RESUMEN

Anaplasma is an intracellular alphaproteobacteria that infects diverse blood cell types in animal hosts including small ruminants. Epidemiological and risk factors information on zoonotic anaplasmosis with respect to anaplasmosis in sheep and goats are scarce. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to estimate the prevalence, risk factors of anaplasmosis and phylogenetic investigation of A. capra in sheep and goats from Faisalabad district, Pakistan. Briefly, 384 blood samples were randomly collected from sheep and goats of Faisalabad district, Pakistan, during January to May 2022. The samples were processed for the detection of Anaplasma targeting 16S rRNA gene using PCR. The data regarding disease determinants were collected using a predesigned questionnaire. Out of 384 samples, 131 samples were found positive for Anaplasma spp. with a prevalence rate of 34.11%. The results indicated a significantly higher prevalence of anaplasmosis in goats (41.88%) compared to sheep (22.00%). In addition, the chi square indicated that housing type, tick infestation, gender, tick control practices, age, mix farming, and hygiene were significantly associated with the occurrence of disease. The analysis of multivariate logistic regression expressed gender as the significant risk factor (p = 0.0001, OR = 1.757, CI = 1.305-2.366). The acquired sequences revealed four novel isolates of A. capra (Genbank accession numbers ON834323, ON838209, ON838210, and ON838211). The phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene of A. capra revealed three distinct clusters with 99-100% homology with other isolates from different countries. Our isolates showed higher similarity with isolates from China (KM206273, KP314237, MT799937), Pakistan (ON238129, ON238130, ON238131), Angola (MT898988), India (MZ558066), Iran (MW692362), and Turkey (MT632469) isolated from human, sheep, ticks, goats, cattle, Gaddi goat, Persian Onager (Equus hemionus onager), and Turkish goats, respectively. In conclusion, A. capra is endemic in Punjab, Pakistan, there is a need to conduct large scale surveillance studies to assess the status of this pathogen at human-animal interface as well as to develop effective preventive and control strategies to reduce the economic losses associated with anaplasmosis in small ruminants.

Asunto(s)

Anaplasma , Anaplasmosis , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Filogenia , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Pakistán/epidemiología , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Anaplasmosis/microbiología , Cabras/microbiología , Ovinos , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Masculino , Femenino , Prevalencia , Factores de Riesgo , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Zoonosis/microbiología , Humanos

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Trueperella pyogenes is an opportunistic pathogen that causes suppurative infections in various animal species, including goats. So far, only limited knowledge of phenotypic and genotypic properties of T. pyogenes isolates from goats has been gathered. In our study, we characterized the phenotypic and genotypic properties of caprine T. pyogenes isolates and established their relationship by Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). RESULTS: From 2015 to 2023, 104 T. pyogenes isolates were obtained from 1146 clinical materials. In addition, two T. pyogenes isolates were obtained from 306 swabs collected from healthy goats. A total of 51 T. pyogenes isolates were subjected to detailed phenotypic and genotypic characterization. The virulence genotype plo/nanH/nanP/fimA/fimC/luxS was predominant. All of the tested isolates showed the ability to form a biofilm but with different intensities, whereby most of them were classified as strong biofilm formers (72.5%). The high level of genetic diversity among tested caprine T. pyogenes isolates (19 different RAPD profiles) was observed. The same RAPD profiles were found for isolates obtained from one individual, as well as from other animals in the same herd, but also in various herds. CONCLUSIONS: This study provided important data on the occurrence of T. pyogenes infections in goats. The assessment of virulence properties and genetic relationships of caprine T. pyogenes isolates contributed to the knowledge of the epidemiology of infections caused by this pathogen in small ruminants. Nevertheless, further investigations are warranted to clarify the routes of transmission and dissemination of the pathogen.

Asunto(s)

Actinomycetaceae , Infecciones por Actinomycetales , Variación Genética , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , Animales , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Virulencia/genética , Actinomycetaceae/genética , Actinomycetaceae/patogenicidad , Actinomycetaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Actinomycetaceae/clasificación , Infecciones por Actinomycetales/veterinaria , Infecciones por Actinomycetales/microbiología , Genotipo , Biopelículas/crecimiento & desarrollo

RESUMEN

Tick-borne pathogens are significant for human, veterinary, and wildlife health. Coxiella burnetii is an example that is widely distributed across various hosts and can cross species boundaries. In Pakistan, there is a scarcity of data regarding C. burnetii at the intersection of wildlife and livestock. Ticks were collected from ruminants and wildlife from the districts of Kasur, Pakpattan, and Okara in Pakistan. Five tick species totaling 571 ticks were collected, with the following distribution: 56.4% Hyalomma anatolicum, 22.4% Rhipicephalus microplus, 10.5% Hyalomma marginatum, 7.9% Rhipicephalus sanguineus, and 2.8% Rhipicephalus turanicus. Fifty tick pools were screened for C. burnetii to amplify a segment of the IS1111 using real-time PCR assays. Ticks collected from sheep and goats had a greater rate of positivity for C. burnetii (40% and 38%, respectively) compared to Indian long-eared hedgehogs with a prevalence of 2%. Coxiella burnetii was prominent in Rhipicephalus microplus (92.3%) and Hyalomma anatolicum (88.9%), followed by Rhipicephalus turanicus (66.6%), Rhipicephalus sanguineus (33.3%), and Hyalomma marginatum (25.0%). Ticks from Pakpattan district displayed the highest prevalence of C. burnetii (88.9%), whereas the lowest was observed in ticks from Kasur district (77.3%). There was no significant association between tick gender and C. burnetii infection. Female host animals were more likely to harbor ticks containing C. burnetii, with a prevalence rate of 81.8%. The research underscores the urgent need for comprehensive studies on C. burnetii in Pakistan, especially at the interface of wildlife and livestock. The high prevalence rates observed in certain tick species and geographic regions emphasize the importance of targeted public health interventions. Future research should focus on elucidating the transmission dynamics and implementing effective control measures to mitigate the impact of these pathogens on human, veterinary, and wildlife health in the region.

Asunto(s)

Animales Salvajes , Coxiella burnetii , Cabras , Ixodidae , Fiebre Q , Infestaciones por Garrapatas , Animales , Coxiella burnetii/aislamiento & purificación , Coxiella burnetii/genética , Pakistán/epidemiología , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Femenino , Fiebre Q/veterinaria , Fiebre Q/epidemiología , Fiebre Q/microbiología , Ixodidae/microbiología , Masculino , Ovinos , Prevalencia , Erizos/microbiología , Erizos/parasitología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Animales Domésticos

RESUMEN

Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. are intracellular vector-borne pathogens and harbored by a wide range of ticks and vertebrate hosts. Aim of this study was to molecularly characterize Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. in different ticks collected from livestock hosts in nine districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Pakistan. In total, 862 ticks were collected from cattle, goats and sheep. Highest tick's infestation was observed on cattle 56.14% (32/57), followed by goats 45.45% (40/88), and sheep 42.05% (45/107). Rhipicephalus microplus (305/862, 35.38%) was predominant species, followed by Haemaphysalis sulcata (243/862, 28.19%), Hyalomma anatolicum (133/862, 15.42%), Haemaphysalis bispinosa (120/862, 13.92%), and Hyalomma kumari (61/862, 7.07%). A subset of 135 ticks were screened for Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. based on the amplification of partial 16 S rDNA and outer-membrane protein A (ompA) fragments, respectively. In total, 16 ticks (11.85%) were positive for Anaplasma spp. and Rickettsia spp. Obtained 16 S rDNA sequences for Anaplasma spp. detected in Ha. bispinosa and Ha. sulcata showed 99.98% identity with Anaplasma bovis, while other detected in Rh. microplus showed 99.84% identity with Candidatus Anaplasma boleense. Similarly, detected ompA sequence in Ha. sulcata showed 100% identity with Rickettsia sp. and 97.93% with Rickettsia slovaca, and another sequence detected in Rh. microplus showed 100% identity with Candidatus Rickettsia shennongii. In phylogenetic trees, these sequences clustered with corresponding species from Pakistan, China, Turkey, South Korea, South Africa, and Herzegovina. This is the first study reporting detection of A. bovis in Ha. bispinosa and Ha. sulcata, Ca. A. boleense in Rh. microplus collected from goats, and R. slovaca-like in Ha. sulcata. Our results enforce the need for regular surveillance of Rickettsiales in hard ticks infesting livestock in the region.

Asunto(s)

Anaplasma , Cabras , Rickettsia , Infestaciones por Garrapatas , Animales , Rickettsia/aislamiento & purificación , Rickettsia/genética , Rickettsia/clasificación , Anaplasma/aislamiento & purificación , Anaplasma/genética , Anaplasma/clasificación , Ovinos , Bovinos , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/veterinaria , Infestaciones por Garrapatas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Pakistán/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Filogenia , Ixodidae/microbiología , Anaplasmosis/microbiología , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/parasitología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Femenino

RESUMEN

Introduction: brucellosis is a global neglected zoonotic disease affecting mainly livestock, causing communicable and zoonotic infections. This study aimed to investigate the seroprevalence and determine epidemiological risk factors associated with Brucella infection in sheep and goats in Al Jufrah central district of Libya. Methods: sera samples from 555 animals (goats (n=320) and sheep (n=235)) sheep) were obtained and subjected to the Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) then further confirmed by a validated Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Collected data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). Results: in total, 2.7% were ELISA seropositive for brucellosis with the highest seropositivity rate among the studied animals from Sokna with 5.8% (n=13/225) followed by 0.7% (n=2/285) in Waddan and 0% (n=0/45) in Houn. Only location was identified as a significant risk and no significant differences were identified between seropositivity and the age studied groups, species of animals, gender, and size of farms (p-value>0.05). Conclusion: the present study provides important information on the epidemiological status of Brucella infection in an important region in North Africa. Prevention control systems adopting "One Health" concept, and regional and international collaboration are important to control brucellosis and other zoonotic and transboundary diseases.

Asunto(s)

Brucelosis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Zoonosis , Animales , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Libia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Ovinos , Femenino , Masculino , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Factores de Riesgo , Zoonosis/epidemiología , Brucella/aislamiento & purificación , Brucella/inmunología

RESUMEN

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of gene expression and are involved in bacterial pathogenesis and host-pathogen interactions. In this study, we investigated the function of miRNAs in the regulation of host responses to Pasteurella multocida infection. Using next-generation sequencing, we analyzed miRNA expression pattern and identified differentially expressed miRNAs in Pasteurella multocida-infected goat lungs. In addition, we investigated the function of differentially expressed miRNAs andtheir targeted signaling pathways in bacterial infection processes. The results showed that Pasteurella multocida infection led to 69 significantly differentially expressed miRNAs, including 28 known annotated miRNAs with miR-497-3p showing the most significant difference. Gene target prediction and functional enrichment analyses showed that the target genes were mainly involved in cell proliferation, regulation of the cellular metabolic process, positive regulation of cellular process, cellular senescence, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway and infection-related pathways. In conclusion, these data provide a new perspective on the roles of miRNAs in Pasteurella multocida infection.

Asunto(s)

Cabras , Pulmón , MicroARNs , Infecciones por Pasteurella , Pasteurella multocida , Animales , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Pasteurella multocida/genética , Infecciones por Pasteurella/veterinaria , Infecciones por Pasteurella/microbiología , Infecciones por Pasteurella/genética , Pulmón/microbiología , Pulmón/metabolismo , Pulmón/patología , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Transducción de Señal , Interacciones Huésped-Patógeno/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/genética , Transcriptoma

RESUMEN

Indonesia has a long history of livestock brucellosis, but the overall pooled prevalence remains unclear. This study aims to determine the pooled estimated prevalence of livestock brucellosis in Indonesia using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Five databases were searched and screened using predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from included studies were extracted and analyzed using a random effects model in R 4.3.0 for pooled estimated prevalence, subgroup meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Publication bias and sensitivity tests were conducted using Egger's test, funnel plot, trim and fill plot, and leave-one-out. The screening process identified 46 included studies, representing 47,057 samples for brucellosis testing. The pooled estimated prevalence for livestock brucellosis was 3.25% (95% CI, 1.81%-5.78%) with high heterogeneity (Q = 2130.91, p = 0, I2=98%). Subgroup meta-analysis indicated no significant difference in the prevalence of livestock brucellosis across the main islands in Indonesia (p = 0.44) and across provinces in Sulawesi Island (p = 0.83), but significant differences were found among provinces in Java (p < 0.01). The subgroup meta-analysis based on animal type showed no significant difference between cattle, small ruminants, and pig brucellosis estimated prevalence (p = 0.26). Between serological tests, no significant difference was found (p = 0.77). Meta-regression showed no significant difference in brucellosis prevalence from 1988-2023. Egger's test and funnel plot showed publication bias. Trim and fill test indicated 21 studies should be added. As most studies were conducted in Java and Sulawesi Islands, caution should be exercised in interpreting the results, emphasizing the necessity of increasing the study of brucellosis in other regions.

Asunto(s)

Brucelosis , Ganado , Animales , Indonesia/epidemiología , Brucelosis/epidemiología , Brucelosis/veterinaria , Prevalencia , Ganado/microbiología , Bovinos , Cabras , Ovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Porcinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología

RESUMEN

A large-scale study was carried out in the Polish goat population in 2014-2021 to determine the herd-level true seroprevalence (HTP) of caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Cp) and paratuberculosis (PTB) caused by Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (Map). Two-stage cluster sampling was applied to herds counting at least 20 adult goats (aged >1 year) and in each herd all males and 10-13 females were tested. At least one seropositive goat regardless of its sex was necessary to consider the herd as infected. HTP was estimated using the Bayesian approach with the Gibbs sampler in the EpiTools and reported as the median and 95 % credibility interval (95 % CrI). A total of 1282 adult goats from 86 herds were serologically tested using two commercial ELISAs (Cp-ELISA and Map-ELISA). At least 1 seropositive result of Cp-ELISA and Map-ELISA was obtained in 73/86 herds (84.9 %) and 40/86 herds (46.5 %), respectively. HTP of CLA was estimated at 73.3 % (95 % CrI: 65.0 %, 80.4 %) and HTP of PTB was estimated at 42.9 % (95 % CrI: 25.8 %, 58.0 %). There was a significant positive association between the occurrence of CLA and PTB in the herds (odds ratio 6.0, 95 % confidence interval: 1.2, 28.8; p = 0.010). Probability of the seropositive result for PTB was also significantly higher in Cp-seropositive goats than in Cp-seronegative goats (odds ratio 3.9, 95 % confidence interval: 2.4, 6.3; p < 0.001) which could indicate either a higher risk of co-infection or a higher rate of false positive results for PTB in Cp-positive goats. To investigate this issue, optical densities obtained in Map-ELISA were compared between Cp-positive and Cp-negative goats and results of Map-ELISA were adjusted accordingly. Map-negative sera from Cp-positive goats turned out to have significantly higher optical densities than Map-negative sera from Cp-negative goats (p < 0.001). After the adjustment, the herd-level apparent seroprevalence of PTB was 41.9 % (36/86 herds) so it still fell within the 95 % CrI of HTP of PTB calculated before the adjustment. Concluding, CLA appears to be widespread in the Polish goat population. In many of them it may be subclinical at the moment, however will likely emerge in the future as the disease follows cyclic pattern in Poland. On the other hand, given the total lack of clinical PTB in Polish goats, an explanation for a high HTP of PTB remains unclear and warrants further studies using tests of higher analytical specificity than ELISA.

Asunto(s)

Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , Paratuberculosis , Animales , Paratuberculosis/epidemiología , Paratuberculosis/sangre , Paratuberculosis/microbiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/sangre , Polonia/epidemiología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Femenino , Masculino , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/veterinaria , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/epidemiología , Infecciones por Corynebacterium/microbiología , Linfadenitis/veterinaria , Linfadenitis/epidemiología , Linfadenitis/microbiología , Teorema de Bayes , Prevalencia

RESUMEN

Diseases caused by small ruminant lentiviruses, Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP), Schmallenberg virus, and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPR) is globally recognised as serious threats to the ruminant industry due to their potential to spread rapidly across boundaries. Despite their global distribution and negative impacts on ruminant production, there is a gap in knowledge of the current trends in their epidemiology among sheep and goat populations in Peninsular Malaysia. This study was therefore designed to fill the gap of knowledge concerning the seroprevalence and contributing factors of CAEV, paratuberculosis, SBV, and PPRV among small ruminants from selected flocks in Selangor, Negeri Sembilan, and Pahang states in Peninsular Malaysia. A cross-sectional study design was used to collect animal data and blood samples for serological assays simultaneously. The ID Screen (ID.VET, France) indirect ELISA screening tests were used to detect serum antibodies directed against CAEV/MVV (VISNAS Ver 0922), paratuberculosis (PARAS Ver 0516), SBV (SBVC Ver 1114) and PPRV (PPRC Ver 0821). There was 45.4% (95% CI = 40.74-50.74), 6.8% (95% CI = 4.66-9.69), 27.8% (95% CI = 23.35-32.77), and 2.6% (95% CI = 1.11-0.51) true seroprevalence for CAEV, paratuberculosis, SBV, and PPR, respectively. Geographical location and species were the risk factors for CAEV and paratuberculosis, while the management system and age of small ruminants were the risk factors for SBV. The present study is the first to document a large-scale seroprevalence of MAP and PPR infection among sheep and goat flocks in Peninsular Malaysia. The presence of PPRV and MAP antibodies among small ruminant flocks is signalling current or previous exposure to the pathogens or cross reactions with similar antigens. This finding further suggests the potential for future outbreaks of these devastating diseases among sheep and goats in Malaysia. The high seroprevalence of CAEV and SBV among small ruminants indicates high levels of exposure to the viruses in the environment, which is a potential threat to production.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Malasia/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/virología , Ovinos , Estudios Transversales , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/virología , Factores de Riesgo , Femenino , Masculino , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre

RESUMEN

Goats are often asymptomatic carriers of Campylobacter, including the foodborne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni. Infections can have significant and economically detrimental health outcomes in both humans and animals. The primary objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter in U.S. goat herds. Campylobacter species were isolated from 106 of 3,959 individual animals and from 42 of 277 goat operations that participated in fecal sample collection as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System Goat 2019 study. Weighted animal-level prevalence was 2.3% (SE = 0.5%) and operation prevalence was 13.0% (SE = 3.2%). Animal-level prevalence ranged widely from 0 to 70.0%, however, 52.4% of positive operations (22/42) had only a single isolate. C. jejuni was the most frequently isolated species (68.9%; 73/106), followed by C. coli (29.3%, 31/106). A total of 46.2% (36/78) of viable isolates were pan-susceptible to 8 antimicrobials. Resistance to tetracycline (TET) was observed in 44.9% (35/78) of isolates, while 12.8% (10/78) were resistant to ciprofloxacin (CIP) and nalidixic acid (NAL). Among all isolates, a single resistance profile CIP-NAL-TET was observed in 3.8% (3/78) of isolates. A total of 35 unique sequence types (STs) were identified, 11 of which are potentially new. Multiple C. jejuni STs were observed in 48.1% (13/27) of positive operations. Goats with access to surface water, operations reporting antibiotics in the feed or water (excluding ionophores and coccidiostats), and operations reporting abortions and without postabortion management tasks had significantly greater odds of being Campylobacter positive. This snapshot of the U.S. goat population enriches the limited pool of knowledge on Campylobacter species presence in U.S. goats.

Asunto(s)

Antibacterianos , Infecciones por Campylobacter , Campylobacter , Heces , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Animales , Heces/microbiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Infecciones por Campylobacter/epidemiología , Estados Unidos/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Campylobacter/efectos de los fármacos , Campylobacter/aislamiento & purificación , Campylobacter/clasificación , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Campylobacter jejuni/efectos de los fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/aislamiento & purificación , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana

RESUMEN

A Coxiella burnetii vaccination program, targeting only doelings, was introduced on a German goat farm to curb bacterial shedding. In 2018, adults were vaccinated with a C. burnetii Phase I vaccine at three-weeks apart following pathogen diagnosis, with a booster administered six months later due to sustained high shedding. From 2018 to 2021, doelings received two vaccine doses without any further boosters. To assess the program's efficacy, vaginal swabs from up to 40 animals per age group were collected during kidding seasons from 2019 to 2022. Bulk tank milk (BTM) samples were gathered monthly from January 2018 to October 2022 to monitor herd-level shedding. Real-time PCR analysis determined genome equivalents in all three sample types. Serum samples were taken before the initial immunization and during the post-kidding season from up to 40 goats per age group annually from 2018 to 2022. Phase-specific ELISAs determined IgG Phase I and Phase II antibodies. Additionally, two serum samples per age group from 2022 were analyzed using a neutralization assay. A few goats continued shedding small quantities during subsequent kidding seasons. Although positive BTM samples decreased, they displayed an undulating trend. Most age groups exhibited robust IgG Phase I responses and lower IgG Phase II levels post immunization. Mean IgG levels remained elevated until the study ended compared to pre-vaccination levels in most age groups. Additionally, neutralizing antibodies were present regardless of IgG response. Overall, double vaccination induced lasting antibody levels, but did not entirely prevent C. burnetii shedding. The resilience of the observed humoral immune activity requires further investigation.

Asunto(s)

Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Derrame de Bacterias , Vacunas Bacterianas , Coxiella burnetii , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Fiebre Q , Vacunación , Animales , Coxiella burnetii/inmunología , Fiebre Q/prevención & control , Fiebre Q/inmunología , Fiebre Q/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/prevención & control , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/inmunología , Vacunas Bacterianas/administración & dosificación , Vacunación/métodos , Vacunación/veterinaria , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/inmunología , Femenino , Leche/inmunología , Leche/microbiología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Industria Lechera , Alemania

RESUMEN

Objective: The present study reports the first isolation and whole-genome sequencing of a Trueperella abortisuis bacterium from a goat. Animals and sample: The T. abortisuis was isolated from the uterus of a goat following an abortion. Procedure: The T. abortisuis was identified by pure culture phenotype and MALDI-TOF analysis and further characterized by whole-genome sequencing. Results: This isolate was reliably identified as T. abortisuis and showed similar properties to type strain T. abortisuis DSM 19515T, which was recovered from a sow following an abortion. The assembled genome of this isolate was 2 564 866 bp long with a GC content of 63.9%. A total of 30 virulence-related genes were determined, suggesting the pathogenic potential of this organism. Conclusion and clinical relevance: This study details the first isolation of T. abortisuis from goats. The genotypic findings of this isolate will serve as a baseline description for any similar future studies.

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Premier isolement et séquençage du génome entier de Trueperella abortisuis provenant d'une chèvre au Canada. Objectif: La présente étude rapporte le premier isolement et séquençage du génome entier d'un isolat de Trueperella abortisuis provenant d'une chèvre. Animaux et échantillon: Le T. abortisuis a été isolé de l'utérus d'une chèvre à la suite d'un avortement. Procédure: Le T. abortisuis a été identifié par un phénotype de culture pure et analyse par MALDI-TOF, puis caractérisé par séquençage du génome entier. Résultats: Cet isolat a été identifié de manière fiable comme étant T. abortisuis et a montré des propriétés similaires à la souche type T. abortisuis DSM 19515T, qui a été récupérée chez une truie après un avortement. Le génome assemblé de cet isolat mesurait 2 564 866 pb avec une teneur en GC de 63,9 %. Au total, 30 gènes liés à la virulence ont été déterminés, suggérant le potentiel pathogène de cet organisme. Conclusion et pertinence clinique: Cette étude détaille le premier isolement de T. abortisuis chez la chèvre. Les résultats génotypiques de cet isolat serviront de description de base pour toute étude future similaire.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Animales , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Femenino , Infecciones por Actinomycetales/veterinaria , Infecciones por Actinomycetales/microbiología , Actinomycetaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Actinomycetaceae/genética , Genoma Bacteriano , Canadá , Aborto Veterinario/microbiología , Embarazo

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Coxiella burnetii is causing infections in both humans and animals, resulting in Q fever and Coxiellosis, respectively. Information on the occurrence of C. burnetii infection is scarce in Ethiopia. This study estimated the sero-prevalence of C. burnetii infection and associated risk factors in four common livestock species from Addis Ababa, Adama, and Modjo abattoirs and pastoral areas of Oromia, Ethiopia. RESULTS/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Sera samples were analyzed for the presence of anti-C. burnetii antibodies using an indirect Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay kit. Out of the 4140 serum samples tested, 777 (18.77%; 95% CI: 17.59, 19.99) were found positive for C. burnetii. The sero-prevalence estimate was 27.17% at Addis Ababa abattoir, 19.41% at Adama abattoir, 19.13% at Modjo abattoir and 12.1% in animals tested from pastoral areas. Sera analysis at the animal species level showed that cattle exhibited the lowest sero-prevalence estimate (11.83%; 95% CI, 10.27-13.53%), while the highest was observed in camels (28.39%; 95% CI, 25.16-31.80%). The sero-prevalence estimate was 21.34% (95% CI, 18.86-23.99%) in goats and 20.17% (95% CI, 17.49-23.07%) in sheep. The results of multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that species, age, sex of animals and tick infestation were important risk factors for C. burnetii infection. The odds of infection were 3.22 times higher in camels and almost twice as high in goats and sheep compared to cattle. Adult animals were infected more likely (OR = 3.23) than young ones. Interestingly, a significant difference was observed in the sero-prevalence of infection between animals that were infested with ticks (OR = 16.32) and those which were tick-free. CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable insights into the sero-epidemiology of C. burnetii infection in four common livestock species at major abattoirs and pastoral areas of Ethiopia. The findings highlight the need for further studies and implementing surveillance and biosecurity measures to prevent the spread of the disease in both humans and livestock to safeguard the economical and public health aspects.

Asunto(s)

Mataderos , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Camelus , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Coxiella burnetii , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Ganado , Fiebre Q , Animales , Etiopía/epidemiología , Fiebre Q/epidemiología , Fiebre Q/veterinaria , Fiebre Q/sangre , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Coxiella burnetii/inmunología , Coxiella burnetii/aislamiento & purificación , Bovinos , Ovinos , Masculino , Femenino , Ganado/microbiología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Camelus/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Prevalencia

RESUMEN

Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a severe and devastating respiratory disease of goats, which is characterized by severe serofibrinous pleuropneumonia accompanied by high morbidity and mortality. A cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2022 to January 2023 to determine the seroprevalence of CCPP and identify risk factors associated with the occurrence of CCPP in goats in five selected districts of the South Wollo Zone of the Eastern Amhara region. A total of 384 sera samples were collected from goats and examined for antibodies specific to Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae (Mccp) using Competitive Enzyme-Linked ImmunoSorbent Assay (cELISA) test. Out of the total examined sera, 26 samples were positive for CCPP, giving an overall seroprevalence of 6.7% (95% CI = 6.64-9.77). A seroprevalence of 5.05%, 4.65%, 2.78%, 12.90%, and 10.77% were recorded in Ambasel, Tehuledere, Kalu, Dessie Zuria and Kutaber districts, respectively. However, there was no statistically significant difference among these five districts (p > 0.05). The seroprevalence of CCPP varies significantly between age groups and agroecology (p < 0.05). However, the seroprevalence did not vary with sex, body condition score (BCS), and flock size (p > 0.05). Old-aged goats (OR = 4.10) and goats found in the lowlands (OR = 5.09) were at higher risk of infection with CCPP than young-aged goats and goats found in the highlands, respectively. In conclusion, the present seroprevalence investigation indicated the occurrence of CCPP in those selected study districts of the South Wollo Zone. Therefore, appropriate control measures, including avoiding the mixing of flocks and vaccination should be designed and implemented especially in the lowland areas and older goats to reduce the further spread and magnitude of the disease.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Mycoplasma capricolum , Pleuroneumonía Contagiosa , Animales , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Pleuroneumonía Contagiosa/epidemiología , Pleuroneumonía Contagiosa/microbiología , Factores de Riesgo , Estudios Transversales , Etiopía/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Pinkeye is a highly contagious disease of goats with different aetiologies. Surveys in Lao PDR have identified eye lesions typical of pinkeye as a common condition, however, this has not been confirmed diagnostically, and the responsible pathogens have not been identified. A matched case-control study was implemented in 70 goat holdings from Savannakhet province, Lao PDR, to detect agents causing pinkeye and conduct phylogenetic analysis of the identified pathogens. Fifty eye swabs from goats with infected eyes (cases) and 50 paired samples from unaffected cohorts (controls) were collected from 25 holdings. Samples were tested using quantitative PCR assays targeting known pinkeye pathogens at the genus and species levels. The prevalence of pathogens in case and control goats was as follows: Mycoplasma conjunctivae (94% and 74% respectively, P = 0.006, OR = 5.5), Chlamydia pecorum (4%, 10%), Moraxella ovis (30%, 30%), Moraxella bovis (0%, 0%) and Moraxella bovoculi (0%, 0%). M. conjunctivae was present in a high proportion of goats in both groups revealing that Lao goats are carriers of M. conjunctivae. However, the mean log10 genome copy number/µL of DNA extract was significantly higher in case goats than control goats (P < 0.05). Thus, M. conjunctivae is likely the principal causative agent of pinkeye in Lao goats with carrier status converting to clinical infection following corneal damage or other causative factors. M. conjunctivae detected in samples from different goats and districts showed low genetic diversity. Identifying the causes of pinkeye in Lao goats will assist in designing appropriate treatment and control strategies.

Asunto(s)

Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Filogenia , Animales , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Laos/epidemiología , Conjuntivitis/veterinaria , Conjuntivitis/microbiología , Conjuntivitis/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Moraxella/aislamiento & purificación , Moraxella/genética , Mycoplasma conjunctivae/genética , Mycoplasma conjunctivae/aislamiento & purificación , Chlamydia/aislamiento & purificación , Chlamydia/genética , Chlamydia/clasificación , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/veterinaria , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/microbiología , Infecciones por Mycoplasma/epidemiología

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Burkholderia pseudomallei, an environmental saprophyte bacterium, causes melioidosis in humans and animals. It was first discovered in Iran between 1967 and 1976 in small ruminants, equines, environments and humans. No subsequent studies have been conducted to determine the existence and prevalence of this pathogen in the country. OBJECTIVES: The present study aims to monitor the presence of B. pseudomallei in the ruminant population of the Golestan province of Iran, which largely depends on pastures. The ruminants can serve as sentinels to indicate the presence of the bacteria in the environment and its potential impact on human health in the One Health triad. METHODS: Liver and lung abscesses from domestic sheep, cattle and goats in three industrial and three conventional slaughterhouses were sampled and analysed using 23S ribosomal DNA polymerase chain reaction (rDNA PCR) with primers CVMP 23-1 and CVP-23-2 for B. pseudomallei, Burkholderia cepacia and Burkholderia vietnamiensis, as well as B. pseudomallei-specific TTS1 real-time PCR, along with microbiological and biochemical assays. RESULTS: Out of the 97 animals sampled, only 14 (15%) tested positive for 23S rDNA PCR. However, the follow-up evaluation using TTS1 real-time PCR and microbiological and biochemical assays did not confirm the presence of B. pseudomallei in the samples. CONCLUSIONS: Although B. pseudomallei was not detected in the current survey, conducting abattoir-based surveillance of ruminants is a cost-effective One Health approach to monitor pathogenic Burkholderia. Developing standards of clinical and laboratory good practices for Burkholderia infections is crucial for One Health surveillance.

Asunto(s)

Mataderos , Burkholderia pseudomallei , Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Melioidosis , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Animales , Irán/epidemiología , Melioidosis/veterinaria , Melioidosis/epidemiología , Melioidosis/microbiología , Ovinos , Bovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Burkholderia pseudomallei/aislamiento & purificación , Burkholderia pseudomallei/genética , Salud Única , Oveja Doméstica , Prevalencia , Monitoreo Epidemiológico/veterinaria

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Tick-borne diseases cause economically significant losses to animal production globally, and anaplasmosis and theileriosis are associated with the greatest losses. However, the spread of the relevant pathogens in flocks of domesticated animals in southern Egypt is little understood. Accordingly, in this study, we aimed to determine the prevalences of Anaplasma ovis, Theileria ovis, and Theileria lestoquardi in southern Egyptian sheep and goats through blood tests, and to make a molecular characterization of the A. ovis detected in sheep targeting a specific gene. RESULTS: We collected blood samples collected from 300 sheep and goats (n=150 /species) in Luxor Province in southern Egypt, and analyzed them for the presence of A. ovis, T. ovis and T. lestoquardi with screening by conventional and nested PCR targeting the msp4 and msp5, 18S rRNA, and merozoite surface protein genes. For A. ovis 140/300 samples (46.66%) were positive overall, with 90/150 (60%) and 50/150 (33.33%) positive samples in sheep and goats, respectively. Two major surface protein genes of A. ovis, msp4 and msp5, were sequenced using DNA extracted from sheep and goat blood samples, for phylogenetic analysis and genotyping. The msp4 gene sequence revealed no significant genetic diversity, to contrast to data on A. ovis strains from other countries. For T. lestoquardi, 8/150 (5.33%) samples were positive in sheep, but no samples were positive in goats (0%). For T. ovis, 32/150 (21.33%) samples were positive in sheep, but no samples were positive in goats (0%). Sequencing targeting the merozoite surface protein gene for T. lestoquardi and the small subunit ribosomal RNA gene for T. ovis revealed no significant genetic diversity in the study, another contrast to data on A. ovis strains from other countries. CONCLUSION: This study provides valuable data on phylogenetic and molecular classifications of A. ovis, T. ovis and T. lestoquardi found in southern Egyptian sheep and goats. It also represents the first report on detection and molecular characterization of T. lestoquardi in southern Egyptian sheep based on the specific merozoite surface protein gene, thus providing valuable data for molecular characterization of this pathogen in southern Egypt.

Asunto(s)

Anaplasma ovis , Anaplasmosis , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Enfermedades de las Ovejas , Theileria , Theileriosis , Animales , Egipto/epidemiología , Theileria/genética , Theileria/aislamiento & purificación , Theileria/clasificación , Theileriosis/epidemiología , Ovinos , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/parasitología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/epidemiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/parasitología , Anaplasmosis/epidemiología , Anaplasmosis/microbiología , Anaplasma ovis/genética , Anaplasma ovis/aislamiento & purificación , Prevalencia , Filogenia , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa/veterinaria

RESUMEN

Rhodococcus equi has recently been identified in various animals, including ruminants. Several studies have highlighted the emergence of pVAPN-harboring strains, isolated from multiple abscesses, in the liver and lungs of ruminants. Epidemiological evidence strongly suggests that pVAPN-harboring strains are pathogenic in ruminants. This study aims to replicate the disease in goats through experimental infection. Intravenous administration of the pVAPN-harboring strain (Yokkaichi), pVAPA-harboring strain (ATCC33701), and pVAPN-cured strain (Yokkaichi_P-), each at 1.0 × 107 CFU/head, was conducted in 24-month-old goats (n = 1 per group). During the observation period, goats treated with Yokkaichi or ATCC33701 exhibited transient increases in body temperature and white blood cell count, alongside a decrease in body weight from the administration day. Conversely, goats treated with Yokkaichi_P- displayed no significant changes in these values. The Yokkaichi-treated goat demonstrated a >10-fold increase in anti-VapN antibody titers from 11 to 14 days postadministration, whereas the other two goats exhibited no variation in anti-VapA and VapN antibody titers. Pathological autopsy analysis of organs harvested 28 days postadministration revealed no characteristic lesions on gross examination. However, the inoculated strain (vapN-positive R. equi) was exclusively recovered from the tracheobronchial lymph node in the Yokkaichi-treated goat. Immunohistochemistry detected a VapN-positive reaction in the tracheobronchial lymph node, confirming latent infection despite the absence of dramatic suppurative lesions seen in ruminants. Overall, this study highlights the latent infection in lymph nodes induced by the pVAPN-harboring strain, despite the absence of overt pathological manifestations.

Asunto(s)

Infecciones por Actinomycetales , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Ganglios Linfáticos , Rhodococcus equi , Animales , Rhodococcus equi/patogenicidad , Ganglios Linfáticos/microbiología , Ganglios Linfáticos/patología , Infecciones por Actinomycetales/veterinaria , Infecciones por Actinomycetales/microbiología , Infecciones por Actinomycetales/patología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/patología , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre

RESUMEN

Mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland affecting milk production and quality in dairy herds, is often associated with Staphylococcus spp. in goats. Neutrophils are crucial in combating infections by migrating into milk and deploying various defense strategies, including the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of DNA, histones, and bactericidal proteins. This study investigated whether NETs are released by goat neutrophils stimulated in vitro by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus warneri, two common pathogens of goat mastitis. PMNs were isolated from blood from healthy adult goats. We evaluated goat NET formation by stimulating cells with: phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) as a positive control, cytochalasin for inhibition of actin polymerization, S. aureus, and S. warneri. NET formation was observed in response to chemical stimulation and bacterial presence, effectively trapping pathogens. Variations in NET formation between S. aureus and S. warneri suggest pathogen-specific responses. These findings suggest that the formation of NETs may be an important complementary mechanism in the defense against mastitis in goats. In conclusion, this study unveils a novel defense mechanism in goats, indicating the role of NETs against S. aureus and S. warneri in mastitis.

Asunto(s)

Trampas Extracelulares , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Mastitis , Neutrófilos , Infecciones Estafilocócicas , Staphylococcus aureus , Animales , Cabras/inmunología , Trampas Extracelulares/inmunología , Femenino , Mastitis/veterinaria , Mastitis/inmunología , Mastitis/microbiología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/inmunología , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Neutrófilos/inmunología , Staphylococcus aureus/inmunología , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/veterinaria , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/inmunología , Staphylococcus/inmunología

RESUMEN

Background: Beta-glucan (ß-glucan) is a polysaccharide containing ß-glycosidic bonds that is an important structure part of different yeast cells. Aim: The purpose of the study is to characterize ß-glucan obtained from Candida albicans (C. albicans) isolated from caprine mastitis. Methods: The ß-glucan was extracted by using utilizing an Alkaline-acidic extraction technique. The dry weight of extracted ß-glucan was 7.47/150 g with 4.98%. Results: The findings demonstrated that the extracted ß-glucan had similarity in the primary peak 5.78 of liquid samples using the method of high-performance liquid chromatography when compared to the standard form of ß-glucan. However, scanning electron microscopy studies revealed that the standard of ß-glucan was distinct in morphology but similar to ß-glucan isolated from C. albicans in terms of particle sizes in the range of 1.60-2.65 m and the lack of cell wall traces. The findings of an investigation using energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDS/EDX) of extracted and standard ß-glucan, showed the principal elements discovered were carbon (C), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), nickel (Ni), and gold (Au) were also present, but in less amounts. Conclusion: The extracted ß-glucan displayed a high degree of similarity and purity to the standard ß-glucan, according to the findings of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) research.

Asunto(s)

Candida albicans , Enfermedades de las Cabras , Cabras , Mastitis , beta-Glucanos , Animales , beta-Glucanos/química , beta-Glucanos/análisis , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Cabras/microbiología , Mastitis/veterinaria , Mastitis/microbiología , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo/veterinaria