/microbiología , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Trasplante de Células Madre Hematopoyéticas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to describe the clinical and demographic characteristics of children with confirmed tuberculosis disease and identify associated factors. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective and observational study at the Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca. Inpatient and outpatient children under 18 years of age who were reported to the National Epidemiological Surveillance System (SINAVE, for its Spanish acronym) for suspected tuberculosis and who had molecular or microbiological tests for mycobacteria were included in the study. Multivariate analysis with logistic regression was used to analyze associated factors. RESULTS: One hundred and nine patients under 18 years of age with suspected tuberculosis were included in the study. About 50.5% (55/109) were male, and the median age was 11 years. Tuberculosis was confirmed in 55% (n = 60): 15% (9/60) had a pulmonary infection, and the rest (51/60) had an extrapulmonary infection. The diagnostic tests used were histopathological study (n = 26), expectoration or gastric aspirate stains (n = 17), polymerase chain reaction (n = 12), and cultures (n = 5). Positive purified protein derivative (PPD) or interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) tests were found in 33.9%. Malnutrition (odds ratio [OR] 15.9, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3-109), and consumption of unpasteurized products (OR 7.45, 95% CI: 1.02-54.3) were associated with tuberculosis disease in children. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition and consumption of unpasteurized dairy products are associated with tuberculosis.
INTRODUCCIÓN: El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características clínicas y demográficas de niños con enfermedad tuberculosa confirmada e identificar los factores asociados. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio observacional retrolectivo en el Hospital Civil de Guadalajara Dr. Juan I. Menchaca. Se incluyeron menores de 18 años hospitalizados y ambulatorios que se notificaron al Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica (SINAVE) por sospecha de tuberculosis y que contaron con pruebas moleculares o microbiológicas para micobacterias. El estudio de los factores asociados se realizó mediante análisis multivariado con regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron en el estudio 109 menores de 18 años con sospecha de tuberculosis. El 50.5% (55/109) fueron de sexo masculino y la mediana de edad fue de 11 años. Se confirmó enfermedad tuberculosa en el 55% (n = 60) de los casos: el 15% (9/60) presentaron infección pulmonar y el resto extrapulmonar. Las pruebas diagnósticas utilizadas fueron el estudio histopatológico (n = 26), tinciones de expectoración o aspirado gástrico (n = 17), reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (n = 12) y cultivos (n= 5). 33.9% de los pacientes presentaron prueba de derivado proteico purificado (PPD) o ensayo de liberación de interferón gamma (IGRA) positiva. Se observó que la desnutrición (razón de momios (RM) 15.9, intervalo de confianza (IC) 95% 2.3 109) y el consumo de productos no pasteurizados (RM 7.45, IC 95% 1.02 54.3) se asociaron con enfermedad tuberculosa en niños. CONCLUSIONES: La desnutrición y el consumo de lácteos no pasteurizados se asocian con la enfermedad tuberculosa.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis , Humanos , Niño , Masculino , Adolescente , Femenino , Estudios Retrospectivos , México/epidemiología , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , HospitalesRESUMEN
The upper respiratory tract is an obliged pathway for respiratory pathogens and a healthy microbiota may support the host's mucosal immunity preventing infection. We analyzed the nasopharyngeal microbiome in tuberculosis household contacts (HHCs) and its association with latent tuberculosis infection (TBI). A prospective cohort of HHCs was established and latent TBI status was assessed by serial interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). Nasopharyngeal swabs collected at baseline were processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The 82 participants included in the analysis were classified as: (a) non-TBI [IGRA negative at baseline and follow-up, no active TB (n = 31)], (b) pre-TBI [IGRA negative at baseline but converted to IGRA positive or developed active TB at follow-up (n = 16)], and (c) TBI [IGRA positive at enrollment (n = 35)]. Predominant phyla were Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidota. TBI group had a lower alpha diversity compared to non-TBI (padj = 0.04) and pre-TBI (padj = 0.04). Only TBI and non-TBI had beta diversity differences (padj = 0.035). Core microbiomes' had unique genera, and genus showed differential abundance among groups. HHCs with established latent TBI showed reduced nasopharyngeal microbial diversity with distinctive taxonomical composition. Whether a pre-existing microbiome feature favors, are a consequence, or protects against Mycobacterium tuberculosis needs further investigation.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente , Microbiota , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Tuberculosis Latente/microbiología , Estudios Prospectivos , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genéticaRESUMEN
Detecting latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is important, especially in high-risk populations including healthcare workers (HCWs). QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus (QFT-Plus) is a new version of the interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) to replace the QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-tube (QFT-GIT). However, data on the use of QFT-Plus for LTBI detection in high TB-burden countries are limited. This study was conducted in a TB-endemic setting in Thailand. HCWs were enrolled in the study and underwent both tests during the annual health screening. The testing results were compared and the concordance was determined. Of 102 HCWs, 11 (10.78%) were positive according to both tests, and 15 (14.71%) were positive according to QFT-Plus. The overall agreement between assays was 96.08%, with Cohen's kappa coefficient (k) at 0.82. All four discordant results occurred with QFT-GIT negative and QFT-Plus positive. The comparison between QFT-GIT and QFT-Plus based on each antigen tube (TB1 or TB2) exhibited similar concordance with 99.02% and 95.10% agreement, respectively. The intra-comparison between TB1 and TB2 of QFT-Plus also showed good concordance at 96.08%. Among this group of HCWs, the LTBI prevalence of any positive results in both tests was low. Overall, the study showed good agreement between QFT-Plus and QFT-GIT (k = 0.82) with a minimal difference, suggesting similar assay performance to that mainly carried out in TB-low incidence countries. The results support the use of QFT-Plus for detecting LTBI in a format similar to QFT-GIT.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente , Humanos , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Pueblos del Sudeste Asiático , Tailandia/epidemiología , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/métodos , Personal de SaludRESUMEN
Correctional workers form a high-priority group for tuberculosis control measures because of their high exposure and risk. This cross-sectional study conducted in April and May 2022 included 71 criminal police officers from the State Penitentiary of Francisco Beltrão-PR, Brazil. Their sociodemographic and laboratory data were collected. Latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) was assessed using a QuantiFERON-TB Gold Plus in-tube test kit. Binary logistic regression was applied to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of the LTBI predictors. The prevalence of LTBI was 22.6% (95% CI, 12.8-32.2%). Factors associated with LTBI were age > 43 years (OR, 0.18; 95% CI, 0.04-0.70; p < 0.014) and the use of medications (OR, 5.13; 95% CI, 1.40-18.87; p < 0.014). The prevalence was close to that estimated worldwide for LTBI in correctional workers, reinforcing the need for occupational health control measures consisting of regular screening and treatment of positive cases of latent infection among correctional workers to reduce the risk of illness and spread of infection in the penitentiary system and community.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente , Humanos , Adulto , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Brasil/epidemiología , Personal de Instituciones Correccionales , Tamizaje Masivo , Prevalencia , Prueba de Tuberculina , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gammaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To characterize losses from the pediatric tuberculosis (TB) infection care cascade to identify ways to improve TB infection care delivery. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children (age <18 years) screened for TB within 2 Boston-area health systems between January 2017 and May 2019. Patients who received a tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or an interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) were included. RESULTS: We included 13â353 tests among 11â622 patients; 93.9% of the tests were completed. Of 199 patients with positive tests for whom TB infection evaluation was clinically appropriate, 59.3% completed treatment or were recommended to not start treatment. Age 12-17 years (vs < 5 years; aOR 1.59; 95% CI, 1.32-1.92), non-English/non-Spanish language preference (vs English; aOR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.02-1.76), and receipt of an IGRA (vs TST, aOR, 30.82; 95% CI, 21.92-43.34) were associated with increased odds of testing completion. Odds of testing completion decreased as census tract social vulnerability index quartile increased (ie, social vulnerability worsened; most vulnerable quartile vs least vulnerable quartile, aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60-0.99). Odds of completing treatment after starting treatment were higher in females (vs males; aOR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.14-4.85) and were lower in patients starting treatment in a primary care clinic (vs TB/infectious diseases clinic; aOR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.27-0.71). CONCLUSIONS: Among children with a high proportion of negative TB infection tests, completion of testing was high, but completion of evaluation and treatment was moderate. Transitions toward IGRA testing will improve testing completion; interventions addressing social determinants of health are important to improve treatment completion.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente , Tuberculosis , Masculino , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Adolescente , Boston , Estudios Retrospectivos , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/epidemiología , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Prueba de TuberculinaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare QuantiFERON-TB Gold-in-Tube (QFT) and tuberculin skin test (TST) in the diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among people living with HIV (PLWHIV). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out between 2017-2018. Tuberculin skin test and QFT were performed and their concordance was measured. The gold standard for LTBI was defined as positivity to any of the tests. A logistic regression model was carried out to predict the QFT result in patients with a negative TST. RESULTS: A total of 510 PLWHIV were included, with 409 (80.2%) being male. The mean age of the patients was 41.3 ± 11.8 years. The median time since HIV diagnosis was 5 years (IQR 2-10), with a median CD4+ count of 541 (IQR 340-757) cells/mm3. Overall, 20 patients had an isolated TST+, 22 an isolated QFT+ and 15 had both positive. Concordance between tests showed a kappa coefficient of .37. Overcrowding was the only predictor for a positive QFT after a negative TST (p = .003). CONCLUSION: There was fair agreement between tests in PLWHIV. In conditions of limited access to QTF, a TST-based strategy could be considered, with sequential use of QTF in high-risk patients with a negative result, especially those who live in overcrowded conditions.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Tuberculosis Latente , Humanos , Masculino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Femenino , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Estudios Transversales , Configuración de Recursos Limitados , Infecciones por VIH/complicacionesRESUMEN
PURPOSE: To assess the performance of interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) associated with tuberculosis skin test (TST) for ocular tuberculosis (OTB) diagnosis and therapeutic decision making. METHOD: One hundred and ninety-one patients with ocular inflammation were prospectively followed-up. Patients with clinical signs highly suspected of OTB, TST≥10 mm, and/or IGRA≥0.35 IU/mL received antitubercular therapy (ATT). Sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and area under the curve (AUC) were assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-two (37.7%) patients received ATT for presumed OTB. Combining TST and IGRA had Se=89.6%, Sp=99.2%, and AUC (0.98) significantly higher compared to TST (0.85, Z=6.3, p<.001) or IGRA (0.95, Z=2.5, p=.01). Prior history of corticosteroids or immunosuppressant with concomitantly oral prednisone and baseline IGRA> 2.0 IU/mL was associated significantly with more recurrences in ATT patients (p=.01) . CONCLUSION: Considering TST and IGRA together was more effective in assessing OTB diagnosis. The real value of the IGRA test to predict recurrences needs further studies.
Asunto(s)
Tuberculosis Latente , Tuberculosis Ocular , Tuberculosis , Humanos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Tuberculosis Ocular/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Ocular/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Ocular/complicaciones , Estudios de Seguimiento , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis/complicaciones , Antituberculosos/uso terapéutico , Recurrencia , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnósticoRESUMEN
La infección tuberculosa latente (ITL) es un estado asintomático de la infección por Mycobacterium tuberculosis incapaz de transmitir la infección a otros, pero con el potencial de originar una tuberculosis (TBC) activa en el infectado, especialmente ante la presencia de factores de riesgo inmunológico. Es importante en personas de riesgo de desarrollar TBC reconocer la ITL utilizando test como la reacción a la tuberculina (PPD o TST) y los ensayos de liberación de Interferón-γ (IGRAs). Sin embargo, estos tests tienen limitaciones en su capacidad de predicción de riesgo de evolución de infección a enfermedad lo que conlleva a tener que tratar muchas personas para evitar algún caso de enfermedad. Nuevos tests se encuentran en desarrollo para mejorar la sensibilidad de reconocimiento de la ITL, distinguir infecciones recientes (que tienen el mayor riesgo de progresión a enfermedad) e incluso con la capacidad de detectar enfermedad subclínica o inicial. Para reducir la probabilidad de enfermar por TBC se utilizan tratamientos preventivos con fármacos, pero la cobertura mundial de esta terapia es reducida y la adherencia a terapias auto-administradas, como en el caso del uso de isoniazida diaria oral, es también baja. Otro problema de esta terapia son los riesgos de reacciones adversas (hepatitis, erupciones cutáneas) aunque no frecuentes. La recomendación de terapia actual de la ITL incluye el uso de rifamicinas y sus derivados. La asociación de isoniazida con rifapentina en una dosis semanal durante tres meses, administrada bajo supervisión, es la terapia de primera línea para mayores de 2 años, mostrando menos riesgo de hepatotoxicidad y mayor adherencia.
Latent Tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is the asymptomatic state of infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although untransmissible, LTBI can progress to active tuberculosis (TB), especially in people with immune risk factors. It is important to recognize LTBI in people at risk of developing TB; tuberculin skin test (PPD or TST) or interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) are current diagnostic tests. However, these tests have limitations in their ability to predict subjects who will evolve from infection to disease; consequently, a large number of people with LTBI need treatment to avoid a reduced number of future TB disease cases. Newer tests are under development to improve the sensitivity in recognizing LTBI, distinguish recent infections with highest risk of progression to disease, and even be able to detect initial subclinical disease. Antimicrobial preventive treatment effectively reduces the probability of getting sick with TB, but worldwide availability of TB preventive therapy is limited, and adherence to self-administered therapies, as in the case of the use of daily oral isoniazid, is low. Adverse reactions risk (hepatitis, skin rash) although infrequent, is another problem with these therapies. Currently, LTBI management guidelines include regimens with use of rifamycins and their derivatives. The combination of isoniazid and rifapentine in a weekly dose for three months administered under supervision is the first line choice for LTBI therapy in those over 2 years of age, showing less hepatoxicity risk and greater adherence.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Tuberculosis Latente/tratamiento farmacológico , Rifamicinas/uso terapéutico , Tuberculosis/prevención & control , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Isoniazida/uso terapéutico , Antituberculosos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
A ILTB é um estado de resposta imune persistente aos antígenos do Mycobacterium tuberculosis, porém, sem sintomas clínicos ou achados radiológicos compatíveis com doença ativa. Estima-se que esta condição possa estar presente em um terço da população mundial. Assim, é importante diagnosticar a ILTB nas populações que requerem terapias imunossupressoras devido ao potencial risco de ativação da doença para sua forma transmissível. O diagnóstico precoce da ILTB permite o tratamento preconizado que impede sua ativação, sendo fundamental esta estratégia sanitária para reduzir e controlar a carga global da tuberculose (TB). O Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) americano informa que é recomendável o uso do IGRA ou PT para diagnóstico da ILTB na prática de saúde pública, enfatizando as limitações de ambos os testes, e recomenda que a TB deve ser excluída antes de iniciar o tratamento para ILTB. A World Health Organization (WHO) informa que tanto a PT quanto o IGRA podem ser usados para testar a ILTB, embora não haja fortes evidências de que um teste deva ser preferido em relação ao outro em termos de predizer a progressão da infecção para a doença de TB ativa. A WHO ainda recomenda que não sejam usados nem a PT nem os IGRAs em pessoas com baixo risco de infecção e com TB ativa, sendo necessário excluir a possibilidade de a doença estar ativa por meio de avaliação clínica, radiografia de tórax e exame de escarro. PERGUNTA DE PESQUISA: O teste de liberação de interferon-gama (IGRA), quando comparado a prova tuberculínica (PT), é acurado para detecção de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis (ILTB) e capaz de prever ativação da tuberculose (TB) em pacientes com doença inflamatória imunomediada (DIIM) ou receptores de órgão sólidos candidatos ou em uso de terapia imunossupressora? AVALIAÇÃO ECONÔMICA: Foi realizada análise de custo-efetividade da ampliação de uso do IGRA para o diagnóstico da ILTB, tendo como comparador a PT, sob a perspectiva do SUS. Para tanto, um modelo de árvore de decisão foi elaborado, considerando como desfecho o número de casos de TB ativa evitados. A razão de custo-efetividade incremental (RCEI) para utilização do IGRA foi igual a R$ 8.340,68 por caso adicional de TB evitado em pacientes portadores de DIIM. Para pacientes candidatos a transplante de órgãos sólidos, a RCEI foi igual a R$ 48.905,19 por caso adicional de TB ativa evitado. De acordo com a análise de sensibilidade determinística, a variável mais sensível do modelo, no caso de pacientes portadores de DIIM, foi a especificidade do IGRA. Por outro lado, a sensibilidade do IGRA foi a variável mais sensível no caso de pacientes candidatos a transplantes de órgãos sólidos. Das 1.000 simulações realizadas na análise de sensibilidade probabilística, para a população portadora de DIIM, em 98% o IGRA mostrou ser a alternativa mais efetiva e de maior custo, enquanto este percentual foi cerca de 89% para pacientes candidatos a transplantes de órgão sólidos. ANÁLISE DE IMPACTO ORÇAMENTÁRIO: O impacto orçamentário incremental total em cinco anos da incorporação do IGRA para diagnóstico da ILTB em pacientes portadores de DIIM foi igual a R$ 40.527.273,25. No caso dos pacientes candidatos a transplante de órgãos sólidos, o impacto orçamentário incremental em cinco anos foi igual a R$ 1.131.654,58. Considerando a incorporação do IGRA para ambas as populações, o impacto orçamentário incremental total em cinco anos seria de R$ 41.658.927,83. Em um cenário alternativo, em que o IGRA alcançaria um market share de 90% após cinco anos de sua incorporação, o impacto orçamentário incremental total seria de R$ 103.202.100,74 para ambas as populações. MONITORAMENTO DO HORIZONTE TECNOLÓGICO: Foram encontradas quatro novas tecnologias, sendo uma de produção nacional (Eco F TB Feron IFN-Gamma), dois testes com registros Anvisa, mas sem aprovação FDA (Vidas TB-IGRA, da empresa Biomerieux SA e QIAreach Quantiferon-TB Test, da empresa Qiagen GmbH) e um dispositivo com registro Anvisa e FDA (Família Liaison Quantiferon TB Gold Plus, da empresa Diasorin Ltda). Em relação aos depósitos e patentes concedidas, foi possível evidenciar quatro documentos patentários, sendo um, em fase nacional, com pedido brasileiro. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Por não existir padrão ouro para o diagnóstico da ILTB, a implantação da estratégia da identificação dos casos antes do início de uma terapia imunossupressora é um desafio. Foram avaliados desfechos relevantes para o desempenho dos testes com populações heterogêneas com alto risco para o desenvolvimento da tuberculose ativa: pacientes com DIIM e pacientes candidatos a transplante de órgãos sólidos. As evidências incluídas foram provenientes de países com realidades diversas quanto à situação vacinal com BCG e taxas endêmicas de TB. Além disso, os estudos apresentaram grande fragilidade metodológica com variabilidade na métrica e nos resultados de acurácia, como também, heterogeneidade dos tipos de teste IGRA avaliados e no ponto de corte de positividade da PT, impossibilitando a metaanálise dos resultados na maioria dos estudos de síntese. De modo geral, os estudos não foram capazes de aferir o teste mais acurado ou mesmo a taxa de concordância entre eles, assim como não foram esclarecedores quanto ao teste com maior desempenho estratégico para identificar ILTB e evitar progressão da TB ativa. Contudo, os diferentes tipos de teste IGRA demonstraram resultados semelhantes com a PT, com certo direcionamento favorável ao IGRA para prever progressão de TB ativa quando se trata de pacientes com DIIM. Embora na perspectiva econômica os resultados tenham apontado para o IGRA como uma tecnologia com maior custo e maior efetividade, comparado à PT nas duas populações avaliadas, a incorporação do teste IGRA como uma alternativa de teste diagnóstico da ILTB pode se tornar uma decisão estratégica no que se refere a previsão e a provisão da rede quando na análise de possível desabastecimento do teste diagnóstico já disponível no SUS. RECOMENDAÇÃO PRELIMINAR DA CONITEC: Os membros presentes na 110ª Reunião Ordinária, em 06 de julho de 2022, deliberaram, por unanimidade, sem nenhuma declaração de conflito de interesses, encaminhar o tema para consulta pública com recomendação preliminar favorável a ampliação de uso do teste de liberação de interferon-gama (IGRA) para detecção de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis em pacientes com doenças inflamatórias imunomediadas ou receptores de transplante de órgãos sólidos. Considerou-se a importância do IGRA como alternativa diagnóstica para o controle epidemiológico da tuberculose e para o auxílio na identificação e no prognóstico dos pacientes com maior risco de desenvolver a tuberculose ativa, além das questões organizacionais e logísticas que sugerem a necessidade de mais um teste diagnóstico para ILTB. CONSULTA PÚBLICA: A Consulta Pública nº 64/2022 foi realizada no período de 20/09/2022 a 10/10/2022 recebendo 135 contribuições de experiência ou opinião. A maioria destes respondentes apresentou-se favorável à recomendação inicial da Conitec. Dois profissionais de saúde manifestaram-se desfavoráveis à incorporação do procedimento. Em geral, os participantes que se posicionaram de forma favorável mencionaram a precisão do teste IGRA na detecção de ILTB, a garantia de um tratamento adequado para determinados grupos de pacientes, a garantia do uso com segurança de imunobiológicos e imunossupressores, a necessidade de acesso ao teste pelo SUS, as vantagens do procedimento em relação à prova tuberculínica e a alta prevalência da tuberculose no Brasil. Entre os participantes que possuíram experiência com a tecnologia avaliada, foram mencionados como aspectos positivos o rastreio mais específico e sensível do teste, a comodidade na realização, maior segurança e resultado rápido. Em contraponto, o alto custo do procedimento foi apontado como uma dificuldade de acesso. As contribuições técnico-científicas totalizaram 37, sendo quatro oriundas de pessoa jurídica e 33 de pessoa física, e todas concordaram com a recomendação inicial da Conitec. RECOMENDAÇÃO FINAL DA CONITEC: Os membros presentes na 114ª Reunião Ordinária, em 09 de novembro de 2022, deliberaram, por unanimidade, sem nenhuma declaração de conflito de interesses, recomendar a ampliação de uso do teste de liberação de interferon-gama (IGRA) para detecção de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis em pacientes com doenças inflamatórias imunomediadas ou receptores de transplante de órgãos sólidos. Considerou-se a importância do IGRA como alternativa diagnóstica e nas questões organizacionais e logísticas no SUS. Foi assinado o Registro de Deliberação nº 778/2022. DECISÃO: : Ampliar o uso, no âmbito do Sistema Único de Saúde - SUS, do Teste de Liberação de Interferon-gama (IGRA) para detecção de infecção latente pelo Mycobacterium tuberculosis em pacientes com doenças inflamatórias imunomediadas ou receptores de transplante de órgãos sólidos, conforme protocolo estabelecido pelo Ministério da Saúde, conforme a Portaria nº 171, publicada no Diário Oficial da União nº 230, seção 1, página 295, em 8 de dezembro de 2022.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/métodos , Receptores de Trasplantes , Inmunosupresores , Sistema Único de Salud , Brasil , Análisis Costo-Beneficio/economíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Rheumatic diseases are associated with an increase in overall risks of tuberculosis (TB). The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of TB and the frequency of latent TB infection (LTBI), in clinical practice, for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) patients from high and low risk of TB incidence endemic countries. METHODS: This is an international, multicenter, cross-sectional, observational study of data collection from Brazil and Registry of Portugal at REUMA.PT. The inclusion criteria were patients with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA) with age ≤ 18 years who underwent screening for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection [tuberculin skin test (TST) and/or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA)]. Chest X-rays and history of exposure to TB were also assessed. RESULTS: 292 JIA patients were included; mean age 14.3 years, mean disease duration 7.5 years, 194 patients (66.4%) performed only TST, 14 (4.8%) only IGRA and 84 (28.8%) both. The frequency of LTBI (10.6%) and TB was similar between the two countries. The reasons for TB screening were different; in Brazil it was performed more often at JIA onset while in Portugal it was performed when starting Disease Modified Anti-Rheumatic Drugs (DMARD) treatment (p < 0.001). Isoniazid therapy was prescribed in 40 (13.7%) patients (31 with LTBI and 9 with epidemiologic risks and/or due to contact with sick people). Only three patients (1%) developed active TB. CONCLUSION: We found nearly 10% of patients with LTBI, a small percentage of patients with treatment due to epidemiologic risks and only 1% with active TB. Distinct reasons and screening methods for LTBI were observed between the two countries.
Asunto(s)
Antirreumáticos , Artritis Juvenil , Tuberculosis Latente , Adolescente , Antirreumáticos/uso terapéutico , Artritis Juvenil/complicaciones , Artritis Juvenil/diagnóstico , Artritis Juvenil/tratamiento farmacológico , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/métodos , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/tratamiento farmacológico , Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Prueba de Tuberculina/métodosRESUMEN
Resumen La infección tuberculosa latente (TL) afecta al 23% de la población y constituye un reservorio de tuberculosis (TBC) ya que 10% progresa hacia una TBC. La TL se reconoce por pruebas como la tuberculina (PPD o TST) y los ensayos de liberación de Interferón gama (IGRAs). La sensibilidad de IGRAs (versión Quantiferon TB Gold plus) es 94% y del PPD 77%. La especificidad del Quantiferon TB Gold Plus es 97% y del PPD 68%. El valor predictivo de progresión a TBC activa de estas pruebas es bajo (PPD: 1,5%, IGRAs: 2,7%) pero mejora en personas de alto riesgo de contraer TBC (PPD: 2,4%, IGRAs: 6,8%). Las personas con pruebas negativas que posteriormente presentan viraje (prueba positiva) tienen mayor riesgo de progresión a TBC activa. Estas pruebas son útiles en el seguimiento de contactos intradomiciliarios, extranjeros de países con altas tasas de TBC, inmunosuprimidos, enfermedad renal crónica, diabetes, silicosis y secuelas pulmonares de TBC no tratada. En la terapia de TL se utiliza isoniazida (H) auto-administrada por plazos de 6 a 12 meses con eficacia protectora de 60% y riesgo de toxicidad hepática de 2% pero con baja adherencia (50-70%). La asociación de H con rifapentina en dosis única semanal durante 12 semanas tiene eficacia de 81%, adherencia de 82% y baja toxicidad hepática (0,4%). Nuevos biomarcadores de TL y vacunas que mejoren la inmunidad en TL se encuentran en estudio. El tratamiento de la TL puede reducir la incidencia de TBC a largo plazo.
Latent tuberculosis infection (LT) affects 23% of the population and constitutes a reservoir of tuberculosis (TB) as 10% progresses to TB. LT is recognized by tests such as tuberculin (PPD or TST) and Interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs). The sensitivity of IGRAs (Quantiferon TB Gold plus version) is 94% and PPD 77%. The specificity of Quantiferon TB Gold Plus is 97% and PPD 68%. The predictive value of progression to active TB of these tests is low (PPD: 1.5%, IGRAs: 2.7%) but improves in people at high risk of contracting TB (PPD: 2.4%, IGRAs: 6.8%). People with negative tests who subsequently turn around (positive) have a higher risk of progression to active TB. These tests are useful in the follow-up of intra-household contacts, foreigners from countries with high rates of TB, immunosuppressed, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, silicosis and pulmonary sequelae of untreated TB. In LT therapy, self-administered isoniazid (H) is used for periods from 6 to 12 months with protective efficacy of 60% and risk of liver toxicity of 2%, but with low adherence (50-70%). The association of H with rifapentine in a single weekly dose for 12 weeks has efficacy of 81%, adherence of 82% and low liver toxicity (0.4%). New LT biomarkers and vaccines that improve immunity in LT are under study. Treatment of LT may reduce the incidence of TB in the long term.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/terapia , Prueba de Tuberculina , Quimioprevención , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Antituberculosos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Tuberculosis (TB) is a prevalent disease throughout the world. The extent of TB illness in childhood is not clear; recent data shows that 10-20% of the cases are found in children under 15 years old. In 2017, 1 million children developed the disease, of which 9% were co-infected with HIV. METHODS: A cross-sectional study that analyzed 48 children diagnosed with HIV-infection in Guadalajara, Mexico. The tuberculin skin test (TST) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube test (QFT) were performed and compared to diagnose latent TB infection (LTBI). RESULTS: The average age was 9 years old (± 4), with an age range of 1-16 years; the 6-12-year-old group predominated with 50% of cases. 27 patients (56%) were male; 83% had received the BCG vaccination and 23% had a history of being contacts of TB cases. In the study, 40 patients (83%) were without immunosuppression; seven (15%) with moderate immunosuppression, and only one patient had severe immunodeficiency. Overall, 3 of the 48 children (6.2%) had a positive TST, while 8 out of 48 (16.6%) had a positive QFT. The concordance between the two tests was 89.6% (43/48) with Kappa = 0.5 (95% CI, 0.14-0.85). CONCLUSIONS: The QFT test represents an opportunity in the diagnosis of LTBI, particularly in pediatric HIV- patients. This is the first study that compares the two tests (TST and QFT) in children with HIV-infection in Guadalajara, Mexico.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por VIH , Tuberculosis Latente , Tuberculosis , Adolescente , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Infecciones por VIH/complicaciones , Infecciones por VIH/diagnóstico , Infecciones por VIH/epidemiología , Humanos , Lactante , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis Latente/epidemiología , Masculino , México/epidemiología , Prueba de Tuberculina , Tuberculosis/diagnóstico , Tuberculosis/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess outcomes from the US postarrival evaluation of newly arrived immigrant and refugee children aged 2-14 years who were diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) during a required overseas medical examination. STUDY DESIGN: We compared overseas and US interferon-γ release assay (IGRA)/tuberculin skin test (TST) results and LTBI diagnosis; assessed postarrival LTBI treatment initiation and completion; and evaluated the impact of switching from TST to IGRA to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection overseas. RESULTS: In total, 73 014 children were diagnosed with LTBI overseas and arrived in the US during 2007-2019. In the US, 45 939 (62.9%) completed, and 1985 (2.7%) initiated but did not complete a postarrival evaluation. Among these 47 924 children, 30 360 (63.4%) were retested for M tuberculosis infection. For 17 996 children with a positive overseas TST, 73.8% were negative when retested by IGRA. For 1051 children with a positive overseas IGRA, 58.0% were negative when retested by IGRA. Overall, among children who completed a postarrival evaluation, 18 544 (40.4%) were evaluated as having no evidence of TB infection, and 25 919 (56.4%) had their overseas LTBI diagnosis confirmed. Among the latter, 17 229 (66.5%) initiated and 9185 (35.4%) completed LTBI treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Requiring IGRA testing overseas could more effectively identify children who will benefit from LTBI treatment. However, IGRA reversions may occur, highlighting the need for individualized assessment for risk of infection, progression, and poor outcome when making diagnostic and treatment decisions. Strategies are needed to increase the proportions receiving a postarrival evaluation and completing LTBI treatment.
Asunto(s)
Emigrantes e Inmigrantes , Tuberculosis Latente , Refugiados , Tuberculosis , Niño , Humanos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/métodos , Tuberculosis Latente/diagnóstico , Prueba de Tuberculina/métodosRESUMEN
Serum vitamin D (25(OH)D3) concentrations of < 30 ng/mL in cattle are insufficient to induce an adequate immune response against intracellular pathogens, which suggests that the efficacy of the immune response may be highly dependent on the bioavailability of 25(OH)D3. This study shows an overview of both in vitro and in vivo 25(OH)D3-mediated immune modulation amongst dairy cattle naturally exposed to M. bovis. Tuberculin status was confirmed by interferon gamma release assay (IGRA), and natural exposure was demonstrated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Tuberculin (-) cattle have a higher serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 (X¯= 87.12 ng/mL) when compared to tuberculin (+) cattle (X¯ = 45.86 ng/mL). Reduced serum 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with the presence of bovine TB, and serum 25(OH)D3 levels of > 80 ng/mL are necessary to counteract infection by M. bovis. Kill assays were performed to evaluate in vitro 25(OH)D3 modulation of intracellular M. bovis growth in bovine macrophages, which showed that reduced serum 25(OH)D3 levels are associated with diminished mycobactericidal capacity in this experimental model. On the other hand, increased 25(OH)D3 in culture media enhances phagocytosis and nitric oxide production, which in turn improves capacity to combat M. bovis.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Mycobacterium bovis , Tuberculosis Bovina , Tuberculosis , Animales , Bovinos , Ensayos de Liberación de Interferón gamma/veterinaria , Tuberculosis/veterinaria , Vitamina D/análogos & derivadosRESUMEN
En los últimos años, ha habido un aumento sostenido del uso de terapias inmunomoduladoras como las terapias biológicas y en un período más reciente, de las terapias con moléculas pequeñas. Estos tratamientos constituyen un factor de riesgo más para enfermar de tuberculosis en adultos y aunque en menor grado, también en niños, especialmente con el uso de anti TNF-α, por lo que antes de iniciar una terapia biológica, hay que descartar la tuberculosis activa y la latente. En el tratamiento de una tuberculosis activa producida por un biológico se debe prolongar la etapa de continuación a 9 meses. Es importante el seguimiento clínico prolongado en años de quienes usan o han completado el uso de estas terapias. Hay que posponer la vacunación BCG en los hijos de madres que usaron terapias biológicas durante la gestación hasta la edad 6 a 12 meses de los niños. El foco de esta revisión está centrado en la tuberculosis por progresión de una forma latente a una activa o por un contacto estrecho con una persona con tuberculosis pulmonar en pacientes que reciben terapias biológicas anti TNF alfa de uso inmunoreumatológico.
In recent years, there has been a sustained increase in the use of immunomodulatory therapies such as biologic therapies and, more recently, small molecule therapies. Those therapies have become another risk factor for tuberculosis in adults and, although to lesser degree, also in children, especially some of them, such as anti-TNF α. Before starting biological therapy, active tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis must be ruled out. In the treatment of active tuberculosis caused by a biologic, the continuation stage should be extended to 9 months. Long-term clinical follow-up in years of those who use them or have completed their use, is important. BCG vaccine should be postponed in children of mother who used biologic therapies during pregnancy until the children Ìs age 6 to 12 months. The focus of this review is centered on tuberculosis due to progression from a latent to an active form or due to close contact with a person with pulmonary tuberculosis in patients receiving anti-TNF alpha biological therapies for immunorheumatology use.