RESUMEN
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) often causes disease through coinfection with other bacterial pathogens, including Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis), which causes high morbidity and mortality, but the role played by PCV2 and bacterial and host factors contributing to this process have not been defined. Bacterial attachment is assumed to occur via specific receptor-ligand interactions between adhesins on the bacterial cell and host proteins adsorbed to the implant surface. Mass spectrometry (MS) analysis of PCV2-infected swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) revealed that the expression of Extracellular matrix protein (ECM) Fibronectin (Fn) increased significantly on the infected cells surface. Importantly, efficient G. parasuis serotype 4 (GPS4) adherence to STECs was imparted by interactions with Fn. Furthermore, abrogation of adherence was gained by genetic knockout of Fn, Fn and Integrin ß1 antibody blocking. Fn is frequently exploited as a receptor for bacterial pathogens. To explore the GPS4 adhesin that interacts with Fn, recombinant Fn N-terminal type I and type II domains were incubated with GPS4, and the interacting proteins were pulled down for MS analysis. Here, we show that rare lipoprotein A (RlpA) directly interacts with host Fibronectin mediating GPS4 adhesion. Finally, we found that PCV2-induced Fibronectin expression and adherence of GPS4 were prevented significantly by TGF-ß signaling pathway inhibitor SB431542. Our data suggest the RlpA-Fn interaction to be a potentially promising novel therapeutic target to combat PCV2 and GPS4 coinfection.
Asunto(s)
Circovirus , Fibronectinas , Haemophilus parasuis , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Tráquea , Animales , Porcinos , Fibronectinas/metabolismo , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/metabolismo , Haemophilus parasuis/metabolismo , Circovirus/metabolismo , Circovirus/patogenicidad , Tráquea/virología , Tráquea/microbiología , Tráquea/metabolismo , Infecciones por Haemophilus/microbiología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/virología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/metabolismo , Adhesión Bacteriana , Serogrupo , Coinfección/virología , Coinfección/microbiología , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/virología , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/microbiología , Infecciones por Pasteurellaceae/metabolismoRESUMEN
Porcine pasteurellosis is an infectious disease caused by Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida), which seriously endangers the healthy development of pig breeding industry. Early detection of disease transmission in animals is a crucial early warning for humans. Therefore, predicting risk areas for disease is essential for public health authorities to adopt preventive measures and control strategies against diseases. In this study, we developed a predictive model based on multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) and assessed risk areas for porcine pasteurellosis in the Chinese mainland. By using principal component analysis, the weights of seven spatial risk factors were determined. Fuzzy membership function was used to standardize all risk factors, and weight linear combination was used to create a risk map. The sensitivity of the risk map was analyzed by calculating the mean of absolute change rates of risk factors, as well as calculating an uncertainty map. The results showed that risk areas for porcine pasteurellosis were predicted to be locate in the south-central of the Chinese mainland, including Sichuan, Chongqing, Guangdong, and Guangxi. The maximum standard deviation of the uncertain map was less than 0.01and the ROC results showed that the prediction model has moderate predictive performance with the area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.80 (95% CI 0.75-0.84). Based on the above process, MCDA was combined with WebGIS technology to construct a system for predicting risk areas of porcine pasteurellosis. Risk factor data was directly linked to the developed model, providing decision support for disease prevention and control through monthly updates.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas de Apoyo para la Decisión , Infecciones por Pasteurella , Pasteurella multocida , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Infecciones por Pasteurella/veterinaria , Infecciones por Pasteurella/microbiología , Infecciones por Pasteurella/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , China/epidemiología , Factores de RiesgoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Pigs without intestinal receptors for F4 fimbriae are congenitally resistant to F4 fimbriae-bearing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4). In general, 50 % and 100 % of piglets born to resistant (RR) sows crossed with hetero- or homozygous susceptible (SR, SS) boars, respectively, are susceptible but do not receive colostral antibodies against F4 fimbriae unless the sows have been vaccinated. The question arises as to whether resistant sows produce protective amounts of F4 antifimbrial antibodies after vaccination. The serum and colostrum antibody titres of 12 resistant and 12 susceptible vaccinated gilts were compared. The effect of the receptor status of the dam and sire on the preweaning performance of 5027 piglets was evaluated using Agroscope's recordings. The sows of the experimental herd, where ETEC F4 was circulating, were vaccinated against ETEC twice during the first pregnancy and once during each following pregnancy. The log2 transformed F4 antibody titres in the serum obtained after the second vaccine injection as well as in the colostrum of the 12 resistant animals were lower than the titres of the susceptible animals (serum: F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019; colostrum: F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). The heat labile enterotoxin (LT) antibody titres after vaccination did not differ between susceptible and resistant animals (p > 0,10). Preweaning mortality in the offspring of RR sows × SS boars was slightly lower than in the offspring of SS sows × RR boars (P = 0,04), suggesting that the disease risk of susceptible piglets born to vaccinated resistant sows was not increased, even though they received colostrum with a slightly reduced content of antibody against F4 fimbriae.
INTRODUCTION: Les porcs dépourvus de récepteurs intestinaux pour les fimbriae F4 sont congénitalement résistants aux Escherichia coli entérotoxinogènes porteurs de fimbriae F4 (ETEC F4). En général, 50 % et 100 % des porcelets nés de truies résistantes (RR) croisées avec des verrats hétéro- ou homozygotes sensibles (SR, SS), respectivement, sont sensibles mais ne reçoivent pas d'anticorps colostraux contre les fimbriae F4, à moins que les truies n'aient été vaccinées. La question se pose de savoir si les truies résistantes produisent des quantités protectrices d'anticorps antifimbriae F4 après la vaccination. Les titres d'anticorps dans le sérum et le colostrum de 12 truies reproductrices vaccinées résistantes et de 12 truies reproductrices vaccinées sensibles ont été comparés et l'effet du statut récepteur de la mère et du père sur les performances avant sevrage de 5027 porcelets a été évalué. Les truies du troupeau expérimental, où circulait ETEC F4, ont été vaccinées deux fois au cours de la première gestation et une fois au cours de chaque gestation suivante contre ETEC. Les titres d'anticorps F4 transformés en log2 dans le sérum obtenu après la deuxième injection de vaccin ainsi que dans le colostrum des 12 animaux résistants étaient inférieurs aux titres des animaux sensibles (sérum : F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096 ; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019 ; colostrum : F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033 ; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). Les titres d'anticorps contre l'entérotoxine thermolabile (LT) après la vaccination ne différaient pas entre les animaux sensibles et résistants (p > 0,10). La mortalité avant sevrage dans la progéniture des truies RR × verrats SS était légèrement inférieure à celle de la progéniture des truies SS × verrats RR (P = 0,04), ce qui suggère que le risque de maladie des porcelets sensibles nés de truies résistantes vaccinées n'a pas été augmenté, même s'ils ont reçu du colostrum avec une teneur légèrement réduite en anticorps contre les fimbriae F4.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli , Fimbrias Bacterianas , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Femenino , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli/inmunología , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli/administración & dosificación , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/inmunología , Fimbrias Bacterianas/inmunología , Fimbrias Bacterianas/genética , Embarazo , Calostro/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , DesteteRESUMEN
To mitigate the use of antibiotics for many of the multifactorial diseases seen in pigs, horses and cattle, new diagnostic tools are needed. Acute phase protein (APP) measurements can, in humans, be used to guide antibiotic treatment initiation, evaluate treatment efficacy, and make a prognosis. The aim of this review is to collect evidence on the clinical functionality of APP measurements as a tool to guide antibiotic treatment in pigs, horses, and cattle. Literature was retrieved using Medline, CAB Abstracts and Google Scholar. The acute phase response has been investigated for a plethora of diseases and clinical signs and the major acute phase proteins are elevated in diseased compared to healthy animals. Few studies correlated acute phase response with aetiology, antibiotic treatment efficacy, prognosis, or severity of disease. The existing research does not support that APP can be used to guide antibiotic treatment, but the reported studies indicate that C-reactive protein (CRP) might be able to differentiate between bacterial and non-bacterial causes of disease in pigs. Serum amyloid A (SAA) might reflect underlying aetiology in horses and infectious or non-infectious cases of mastitis in cows.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Fase Aguda , Antibacterianos , Animales , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/metabolismo , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/análisis , Caballos , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Bovinos , Porcinos , Enfermedades de los Caballos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Caballos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/sangre , Biomarcadores/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Swine dysentery, caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, is a severe pig disease. Resistance to tylosins is common and resistance to tiamulin has been reported since the 1990s. Still, dysentery is not notifiable to authorities. The disease therefore escapes control from an overall population perspective. In Sweden, a program that aimed to control dysentery at national level was initiated in 2020, mainly due to the unexpected diagnosis of tiamulin resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2016. RESULTS: Through joint efforts of a network including farmers, government, animal health organisations and abattoirs it was concluded that outbreaks of dysentery had taken place in 25 herds between 2016 and 2019. By 1 January 2020, nine of these herds were still not declared free from the disease. From that date, the network decided that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was to be cultured whenever dysentery could be suspected. Thus, 148, 157 and 124 herds were scrutinised for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in 2020, 2021 and 2022, respectively, whereof five, three and two new herds were confirmed positive. By 31 December 2022, four herds were judged as impossible to sanitise. However, they posed no problem since they were identified by the network, pigs to and from these enterprises could be transported without jeopardising other herds. When Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was diagnosed in fattening herds purchasing growers, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae could not be detected in the delivering herds. That result, together with other observations, indicated that Brachyspira hyodysenteriae ought to be regarded as ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs. CONCLUSIONS: Eradication of dysentery contributed to substantial welfare and financial improvements in affected herds. Dysentery was controlled successfully at national level through the united efforts from competing stake holders, such as different abattoirs and animal health organisations. However, as Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was assumed to be ubiquitous, although at a low level in healthy pigs, the duration of the successful control of dysentery was concluded to only be transient. Without permanent monitoring for Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the knowledge of the national status will rapidly decline to the level prior to the initiation of the control program.
Asunto(s)
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae , Disentería , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Suecia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Porcinos , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/veterinaria , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/epidemiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Gramnegativas/microbiología , Disentería/veterinaria , Disentería/epidemiología , Disentería/microbiología , Brotes de Enfermedades/veterinariaRESUMEN
We previously showed that several polymorphisms in genes encoding pattern recognition receptors that cause amino acid substitutions alter pathogen recognition ability and disease susceptibility in pigs. In this study, we expanded our analysis to a wide range of immune-related genes and investigated polymorphism distribution and its influence on pneumonia in multiple commercial pig populations. Among the polymorphisms in 42 genes causing 634 amino acid substitutions extracted from the swine genome database, 80 in 24 genes were found to have a minor allele frequency of at least 10% in Japanese breeding stock pigs via targeted resequencing. Of these, 62 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 23 genes were successfully genotyped in 862 pigs belonging to four populations with data on pneumonia severity. Association analysis using a generalized linear mixed model revealed that 12 SNPs in nine genes were associated with pneumonia severity. In particular, SNPs in the cellular receptor for immunoglobulin G FCGR2B and the intracellular nucleic acid sensors IFI16 and LRRFIP1 were found to be associated with mycoplasmal pneumonia of swine or porcine pleuropneumonia in multiple populations and may therefore have wide applications in the improvement of disease resistance in pigs. Functional analyses at the cellular and animal levels are required to clarify the mechanisms underlying the effects of these SNPs on disease susceptibility.
Asunto(s)
Neumonía , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Porcinos , Neumonía/genética , Neumonía/inmunología , Neumonía/microbiología , Neumonía/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Receptores de Reconocimiento de Patrones/genética , Receptores de Reconocimiento de Patrones/inmunología , Masculino , Femenino , Genotipo , Alelos , Índice de Severidad de la EnfermedadRESUMEN
Glaesserella parasuis (GPS) can cause severe systemic inflammation in pigs, resulting in huge economic losses to the pig industry. At present, no effective method is available for the prevention and control of GPS infection. Molecular breeding for disease resistance is imminent, but disease-resistance genes have not been identified. To study the mechanism of systemic acute inflammation caused by GPS, we established three in vitro infection models (3D4/21 cells, PK15 cells, and PAVEC cells) according to its infection path. There was no significant difference in apoptosis among the three kinds of cells after 12 h of continuous GPS stimulation, while inflammatory factors were significantly upregulated. Subsequent transcriptome analysis revealed 1969, 1207, and 3564 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in 3D4/21 cells, PK15 cells, and PAVEC cells, respectively, after GPS infection. Many of the DEGs were predicted to be associated with inflammatory responses (C3, CD44, etc.); cell proliferation, growth and apoptosis; gene expression; and protein phosphorylation. Key signaling pathways, including S100 family signaling, bacteria and virus recognition, and pathogen-induced cytokine storm signaling, were enriched based on Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA). Furthermore, a total of three putative transmembrane receptors and two putative G-protein-coupled receptors, namely F3, ICAM1, PLAUR, ACKR3, and GPRC5A, were identified by IPA among the three types of cells. ACKR3 and GPRC5A play pivotal roles in bacterial adhesion, invasion, host immune response and inflammatory response through the S100 family signaling pathway. Our findings provide new insights into the pathological mechanisms underlying systemic inflammation caused by GPS infection in pigs, and they lay a foundation for further research on disease-resistance breeding to GPS.
Asunto(s)
Haemophilus parasuis , Inflamación , Transducción de Señal , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Haemophilus parasuis/genética , Haemophilus parasuis/patogenicidad , Transducción de Señal/genética , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Haemophilus/genética , Infecciones por Haemophilus/microbiología , Infecciones por Haemophilus/inmunología , Transcriptoma/genética , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Línea Celular , Apoptosis/genéticaRESUMEN
Staphylococci are responsible for a wide range of infections in animals. The most common species infecting animals include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus intermedius. Recent increases in antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in animals highlight the need to understand the potential role of commercial livestock as a reservoir of staphylococci and antibiotic resistance genes. Nasal swabs were collected from 143 apparently healthy pigs and 21 pig farm workers, and 45 environmental swabs of feed and water troughs, from two commercial pig farms in the Western Cape, South Africa. Staphylococci were isolated, identified using mass-spectrometry, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing and Illumina whole genome sequencing were performed. One hundred and eighty-five (185) Staphylococcus spp. isolates were obtained, with Mammalicoccus sciuri (n = 57; 31%) being the most common, followed by S. hyicus (n = 40; 22%) and S. aureus (n = 29; 16%). S. epidermidis was predominantly identified in the farm workers (n = 18; 86%). Tetracycline resistance was observed across all species, with rates ranging from 67 to 100%. Majority of M. sciuri isolates (n = 40; 70%) were methicillin resistant, with 78% (n = 31) harbouring mecA. M. sciuri isolates had genes/elements which were associated with SCCmec_type_III (3A) and SCCmec_type_VIII(4A) and were mostly observed in ST61 strains. ST239 strains were associated with SCCmec_type_III(3A). High rates of tetracycline resistance were identified among staphylococci in the pig farms in Western Cape, South Africa. This highlights the need for policy makers to regulate the use of this antibiotic in pig farming.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Granjas , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus , Animales , Sudáfrica/epidemiología , Porcinos/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/microbiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/epidemiología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Dihydromyricetin (DMY), a natural flavonoid compound, are believed to prevent inflammatory response, dealing with pathogens and repairing the intestinal barrier. The objective of this study was to investigate whether DMY supplementation could attenuate intestinal damage in the context of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli K88 (ETEC F4+) infection. After weaning, different litters of pigs were randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: (1) non-challenged control (CON, fed with basal diet); (2) ETEC-challenged control (ECON, fed with basal diet); and (3) ETEC challenge + DMY treatment (EDMY, fed with basal diet plus 300 mg kg-1 DMY). We observed a significant reduction in fecal Escherichia coli shedding and diarrhea incidence, but an increase in ADG in pigs of EDMY group compared to the pigs of ECON group. Relative to the pigs of ECON group, dietary DMY treatment decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of the serum D-xylose, D-lactate and diamine oxidase (DAO), but increased the abundance of zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) in the jejunum of pigs. In addition, DMY also decreased (P < 0.05) the number of S-phase cells and the percentage of total apoptotic epithelial cells of jejunal epithelium in pigs of the EDMY group compared to the pigs of the ECON group. Furthermore, DMY decreased the mRNA expression levels of critical immune-associated genes TLR4, NFκB, Caspase3, Caspase9, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α and the protein p-NFκB and p-IκBα expressions of intestinal epithelium in pigs of the EDMY group compared to the pigs of the ECON group. Compared to the ECON group, DMY elevated (P < 0.05) the expression levels of ß-defensins PBD1, PBD2, PBD3, PBD129, as well as the abundance of secreted IgA in intestinal mucosae of the EDMY group. Thus, our results indicate that DMY may relieve intestinal integrity damage due to Escherichia coli F4.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Flavonoles , Mucosa Intestinal , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/patología , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/microbiología , Mucosa Intestinal/inmunología , Flavonoles/farmacología , Flavonoles/uso terapéutico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Destete , Citocinas/metabolismo , Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Diarrea/veterinaria , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Proteína de la Zonula Occludens-1/metabolismo , Proteína de la Zonula Occludens-1/genéticaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Leptospiraceae comprise a diverse family of spirochetal bacteria, of which many are involved in infectious diseases of animals and humans. Local leptospiral diversity in domestic animals is often poorly understood. Here we describe the incidental detection of Leptospira (L.) licerasiae in an Austrian pig. CASE PRESENTATION: During an experiment to characterize the pathogenesis of L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae in pigs, cultivation of a urine sample from a non-challenged contact pig resulted in growth of a spirochetal bacterium that tested negative for pathogenic Leptospira (LipL32 gene). PCR, Sanger sequencing and standard serotyping further confirmed that the recovered isolate was clearly different from the challenge strain L. interrogans serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae used in the animal experiment. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the isolate belongs to the species L. licerasiae, a tropical member of the Leptospiraceae, with no prior record of detection in Europe. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report describing the occurrence of L. licerasiae in Europe. Since L. licerasiae is considered to have intermediate pathogenicity, it will be important to follow the geographical distribution of this species and its pathogenic and zoonotic potential in more detail.
Asunto(s)
Leptospira , Leptospirosis , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Leptospirosis/veterinaria , Leptospirosis/microbiología , Leptospira/aislamiento & purificación , Leptospira/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , AustriaRESUMEN
Tylosin, an antibiotic with a long history in treating respiratory bacterial infections, has unknown effects on the gut microbiota of healthy and infected pigs. The study aimed to investigate the effect of a therapeutic dose of tylosin on swine gut microbiota and explored the relationship between this effect and tylosin pharmacokinetics (PK). We also assessed whether changes in gut microbiota after tylosin administration differ between healthy animals (n = 7) and animals intranasally co-infected (n = 7) with Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Both groups were intramuscularly administered with tylosin (20 mg/kg). The 16S rRNA gene analyses revealed a significantly lower species richness and diversity, after tylosin treatment, in the infected than the healthy pigs, with infected pigs having lower levels of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes and higher levels of Proteobacteria. Greater tylosin exposure (greater area under curve (AUC) and maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), and slower elimination (longer terminal half-life, T1/2) were observed in healthy than infected pigs. Relative abundance of Lactobacillus, Oscillibacter, Prevotella, and Sporobacter was positively and significantly correlated with AUC and Cmax, whereas the abundance of Acinetobacter, Alishewanella, and Pseudomonas was positively and significantly correlated with T1/2 and mean residence time (MRT) of tylosin. Our findings, for the first time, demonstrated significant changes in swine gut microbiota after a single therapeutic dose of tylosin was administered, whereas the effect of these changes on tylosin PK was not evident.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Tilosina , Animales , Tilosina/farmacocinética , Tilosina/administración & dosificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Pasteurella multocida/efectos de los fármacos , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Porcine pleuropneumonia is one of the respiratory diseases that pigs are susceptible to Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae), poses a great threat to the global pig industry. Glutathione (GSH) is an important sulfur source, cellular antioxidant and virulence determinant of many pathogenic bacteria. In this study, roles of two HbpA-like proteins HbpA1 and HbpA2 of A. pleuropneumoniae were analyzed. A. pleuropneumoniae mutants without HbpA2 were basically unable to grow in chemically defined medium (CDM) with GSH as the sole sulfur source and had significantly reduced oxidative tolerance; whereas mutation in hbpA1 led to reduced survival under low-temperature environments. Neither HbpA1 nor HbpA2 affects utilization of heme. These two HbpA-like proteins are not associated with the virulence of A. pleuropneumoniae. Our results reveal the correlation of A. pleuropneumoniae HbpA1 and HbpA2 in GSH utilization, highlight the roles of HbpA1 in the cold stress resistance and HbpA2 in the anti-oxidative response. GSH limitation is not a way to attenuate colonization and pathogenicity of A. pleuropneumoniae.
Asunto(s)
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae , Proteínas Bacterianas , Glutatión , Estrés Oxidativo , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/patogenicidad , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/genética , Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Animales , Virulencia , Glutatión/metabolismo , Azufre/metabolismo , Porcinos , Frío , Infecciones por Actinobacillus/microbiología , Infecciones por Actinobacillus/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Pneumonia caused by Mesomycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mhp) is a respiratory disease with high morbidity and low mortality that typically presents in growing pigs. Although often subclinical, the disease can significantly affect the pig farming industry economically due to decreased growth rates and inefficient feed conversion. Effective control of Mhp depends on the detection of dominant strains prevalent in infected animals, which vary in virulence. However, traditional culture methods for diagnosing Mhp are laborious and slow, whereas multi-locus sequence typing, another possible method, requires identifying several genes. This study introduces a novel pair of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers for the rapid detection and genetic evolution analysis of Mhp strains to facilitate improved vaccine selection. The genetic evolutionary tree established using the PCR amplification fragment was highly similar to the genetic evolutionary tree established using whole-genome sequences. Analysis of 131 samples from Guangxi and Hunan slaughterhouses revealed a 30.53â¯% prevalence of Mhp. High-throughput sequencing has shown that Mhp has a diverse bacterial population in clinically collected samples. The prevalence of major strains may vary among regions. Additionally, the strains of Mhp vaccines sold may differ significantly from the strains prevalent on farms. In summary, this work has designed a pair of primers that will be useful for detecting the diversity of Mhp and for targeted prevention and control.
Asunto(s)
Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Filogenia , Animales , Porcinos , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Variación Genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , China , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Pasteurellaceae/genética , Pasteurellaceae/clasificación , Pasteurellaceae/aislamiento & purificación , MataderosRESUMEN
Young animals are highly susceptible to intestinal damage due to incomplete intestinal development, making them vulnerable to external stimuli. Weaning stress in piglets, for instance, disrupts the balance of intestinal microbiota and metabolism, triggering intestinal inflammation and resulting in gut damage. Caffeic acid (CA), a plant polyphenol, can potentially improve intestinal health. Here, we evaluated the effects of dietary CA on the intestinal barrier and microbiota using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced intestinal damage model. Eighteen piglets were divided into three groups: control group (CON), LPS group (LPS), and CAâ +â LPS group (CAL). On the 21st and 28th day, six piglets in each group were administered either LPS (80 µg/kg body weight; Escherichia coli O55:B5) or saline. The results showed that dietary CA improved the intestinal morphology and barrier function, and alleviated the inflammatory response. Moreover, dietary CA also improved the diversity and composition of the intestinal microbiota by increasing Lactobacillus and Terrisporobacter while reducing Romboutsia. Furthermore, the LPS challenge resulted in a decreased abundance of 14 different bile acids and acetate, which were restored to normal levels by dietary CA. Lastly, correlation analysis further revealed the potential relationship between intestinal microbiota, metabolites, and barrier function. These findings suggest that dietary CA could enhance intestinal barrier function and positively influence intestinal microbiota and its metabolites to mitigate intestinal damage in piglets. Consuming foods rich in CA may effectively reduce the incidence of intestinal diseases and promote intestinal health in piglets.
Our study focuses on a major issue affecting young animals. After weaning, piglets are particularly vulnerable to severe intestinal infections due to their immature intestinal systems, leading to damaged barriers and financial losses for the pig industry. We explore the possibility of using caffeic acid (CA), a natural compound found in plants, to promote intestinal health. Our research shows that adding CA to the diet can reduce intestinal inflammation and improve barrier function in weaned piglets challenged by lipopolysaccharide. CA positively affects ileal microbiota by increasing beneficial bacteria like Lactobacillus and Terrisporobacter and decreasing Romboutsia. We also observed differing regulatory effects of CA between the ileum and colon, with opposite changes in primary bile acids. Our findings emphasize the potential of CA as a dietary supplement to improve intestinal barrier function and modulate the inflammatory response by targeting gut microbiota and metabolites. To our knowledge, this is the first to demonstrate the effects of CA on ileal barrier function and microbiota in piglets. Our findings could significantly benefit the pig industry by mitigating financial losses from serious intestinal infections. Additionally, this research may offer key insights into the health of human infants' intestines.
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Ácidos Cafeicos , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Lipopolisacáridos , Animales , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Ácidos Cafeicos/farmacología , Ácidos Cafeicos/administración & dosificación , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos , Dieta/veterinaria , Inflamación/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Intestinos/microbiología , Masculino , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
Background: Mycoplasma hyopharyngis is a commensal bacterium in the upper respiratory tract of swine. As it is recognized to be apathogenic, examinations regarding this species are scarce, compared to other swine mycoplasmas. However, in a few cases, M. hyopharyngis was detected in lesions of different organs. This report presents a case study in which M. hyopharyngis (along with other bacteria) was isolated from the joint of a pig showing lameness. Case presentation: A Hungarian farm was repopulated with 250 gilts and 1,700 finishers after undergoing a complete depopulation and disinfection. Two days later, cases of diarrhoea and septicaemia caused by Salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium were seen in the finishers. At the same time, following the first farrowing, swollen joints were observed in 21-25 days old piglets. Joint samples were collected, and isolation of Mycoplasma sp. and other bacteria was attempted. Analysis of the joint samples revealed the presence of Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus hyicus, Aerococcus viridans, Trueperella pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and M. hyopharyngis. Conclusions: This is the second isolation of M. hyopharyngis from joints, which highlights the necessity of a better understanding the biology of this often-overlooked species, and its role in the progress of arthritis or other lesions.
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Infecciones por Mycoplasma , Mycoplasma , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/veterinaria , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Porcinos , Mycoplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Mycoplasma/clasificación , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Femenino , Articulaciones/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Lawsonia intracellularis is the causative agent of ileitis in swine that manifests as slower weight gain, mild or hemorrhagic diarrhea and/or death in severe cases. As an economically important swine pathogen, development of effective vaccines is important to the swine industry. In developing a subunit vaccine with three recombinant antigens - FliC, GroEL and YopN - we wanted to identify a formulation that would produce robust immune responses that reduce disease parameters associated with Lawsonia intracellularis infection. We formulated these three antigens with four adjuvants: Montanide ISA 660 VG, Montanide Gel 02 PR, Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST, and Montanide ISA 61 VG in an immunogenicity study. Groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide ISA 660 VG or Montanide ISA 61 VG had significantly more robust immune responses than groups vaccinated with formulations including Montanide Gel 02 PR or Montanide IMS 1313 VG NST. In the challenge study, animals vaccinated with these antigens and Montanide ISA 61 VG had reduced lesion scores, reduced lesion lengths, and increased average daily gain, but no reduction in shedding relative to the control animals. This work shows that this vaccine formulation should be considered for future study in a field and performance trial.
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Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae , Lawsonia (Bacteria) , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Vacunas de Subunidad , Animales , Porcinos , Lawsonia (Bacteria)/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Vacunas de Subunidad/inmunología , Vacunas de Subunidad/administración & dosificación , Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae/prevención & control , Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae/inmunología , Infecciones por Desulfovibrionaceae/veterinaria , Vacunación/métodos , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Adyuvantes Inmunológicos/farmacología , Emulsiones , Derrame de BacteriasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This field efficacy study was designed to determine the efficacy of a new bivalent vaccine containing porcine circovirus type 2d (PCV2d) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae at three independent pig farms. METHODS: Three pig farms were selected based on their history of subclinical PCV2 infection and enzootic pneumonia. Each farm housed a total of 40, 18-day-old pigs that were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups. Pigs were administered a 2.0 mL dose of the bivalent vaccine intramuscularly at 21 days of age in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, whereas unvaccinated pigs were administered a single dose of phosphate-buffered saline at the same age. RESULTS: Clinically, the average daily weight gain of vaccinated groups was significantly higher (p < 0.05) than those of unvaccinated animals during the growing (70-112 days of age), finishing (112-175 days of age) and overall (3-175 days of age) stages of production. Vaccinated animals elicited neutralizing anti-PCV2 antibodies and PCV2d-specific interferon-γ secreting cells (IFN-γ-SC), which reduced the amount of PCV2d genomic copies in blood and reduced lymphoid lesions severity when compared with unvaccinated animals. Similarly, vaccinated animals elicited M. hyopneumoniae-specific IFN-γ-SC, which reduced the amount of M. hyopneumoniae in the larynx and reduced lung lesions severity. CONCLUSIONS: The result of the field trial demonstrated that the bivalent vaccine was efficacious in the protection of swine herds suffering from subclinical PCV2d infection and enzootic pneumonia.
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Vacunas Bacterianas , Infecciones por Circoviridae , Circovirus , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Circovirus/inmunología , Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae/inmunología , Infecciones por Circoviridae/veterinaria , Infecciones por Circoviridae/prevención & control , Porcinos , Neumonía Porcina por Mycoplasma/prevención & control , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Combinadas/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/virología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Distribución Aleatoria , Sus scrofa , Infecciones AsintomáticasRESUMEN
Endometritis and metritis are common reproductive diseases in domestic animals, causing a reduction in reproductive performance and economic losses. A previous study revealed the alterations in the transcriptome of the inflamed porcine endometrium. Data on molecular signatures in the myometrium under inflammatory conditions are limited. The current study analyzed the transcriptomic profile of porcine myometrium after intrauterine Escherichia coli (E.coli) administration. On day 3 of the estrous cycle (Day 0 of the study), 50 ml of either saline (group CON, n = 7) or E. coli suspension (109 colony-forming units/ml, group E. coli, n = 5) were injected into each uterine horn. After eight days, the gilts were euthanized, and the uteri were removed for further analysis. In the myometrium of the CON group versus the E. coli group, microarray analysis revealed 167 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, 78 up- and 89 down-regulated). After intrauterine E. coli administration, among the DEGs of the inflammatory response set, the highest expressed were mRNA for CXCL6, S100A8, S100A12, SLC11A1, S100A9, CCL15, CCR1, CD163, THBS1 and SOCS3, while the most suppressed was mRNA expression for FFAR4, KL, SLC7A2 and MOAB. Furthermore, a comparison of the present results on myometrial transcriptome with the authors' earlier published data on the endometrial transcriptome shows the partial differences in mRNA expression between both layers after intrauterine E.coli injections. This study, for the first time, presents changes in the transcriptome of porcine myometrium after intrauterine E.coli administration, which may be important for myometrial homeostasis and functions and, as a result, for the uterine inflammation course. Data provide a valuable resource for further studies on genes and pathways regulating uterine inflammation and functions.
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Escherichia coli , Miometrio , ARN Mensajero , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Transcriptoma , Animales , Femenino , Porcinos , Miometrio/metabolismo , Miometrio/efectos de los fármacos , Escherichia coli/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/genética , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Endometritis/veterinaria , Endometritis/microbiologíaRESUMEN
This study aimed to investigate the mechanism of quercetin increasing growth performance and decreasing incidence of diarrhea in weaned piglets. Forty-eight Duroc × Landrace × Large White weaned piglets with similar body weight (7.48 ± 0.20 kg, 28 days of age) were randomly divided into four treatments (control, 250 mg/kg quercetin, 500 mg/kg quercetin, and 750 mg/kg quercetin treatments) and fed with basal diet or experimental diet supplemented with quercetin. Performance, diarrhea rate and index, and content of serum anti-inflammatory factors were determined and calculated in weaned piglets; colonic flora and signaling pathways related to anti-inflammation were measured using 16S rDNA sequencing and RNA-seq, respectively. The results showed that compared with control, feed-to-gain ratio and content of serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) were significantly decreased in the 500 and 750 mg/kg quercetin treatments (P < 0.05); quercetin significantly decreased diarrhea rate and diarrhea index (P < 0.05) and significantly increased the content of serum transforming growth factor (TGF-ß) in weaned piglets (P < 0.05); the content of serum NF-κB was significantly decreased in the 750 mg/kg quercetin treatment (P < 0.05); moreover, quercetin significantly increased diversity of colonic flora (P < 0.05), and at the phylum level, the relative abundance of Actinobacteria in the 500 and 750 mg/kg treatments was significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in the three quercetin treatments were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in the colon of weaned piglets; at the genus level, the relative abundance of Clostridium-sensu-stricto-1, Turicibacter, unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, Phascolarctobacterium, and Family_XIII _AD3011_group was significantly increased (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Subdollgranulum and Blautia was significantly decreased in the 500 and 750 mg/kg treatments (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Eschericha-Shigella, Terrisporobacter, and Eubacterium-coprostanoligenes was significantly increased (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Streptocococcus, Sarcina, Staphylococcus, and Ruminococcaceae_UCG-008 was significantly decreased in the three quercetin treatments (P < 0.05); the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae_UCG_014 was significantly increased in the 250 mg/kg quercetin treatment in the colon of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). The results of Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) from the quercetin treatments were significantly enriched in nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) signal pathway (P < 0.05); mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1R1 (IL-1R1), conserved helix-loop-helix ubiquitous kinase (CHUK), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), and IL-1ß from quercetin treatments were significantly decreased in colonic mucosa of weaned piglets (P < 0.05). In summary, quercetin increased feed conversion ratio and decreased diarrhea through regulating NF-κB signaling pathway, controlling the balance between anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory factors, and modulating intestinal flora, thus promoting the absorption of nutrients in weaned piglets. These results provided the theoretical foundation for applying quercetin in preventing weaning piglets' diarrhea and animal husbandry practices.
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Diarrea , Quercetina , Destete , Animales , Quercetina/farmacología , Quercetina/uso terapéutico , Porcinos , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/tratamiento farmacológico , IncidenciaRESUMEN
Interaction between viruses and bacteria during the development of infectious diseases is a complex question that requires continuous study. In this study, we explored the interactions between pseudorabies virus (PRV) and Pasteurella multocida (PM), which are recognized as the primary and secondary agents of porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), respectively. In vivo tests using mouse models demonstrated that intranasal inoculation with PRV at a sublethal dose induced disruption of murine respiratory barrier and promoted the invasion and damages caused by PM through respiratory infection. Inoculation with PRV also disrupted the barrier function of murine and porcine respiratory epithelial cells, and accelerated the adherence and invasion of PM to the cells. In mechanism, PRV infection resulted in decreased expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin) and adherens junction proteins (ß-catenin, E-cadherin) between neighboring respiratory epithelial cells. Additionally, PRV inoculation at an early stage downregulated multiple biological processes contributing to epithelial adhesion and barrier functions while upregulating signals beneficial for respiratory barrier disruption (e.g., the HIF-1α signaling). Furthermore, PRV infection also stimulated the upregulation of cellular receptors (CAM5, ICAM2, ACAN, and DSCAM) that promote bacterial adherence. The data presented in this study provide insights into the understanding of virus-bacteria interactions in PRDC and may also contribute to understanding the mechanisms of secondary infections caused by different respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2) in both medical and veterinary medicine. IMPORTANCE: Co-infections caused by viral and bacterial agents are common in both medical and veterinary medicine, but the related mechanisms are not fully understood. This study investigated the interactions between the zoonotic pathogens PRV and PM during the development of respiratory infections in both cell and mouse models, and reported the possible mechanisms which included: (i) the primary infection of PRV may induce the disruption and/or damage of mammal respiratory barrier, thereby contributing to the invasion of PM; (ii) PRV infection at early stage accelerates the transcription and/or expression of several cellular receptors that are beneficial for bacterial adherence. This study may shed a light on understanding the mechanisms on the secondary infection of PM promoted by different respiratory viruses (e.g., influenza virus and SARS-CoV-2) in both medical and veterinary medicine.