RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Chronic alcohol users often exhibit an increased minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane, yet the specific mechanism remains unclear. It has been reported that ethanol exposure can upregulate the protein expression and enzyme activity of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1). CYP2E1 is a key enzyme that converts 2-5% of sevoflurane into equimolar amounts of hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and F-. This study aims to explore whether ethanol exposure could alter sevoflurane metabolism through CYP2E1 modulation, potentially explaining the increased MAC observed in alcohol users. METHODS: Eighty adult male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into two groups and received either 50% ethanol (dose: 3 g/kg) or 0.9% saline twice daily by gavage. After 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of gavage, ten rats were randomly selected from each group to undergo 1-hour anesthesia with 2.3% sevoflurane. Blood samples were collected after anesthesia to measure the concentration of free HFIP using gas chromatography. Additionally, the left lobe tissue of the liver was collected for the analysis of CYP2E1 protein expression by Western blot and CYP2E1 enzyme activity by colorimetric assay. Correlations between these parameters were analyzed using Pearson's correlation. RESULTS: In the ethanol group, CYP2E1 expression, activity, and the concentration of free HFIP were significantly higher at all time points compared to the control group (P < 0.05), except for protein expression in the first week (P > 0.05). Within-group comparisons indicated no significant changes in any of the parameters for the control group (P > 0.05). In the ethanol group, there was no difference in free HFIP concentration between the first and second weeks (P > 0.05), but a significant increase was observed in the third and fourth weeks (P < 0.01); protein expression and enzyme activity significantly varied over time, especially showing a notable increase from the first to the third and fourth weeks (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis revealed strong positive correlations between free HFIP concentration and CYP2E1 activity (r = 0.7898), free HFIP concentration and CYP2E1 expression (r = 0.8418), and CYP2E1 activity and expression (r = 0.8740), all with P < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: Ethanol exposure increased both the expression and enzymatic activity of CYP2E1, consequently enhancing the metabolism of sevoflurane.
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Anestésicos por Inhalación , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Etanol , Hígado , Éteres Metílicos , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Sevoflurano , Animales , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Masculino , Etanol/administración & dosificación , Etanol/farmacología , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Ratas , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The role of CYP2E1 in oxidation is essential for its effects on meat quality. This study used 200 Indonesian sheep (Ovis aries) to determine the SNP g allele frequencies. g. 50658168 T>C of CYP2E1 gene located in 3´-UTR region and their genetic association with lamb quality traits, including carcass characteristics, retail cut carcass, physicochemical lamb, fatty acid, cholesterol, flavor and odor, and mineral content. Further, the level of CYP2E1 mRNA and CYP2E1 protein expression in muscle were determined and correlated with lamb quality traits. CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms were identified using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis. The CYP2E1 mRNA expression levels in phenotypically divergent sheep populations were analyzed using Quantitative Real Time-PCR (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining analysis used three samples each in the high and low lamb quality groups based on pH value and tenderness. An association study of CYP2E1 gene polymorphisms was performed using General Linear Model (GLM) analysis. The genetic association between the CC, CT, and TT genotypes at the SNP g. 50658168 T>C CYP2E1 gene and lamb quality traits were significant (P<0.05), including carcass characteristics, retail cut carcass, fatty acid, cholesterol, flavor, and odor. Lambs with the CT genotype had a higher mRNA and protein expression in high lamb quality traits. The highest CYP2E1 protein expression was localized in the longissimus dorsi. The group sample with high lamb quality had a higher area and perimeter of muscle cells. CYP2E1 can be used as a genetic marker for selecting sheep with high meat quality.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Animales , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Ovinos/genética , Ovinos/metabolismo , Carne/análisis , Indonesia , Carne Roja/análisis , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Cruzamiento , Oveja Doméstica/genética , Oveja Doméstica/metabolismoRESUMEN
Deoxynivalenol (DON), one of the most common mycotoxins in food and feed, can cause acute and chronic liver injury, posing a serious health risk to humans and animals. One of the important manifestations of DON-induced hepatotoxicity is ferroptosis. It has been reported that CYP2E1 can mediated ferroptosis, but the role of DON-induced CYP2E1 in DON-induced ferroptosis in hepatocytes is unknown. In the present study, we observed that DON significantly increased the expression of CYP2E1 and decreased the expression of the ferroptosis inhibitory proteins GPX4 and SLC7A11, as well as GCLC and NQO1. This resulted in an increase in the levels of cell lipid ROS and FeII, 4-HNE, which ultimately led to cell ferroptosis. Notably, knockdown of CYP2E1 resulted in an increase in DON-induced low levels of GPX4 and SLC7A11, a decrease in DON-induced high levels of lipid ROS, FeII and cell secreted 4-HNE, thus ameliorating cell ferroptosis. Moreover, the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 was observed to antagonise the cell growth inhibitory toxicity induced by DON exposure. This was achieved by blocking the increase in lipid ROS and FeII overload, which in turn reduced the extent of ferroptosis and increased IGF-1 protein expression. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that CYP2E1 played a regulatory role in DON-induced ferroptosis in hepatocytes. Targeting ferroptosis may prove an effective strategy for alleviating DON-induced cell growth retardation toxicity. These findings provided a potential target and strategies to mitigate DON hepatotoxicity in the future.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Ferroptosis , Hepatocitos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Tricotecenos , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/patología , Ferroptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Tricotecenos/toxicidad , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Humanos , Animales , Células Hep G2 , Fosfolípido Hidroperóxido Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismoRESUMEN
1,4-Dioxane (DX), an emerging water contaminant, is classified as a Group 2B liver carcinogen based on animal studies. Understanding of the mechanisms of action of DX liver carcinogenicity is important for the risk assessment and control of this environmental pollution. Previous studies demonstrate that high-dose DX exposure in mice through drinking water for up to 3 months caused liver mild cytotoxicity and oxidative DNA damage, a process correlating with hepatic CYP2E1 induction and elevated oxidative stress. To access the role of CYP2E1 in DX metabolism and liver toxicity, in the current study, male and female Cyp2e1-null mice were exposed to DX in drinking water (5000 ppm) for 1 week or 3 months. DX metabolism, redox and molecular investigations were subsequently performed on male Cyp2e1-null mice for cross-study comparisons to similarly treated male wildtype (WT) and glutathione (GSH)-deficient Gclm-null mice. Our results show that Cyp2e1-null mice of both genders were resistant to DX-induced hepatocellular cytotoxicity. In male Cyp2e1-null mice exposed to DX for 3 months, firstly, DX metabolism to ß-hydroxyethoxyacetic acid was reduced to ~ 36% of WT levels; secondly, DX-induced hepatic redox dysregulation (lipid peroxidation, GSH oxidation, and activation of NRF2 antioxidant response) was substantially attenuated; thirdly, liver oxidative DNA damage was at a comparable level to DX-exposed WT mice, accompanied by suppression of DNA damage repair response; lastly, no aberrant proliferative or preneoplastic lesions were noted in DX-exposed livers. Overall, this study reveals, for the first time, that CYP2E1 is the main enzyme for DX metabolism at high dose and a primary contributor to DX-induced liver oxidative stress and associated cytotoxicity. High dose DX-induced genotoxicity may occur via CYP2E1-independent pathway(s), potentially involving impaired DNA damage repair.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Dioxanos , Hígado , Ratones Noqueados , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Masculino , Femenino , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Dioxanos/toxicidad , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Daño del ADN , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Glutatión/metabolismo , Carcinógenos/toxicidad , Carcinógenos/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/genética , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patologíaRESUMEN
Organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) are a class of flame retardants and environmental pollutants with various biological effects. Recentstudies have evidenced activation of some PFRs by human CYP enzymes (including CYP2E1) for genotoxic effects. However, the activity of CYPs in fish species toward PFR metabolism remains unclear. This study was aimed on comparing the metabolism of triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 4-OH-TPHP in human, rat, and common carp, and the involvement of human CYP2E1 and its orthologs in the metabolism, by using fomepizole (4-MP, CYP2E1 inhibitor) as a modulator, in silico molecular docking and dynamics analyses. The rate of TPHP metabolism was apparently faster with human and rat, microsomes than with fish microsomes, the major metabolites were phosphodiester and hydroxylated phosphate, with 30-80â¯% of TPHP forming unidentified metabolites in the system of each species. 4-OH-TPHP was readily metabolized by both human and rat microsomes, whereas it was hardly metabolized in carp assays. Meanwhile, with 4-MP the transformation of TPHP to 4-OH-TPHP was enhanced in the human/rat systems while suppressed in the carp system. Moreover, the formation of unidentified metabolites in human and rat systems was mostly inhibited by 4-MP. Through molecular dynamics analysis TPHP and its primary metabolites showed high affinity for human and rat CYP2E1, as well as the carp ortholog (CYP2G1-like enzyme), however, the 4-OH-TPHP bond to the latter was too far from the heme to permit a biochemical reaction. This study suggests that the metabolism/activation of TPHP might be favored in mammals rather than carp, a fish species.
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Carpas , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Retardadores de Llama , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Organofosfatos , Animales , Carpas/metabolismo , Humanos , Ratas , Retardadores de Llama/toxicidad , Retardadores de Llama/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Hidroxilación , Organofosfatos/metabolismo , Organofosfatos/toxicidad , Especificidad de la Especie , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidadRESUMEN
Liver injury is a well-known adverse effect of the anti-tuberculosis drug isoniazid (INH); however, animal models that accurately replicate this effect as seen in humans have not been constructed, and the mechanism of its pathogenesis remains unclear. Recently, an immune-mediated mechanism have been proposed based on clinical studies, suggesting the involvement of cytochrome P450-mediated formation of reactive metabolites and covalent adducts in severe cases. In the present study, we investigated the role of CYP2E1 in this mechanism. Liver microsomes from humans, rats, and mice were preincubated with INH and NADPH; thereafter, residual CYP2E1 activity was measured. The inhibition of CYP2E1 by INH was potentiated by preincubation, indicating time-dependent inhibition. There were no major species-based differences in inhibition among humans, rats, and mice. Further to our findings on the inhibition kinetics, resistance of the inhibition to glutathione and catalase indicated that the reactive metabolites of INH covalently bonded to CYP2E1 in a suicidal manner. A similar time-dependent inhibition was also observed for the known metabolites acetylhydrazine and hydrazine; however, the conditions that inhibited the hydrolysis or activated the acetylation of INH did not affect inhibition by INH, suggesting that the reactive metabolites contributing to the inhibition were generated via alternative pathways. This indicates that CYP2E1 alone generates reactive INH metabolites and that haptenized CYP2E1 may be involved in immune-mediated liver injury.
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Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Inhibidores del Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Isoniazida , Microsomas Hepáticos , Isoniazida/metabolismo , Animales , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Humanos , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Ratas , Ratones , Masculino , Inhibidores del Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/farmacología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Antituberculosos/farmacología , Antituberculosos/metabolismo , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Catalasa/metabolismo , Glutatión/metabolismo , FemeninoRESUMEN
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) was a chronic complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and this comorbid disease lacked therapeutic drugs. Semen Ziziphi Spinosae (SZS) was the seed of Ziziphus jujuba var. Spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H.F. Chow, and it could alleviate the symptoms of T2DM patients. As a triterpene saponin, Jujuboside A (Ju A) was the main active substance isolated from SZS and could improve hyperglycemia of diabetic mice. However, it was still unknown whether Ju A has protective effects on T2DM-associated NAFLD. Our study showed that Ju A attenuated T2DM-associated liver damage by alleviating hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress in the liver of db/db mice, and high glucose (HG) and free fatty acid (FFA) co-stimulated human hepatocellular carcinomas (HepG2) cells. Along with the improved hyperglycemia and liver injury, Ju A restrained Yin Yang 1 (YY1)/cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) signaling in vivo and in vitro. YY1 overexpression intercepted the protective effects of Ju A on T2DM-induced liver injury via promoting hepatic lipid accumulation, inflammatory response, and oxidative stress. While, the blocking effect of YY1 overexpression on Ju A's hepatoprotective effect was counteracted by further treatment of CYP2E1 specific inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) in vitro. In-depth mechanism research showed that Ju A through YY1/CYP2E1 signaling promoted hepatic fatty acid ß-oxidation, and inhibited inflammatory response and oxidative stress by activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), leading to the improvement of T2DM-associated NAFLD. Ju A might be a potential agent in the treatment and health care of T2DM-associated liver disease, especially NAFLD.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Inflamación , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Hígado , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Estrés Oxidativo , Transducción de Señal , Factor de Transcripción YY1 , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Masculino , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Células Hep G2 , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Inflamación/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Factor de Transcripción YY1/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Saponinas/farmacología , Saponinas/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Vanillin, a key flavor compound found in vanilla beans, is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries for its aromatic properties and potential therapeutic benefits. This study presents a comprehensive quantum chemical analysis to elucidate the interaction mechanisms of vanillin with CYP450 enzymes, with a focus on mechanism-based inactivation. Three potential inactivation pathways were evaluated: aldehyde deformylation, methoxy dealkylation, and acetal formation. Aldehyde deformylation was identified as the most energy-efficient, involving the removal of the aldehyde group from vanillin and leading to the formation of benzyne intermediates that could react with the iron porphyrin moiety of CYP450, potentially resulting in enzyme inactivation. Further investigation into the interactions of vanillin with CYP2E1 and CYP1A2 was conducted using molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. The docking analyses supported the findings from DFT studies, wherein vanillin revealed high binding affinities with the studied isozymes. Moreover, vanillin occupied the main binding site in both isozymes, as evidenced by the inclusion of the heme moiety in their binding mechanisms. Employing a 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation, we scrutinized the interaction dynamics between vanillin and the two isozymes of CYP450. The assessment of various MD parameters along with interaction energies revealed that vanillin exhibited stable trajectories and substantial energy stabilization during its interaction with both CYP450 isozymes. These insights can guide future research and ensure the safe application of vanillin, especially in scenarios where it may interact with CYP450 enzymes.
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Benzaldehídos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Simulación de Dinámica Molecular , Benzaldehídos/metabolismo , Benzaldehídos/química , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Sistema Enzimático del Citocromo P-450/química , Humanos , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/química , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/química , Redes y Vías Metabólicas , Teoría Funcional de la DensidadRESUMEN
This review delves into the detrimental impact of alcohol consumption on internal organs and reproductive health, elucidating the underlying mechanisms involving the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/Nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-kB) pathway and the Cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1)/reactive oxygen species (ROS)/nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathways. The TLR4/NF-kB pathway, crucial for inflammatory and immune responses, triggers the production of pro-inflammatory agents and type-1 interferon, disrupting the balance between inflammatory and antioxidant responses when tissues are chronically exposed to alcohol. Alcohol-induced dysbiosis in gut microbes heightens gut wall permeability to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), leading to liver cell infection and subsequent inflammation. Concurrently, CYP2E1-mediated alcohol metabolism generates ROS, causing oxidative stress and damaging cells, lipids, proteins, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). To counteract this inflammatory imbalance, Nrf2 regulates gene expression, inhibiting inflammatory progression and promoting antioxidant responses. Excessive alcohol intake results in elevated liver enzymes (ADH, CYP2E1, and catalase), ROS, NADH, acetaldehyde, and acetate, leading to damage in vital organs such as the heart, brain, and lungs. Moreover, alcohol negatively affects reproductive health by inhibiting the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, causing infertility in both men and women. These findings underscore the profound health concerns associated with alcohol-induced damage, emphasizing the need for public awareness regarding the intricate interplay between immune responses and the multi-organ impacts of alcohol consumption.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2 , FN-kappa B , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno , Salud Reproductiva , Receptor Toll-Like 4 , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Humanos , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Animales , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Etanol/farmacología , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , MasculinoRESUMEN
Although binge alcohol-induced gut leakage has been studied extensively in the context of reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling, it was recently revealed that post-transcriptional regulation plays an essential role as well. Ethanol (EtOH)-inducible cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1), a key enzyme in EtOH metabolism, promotes alcohol-induced hepatic steatosis and inflammatory liver disease, at least in part by mediating changes in intestinal permeability. For instance, gut leakage and elevated intestinal permeability to endotoxins have been shown to be regulated by enhancing CYP2E1 mRNA and CYP2E1 protein levels. Although it is understood that EtOH promotes CYP2E1 induction and activation, the mechanisms that regulate CYP2E1 expression in the context of intestinal damage remain poorly defined. Specific miRNAs, including miR-132, miR-212, miR-378, and miR-552, have been shown to repress the expression of CYP2E1, suggesting that these miRNAs contribute to EtOH-induced intestinal injury. Here, we have shown that CYP2E1 expression is regulated post-transcriptionally through miRNA-mediated degradation, as follows: (1) the RNA-binding protein AU-binding factor 1 (AUF1) binds mature miRNAs, including CYP2E1-targeting miRNAs, and this binding modulates the degradation of corresponding target mRNAs upon EtOH treatment; (2) the serine/threonine kinase mammalian Ste20-like kinase 1 (MST1) mediates oxidative stress-induced phosphorylation of AUF1. Those findings suggest that reactive oxygen species-mediated signaling modulates AUF1/miRNA interaction through MST1-mediated phosphorylation. Thus, our study demonstrates the critical functions of AUF1 phosphorylation by MST1 in the decay of miRNAs targeting CYP2E1, the stabilization of CYP2E1 mRNA in the presence of EtOH, and the relationship of this pathway to subsequent intestinal injury.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Etanol , MicroARNs , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , Etanol/toxicidad , Etanol/efectos adversos , Humanos , Animales , Ribonucleoproteína Nuclear Heterogénea D0/metabolismo , Intestinos/patología , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Increased level of serum cholic acid (CA) is often accompanied with decreased CYP2E1 expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients. However, the roles of CA and CYP2E1 in hepatocarcinogenesis have not been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the roles and the underlying mechanisms of CYP2E1 and CA in HCC cell growth. METHODS: The proteomic analysis of liver tumors from DEN-induced male SD rats with CA administration was used to reveal the changes of protein expression in the CA treated group. The growth of CA-treated HCC cells was examined by colony formation assays. Autophagic flux was assessed with immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Western blot analysis was used to examine the expression of CYP2E1, mTOR, AKT, p62, and LC3II/I. A xenograft tumor model in nude mice was used to examine the role of CYP2E1 in CA-induced hepatocellular carcinogenesis. The samples from HCC patients were used to evaluate the clinical value of CYP2E1 expression. RESULTS: CA treatment significantly increased the growth of HCC cells and promoted xenograft tumors accompanied by a decrease of CYP2E1 expression. Further studies revealed that both in vitro and in vivo, upregulated CYP2E1 expression inhibited the growth of HCC cells, blocked autophagic flux, decreased AKT phosphorylation, and increased mTOR phosphorylation. CYP2E1 was involved in CA-activated autophagy through the AKT/mTOR signaling. Finally, decreased CYP2E1 expression was observed in the tumor tissues of HCC patients and its expression level in tumors was negatively correlated with the serum level of total bile acids (TBA) and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT). CONCLUSIONS: CYP2E1 downregulation contributes to CA-induced HCC development presumably through autophagy regulation. Thus, CYP2E1 may serve as a potential target for HCC drug development.
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Autofagia , Carcinoma Hepatocelular , Proliferación Celular , Ácido Cólico , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Neoplasias Hepáticas , Animales , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patología , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patología , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Neoplasias Hepáticas/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Masculino , Autofagia/efectos de los fármacos , Línea Celular Tumoral , Ratas , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Transducción de Señal , Proteómica/métodos , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Ratones DesnudosRESUMEN
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is prevalent in the treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) are markers of CKD progression and participate in the occurrence and development of liver diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying the regulation of DILI in CKD have not been established. Herein, we demonstrate the involvement of Cytochrome p450 2E1 (CYP2E1) in DILI induced by AOPPs is exacerbated by exposure to acetaminophen (APAP). We used a adenine-induced CKD model, a model of DILI induced by APAP, and the AOPPs model was generated by intraperitoneal injection. The decline in renal function was associated with a significantly increased concentration of Scr, BUN and AOPPs, and renal tissue fibrosis. The ALT, AST, and AOPPs levels and liver tissue necrosis increased significantly in CKD model group compared with the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMCNa) group. In the AOPPs model, compared to the PBS controls, ALT, AST, and AOPP levels, and liver tissue necrosis increased significantly. In HepG2 or L0-2 cell lines, cell survival was significantly reduced in the AOPP + APAP treatment and CYP2E1 protein expression was increased. FPS-ZM1 or NAC attenuated the hepatocyte toxicity induced by AOPP + APAP and suppression of CYP2E1 expression. AOPPs exacerbated APAP-induced DILI through CYP2E1 signaling pathways. Protein uremic toxins, such as AOPPs, can modify drug toxicity in patients with CKD. This study provides new a rationale to reduce the generation of DILIs in clinical treatment in patients with CKD. AOPPs targeting may present a novel approach to reduce the occurrence of DILI.
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Acetaminofén , Productos Avanzados de Oxidación de Proteínas , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Acetaminofén/efectos adversos , Acetaminofén/toxicidad , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Animales , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Humanos , Masculino , Productos Avanzados de Oxidación de Proteínas/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Hígado/patología , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/inducido químicamente , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/metabolismo , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Células Hep G2 , Ratones , Línea CelularRESUMEN
N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) is a well-documented occupational hazardous material, which can induce occupational liver injury. The current study was designed to investigate whether ethanol consumption can affect DMF-induced hepatotoxicity and the potential underlying mechanisms involved. We found that a single dose of ethanol (1.25, 2.5, or 5â¯g/kg bw by gavage) significantly repressed the increase in serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) activities and alleviated the liver histopathological changes in mice challenged with 3â¯g/kg DMF. In contrast, long-term moderate drinking (2.5â¯g/kg bw) significantly aggravated the repeated DMF (0.7â¯g/kg bw) exposure-induced increase in the serum ALT and AST activities. Mechanistically, acute ethanol consumption suppressed DMF-induced activation of the NLR family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, while long-term moderate ethanol consumption promoted hepatocyte apoptosis in the mouse liver. Notably, cytochrome P4502E1 (CYP2E1) protein level and activity in mouse livers were not significantly affected by ethanol per se in the two models. These results confirm that regular drinking can increase the risk of DMF-induced hepatotoxicity, and suggest that DMF-handling workers should avoid consuming ethanol to reduce the risk of DMF-indued liver injury.
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Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Dimetilformamida , Etanol , Hígado , Animales , Dimetilformamida/toxicidad , Etanol/toxicidad , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/patología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/etiología , Enfermedad Hepática Inducida por Sustancias y Drogas/metabolismo , Ratones , Masculino , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/patología , Hígado/metabolismo , Consumo de Bebidas Alcohólicas/efectos adversos , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Alanina Transaminasa/sangre , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/sangre , Proteína con Dominio Pirina 3 de la Familia NLR/metabolismo , Hepatocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hepatocitos/patología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Inflamasomas/metabolismo , Inflamasomas/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones Endogámicos C57BLRESUMEN
Polysaccharides from natural sources can regulate the composition of intestinal flora through the "gut-liver axis" pathway, potentially ameliorating alcoholic liver injury. Aspalathus linearis, also known as rooibos, is one such natural product that has shown promise in this regard. This study looked at the structural properties of A. linearis polysaccharide (ALP) and how well it would work to treat acute alcoholic liver impairment. This study looks at the composition of monosaccharides, functional groups, and molecular weight (Mw) of a newly discovered water-soluble polysaccharide, named ALP. The polysaccharide is composed of pyranose rings, amide groups, and sulfate groups linked by ß-glycosidic linkage. It has a relative Mw of 4.30 × 103 kDa and is composed of glucose, rhamnose, and some other monosaccharides. The study found that treating mice with the model of acute alcoholic liver disease with ALP could alleviate pathological symptoms, inhibit the release of inflammatory cytokines, and suppress indicators of oxidative stress. Experiments have shown that different doses of ALP can activate the P4502E1/Keap1-Nrf2-HO-1 signaling pathway. The regulation of inflammatory factors and downstream antioxidant enzymes occurs as a result. Based on these data, it is likely that ALP protects the liver via the "gut-liver axis" pathway by reducing oxidative stress-related damage, inflammation, and alcohol-related alterations to the gut microbiome. The results indicate that ALP mitigates injury caused by oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and changes in the gut microbiota induced by alcohol through the "gut-liver axis" pathway, which provides protection to the liver. This provides preliminary evidence for the development of related drugs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Researchers extracted a polysaccharide from fresh leaves of Auricularia auricula. The polysaccharide was purified and determined to have a predominantly homogeneous molecular weight. An acute alcoholic liver damage mouse model was established, and it was concluded that the polysaccharide could ameliorate liver injury in mice through the "gut-liver axis" pathway. This novel polysaccharide can be used as an additive to develop functional foods with beneficial effects, which can positively impact the daily maintenance of consumers.
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Hepatopatías Alcohólicas , Estrés Oxidativo , Polisacáridos , Animales , Polisacáridos/farmacología , Polisacáridos/química , Ratones , Hepatopatías Alcohólicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Masculino , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Peso Molecular , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Citocinas/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismoRESUMEN
Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a common allergic disease. Cytochrome P450, family 2, subfamily e, polypeptide 1 (Cyp2e1) is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of enzymes, while its role in AR is still unveiled. In AR mice, T cell-specific overexpression of Cyp2e1 relieved the AR symptoms. Overexpressed-Cyp2e1 restrained the infiltration of eosinophils and mast cells in the nasal mucosa of mice, and the inflammatory cells in nasal lavage fluid (NALF). Cyp2e1 overexpressed mice exhibited decreased goblet cell hyperplasia and mucus secretion as well as decreased MUC5AC expression in nasal mucosa. The epithelial permeability and integrity of nasal mucosa were improved upon Cyp2e1 overexpression in AR mice, as evidenced by decreased fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 content in serum, increased expression of IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP in NALF, and increased expression of ZO-1 and occluding in nasal mucosa. Cyp2e1 inhibited Th2 immune response by decreasing the expression and secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 as well as the expression of GATA-3 in NALF or nasal mucosa. We proved that Cyp2e1 inhibited the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells toward the Th2 subtype, which was regulated by MAFB by binding to Cyp2e1 promoter to activate its transcription. Overall, these results show the potential role of Cyp2e1 in alleviating AR symptoms by restraining CD4+ T cells to Th2 cell differentiation. Our findings provide further insight into the AR mechanism.
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Diferenciación Celular , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Mucosa Nasal , Ovalbúmina , Rinitis Alérgica , Células Th2 , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Activación de Linfocitos , Ratones Endogámicos BALB C , Mucosa Nasal/inmunología , Mucosa Nasal/patología , Ovalbúmina/inmunología , Rinitis Alérgica/inmunología , Células Th2/inmunologíaRESUMEN
In this study, walnut protein was hydrolyzed, separated by ultrafiltration, purified by RP-HPLC, identified by LC-MS/MS, and screened by molecular docking to finally obtain three novel antioxidant peptides HGEPGQQQR (1189.584 Da), VAPFPEVFGK (1089.586 Da) and HNVADPQR (949.473 Da). These three peptides exhibited excellent cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) with EC50 values of 0.0120 mg mL-1, 0.0068 mg mL-1, and 0.0069 mg mL-1, respectively, which were superior to that of the positive control GSH (EC50: 0.0122 mg mL-1). In the ethanol injury model, three antioxidant peptides enhanced the survival of cells treated with ethanol from 47.36% to 62.69%, 57.06% and 71.64%, respectively. Molecular docking results showed that the three antioxidant peptides could effectively bind to Keap1, CYP2E1 and TLR4 proteins. These results suggested that walnut-derived antioxidant peptides could be potential antioxidants and hepatoprotective agents for application in functional foods.
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Antioxidantes , Juglans , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Péptidos , Hidrolisados de Proteína , Juglans/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos/química , Hidrolisados de Proteína/farmacología , Hidrolisados de Proteína/química , Humanos , Proteína 1 Asociada A ECH Tipo Kelch/metabolismo , Proteínas de Plantas/farmacología , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Etanol , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Sustancias Protectoras/farmacología , Sustancias Protectoras/química , Nueces/química , Espectrometría de Masas en TándemRESUMEN
Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (AFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipids in liver cells owing to the metabolism of ethanol. This process leads to a decrease in the NAD+/NADH ratio and the generation of reactive oxygen species. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to investigate the role of oxidative stress in AFLD. A total of 201 eligible manuscripts were included, which revealed that animals with AFLD exhibited elevated expression of CYP2E1, decreased enzymatic activity of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced levels of the transcription factor Nrf2, which plays a pivotal role in the synthesis of antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, animals with AFLD exhibited increased levels of lipid peroxidation markers and carbonylated proteins, collectively contributing to a weakened antioxidant defense and increased oxidative damage. The liver damage in AFLD was supported by significantly higher activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. Moreover, animals with AFLD had increased levels of triacylglycerol in the serum and liver, likely due to reduced fatty acid metabolism caused by decreased PPAR-α expression, which is responsible for fatty acid oxidation, and increased expression of SREBP-1c, which is involved in fatty acid synthesis. With regard to inflammation, animals with AFLD exhibited elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-a, IL-1ß, and IL-6. The heightened oxidative stress, along with inflammation, led to an upregulation of cell death markers, such as caspase-3, and an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Overall, the findings of the review and meta-analysis indicate that ethanol metabolism reduces important markers of antioxidant defense while increasing inflammatory and apoptotic markers, thereby contributing to the development of AFLD.
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Hígado Graso Alcohólico , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales , Humanos , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocinas/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hígado Graso Alcohólico/metabolismo , Peroxidación de Lípido , Hígado/metabolismo , Factor 2 Relacionado con NF-E2/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver failure, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer, which can eventually lead to death. AIM: To investigate the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and iranian propolis extract on serum levels of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 4 (TRPV4) and cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) proteins in patients with NAFLD. METHODS: Thirty-two patients with NAFLD (mean±standard deviation of age: 45.1±3.6 years; body mass index: 30.0±3.6 kg/m2) were assigned in a randomized control trial to one of the following groups: HIIT (n=8), propolis supplement (n=8), propolis + HIIT (n=8), and controls (n=8). The subjects participated in eight weeks of HIIT (one bout of 1-min intervals at 80-95% of the maximal heart-rate, interspersed by two min at 50-55% of the reserve heart-rate). The Propolis supplement was taken three times a day by the patients in the form of 50 mg tablet after the main meals. Body composition, liver injury test (eg; Alanine- and Aspartate- aminotransferase levels), liver ultrasound and serum levels of TRPV4 and CYP2E1 were measured before and after intervention. One-way analysis of variance was used to compare post-tests among the groups. RESULTS: HIIT significantly reduced serum levels of TRPV4 protein (p=0.001). The reduction in CYP2E1 was not significant in HIIT group (p=0.075). Propolis consumption had no significant effect on serum levels of CYP2E1 protein (p=0.059), and TRPV4 (p=0.072). There was a significant decrease in TRPV4 and CYP2E1 in the HIIT (p=0.001) and propolis supplement (p=0.032) groups. CONCLUSION: HIIT and propolis supplementation can be used to reduce TRPV4 and CYP2E1, which in turn reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with NAFLD.
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Entrenamiento de Intervalos de Alta Intensidad , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Própolis , Humanos , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/terapia , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/farmacología , Própolis/metabolismo , Própolis/farmacología , Irán , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/metabolismo , Canales Catiónicos TRPV/farmacología , Hígado/patología , FibrosisRESUMEN
Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) is a member of endocrine FGF family, along with FGF15/19 and FGF21. Recent reports showed that under pathological conditions, liver produces FGF23, although the role of hepatic FGF23 remains nebulous. Here, we investigated the role of hepatic FGF23 in alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and delineated the underlying molecular mechanism. FGF23 expression was compared in livers from alcoholic hepatitis patients and healthy controls. The role of FGF23 was examined in hepatocyte-specific knock-out (LKO) mice of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R), estrogen related receptor γ (ERRγ), or FGF23. Animals were fed with an alcohol-containing liquid diet alone or in combination with ERRγ inverse agonist. FGF23 is mainly expressed in hepatocytes in the human liver, and it is upregulated in ALD patients. In mice, chronic alcohol feeding leads to liver damage and induced FGF23 in liver, but not in other organs. FGF23 is transcriptionally regulated by ERRγ in response to alcohol-mediated activation of the CB1R. Alcohol induced upregulation of hepatic FGF23 and plasma FGF23 levels is lost in ERRγ-LKO mice, and an inverse agonist mediated inhibition of ERRγ transactivation significantly improved alcoholic liver damage. Moreover, hepatic CYP2E1 induction in response to alcohol is FGF23 dependent. In line, FGF23-LKO mice display decreased hepatic CYP2E1 expression and improved ALD through reduced hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. We recognized CBIR-ERRγ-FGF23 axis in facilitating ALD pathology through hepatic CYP2E1 induction. Thus, we propose FGF23 as a potential therapeutic target to treat ALD.
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Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1 , Hepatopatías Alcohólicas , Animales , Humanos , Ratones , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2E1/metabolismo , Agonismo Inverso de Drogas , Etanol/farmacología , Hepatocitos/metabolismo , Hígado/metabolismo , Hepatopatías Alcohólicas/metabolismo , Estrés OxidativoRESUMEN
Liver diseases, including NAFLD, are a growing worldwide health concern. Currently, there is a lack of suitable in vitro models that sustain basic primary human hepatocyte (PHH) morphology and functionality while supporting presentation of disease-associated phenotypic characteristics such as lipid accumulation and inflammasome activation. In TruVivo, an all-human triculture system (hTCS), basic metabolic functions were characterized in PHHs isolated from normal or diseased livers during two-weeks of culture. Decreases in albumin and urea levels and CYP3A4 activity were seen in diseased-origin PHHs compared to normal PHHs along with higher CYP2E1 expression. Positive expression of the macrophage markers CD68 and CD163 were seen in the diseased PHH preparations. Elevated levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and MCP-1 and the fibrotic markers CK-18 and TGF-ß were also measured. Gene expression of FASN, PCK1, and G6PC in the diseased PHHs was decreased compared to the normal PHHs. Further characterization revealed differences in lipogenesis and accumulation of intracellular lipids in normal and diseased PHHs when cultured with oleic acid and high glucose. TruVivo represents a promising new platform to study lipogenic mechanisms in normal and diseased populations due to the preservation of phenotypic differences over a prolonged culture period.