RESUMEN
The dynamic interplay between intramammary IgG, formation of antigen-IgG complexes and effector immune cell function is essential for immune homeostasis within the bovine mammary gland. We explore how changes in the recognition and binding of anti-LPS IgG to the glycolipid "functional" core in milk from healthy or clinically diagnosed Escherichia coli (E. coli) mastitis cows' controls endotoxin function. In colostrum, we found a varied anti-LPS IgG repertoire and novel soluble LPS/IgG complexes with direct IgG binding to the LPS glycolipid core. These soluble complexes, absent in milk from healthy lactating cows, were evident in cows diagnosed with E. coli mastitis and correlated with endotoxin-driven inflammation. E. coli mastitis milk displayed a proportional reduction in anti-LPS glycolipid core IgG compared to colostrum. Milk IgG extracts showed that only colostrum IgG attenuated LPS induced endotoxin activity. Furthermore, LPS-stimulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) in milk granulocytes was only suppressed by colostrum IgG, while IgG extracts of neither colostrum nor E. coli mastitis milk influenced N-formylmethionine-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-stimulated ROS in LPS primed granulocytes. Our findings support bovine intramammary IgG diversity in health and in response to E. coli infection generate milk anti-LPS IgG repertoires that coordinate appropriate LPS innate-adaptive immune responses essential for animal health.
Asunto(s)
Calostro , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli , Glucolípidos , Inmunoglobulina G , Lipopolisacáridos , Mastitis Bovina , Leche , Animales , Bovinos , Femenino , Calostro/inmunología , Calostro/metabolismo , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/metabolismo , Mastitis Bovina/inmunología , Mastitis Bovina/microbiología , Escherichia coli/inmunología , Lipopolisacáridos/inmunología , Leche/inmunología , Glucolípidos/metabolismo , Glucolípidos/inmunología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Endotoxinas/inmunología , Endotoxinas/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Granulocitos/inmunología , Granulocitos/metabolismo , Unión Proteica , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/inmunología , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Pigs without intestinal receptors for F4 fimbriae are congenitally resistant to F4 fimbriae-bearing enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC F4). In general, 50 % and 100 % of piglets born to resistant (RR) sows crossed with hetero- or homozygous susceptible (SR, SS) boars, respectively, are susceptible but do not receive colostral antibodies against F4 fimbriae unless the sows have been vaccinated. The question arises as to whether resistant sows produce protective amounts of F4 antifimbrial antibodies after vaccination. The serum and colostrum antibody titres of 12 resistant and 12 susceptible vaccinated gilts were compared. The effect of the receptor status of the dam and sire on the preweaning performance of 5027 piglets was evaluated using Agroscope's recordings. The sows of the experimental herd, where ETEC F4 was circulating, were vaccinated against ETEC twice during the first pregnancy and once during each following pregnancy. The log2 transformed F4 antibody titres in the serum obtained after the second vaccine injection as well as in the colostrum of the 12 resistant animals were lower than the titres of the susceptible animals (serum: F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019; colostrum: F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). The heat labile enterotoxin (LT) antibody titres after vaccination did not differ between susceptible and resistant animals (p > 0,10). Preweaning mortality in the offspring of RR sows × SS boars was slightly lower than in the offspring of SS sows × RR boars (P = 0,04), suggesting that the disease risk of susceptible piglets born to vaccinated resistant sows was not increased, even though they received colostrum with a slightly reduced content of antibody against F4 fimbriae.
INTRODUCTION: Les porcs dépourvus de récepteurs intestinaux pour les fimbriae F4 sont congénitalement résistants aux Escherichia coli entérotoxinogènes porteurs de fimbriae F4 (ETEC F4). En général, 50 % et 100 % des porcelets nés de truies résistantes (RR) croisées avec des verrats hétéro- ou homozygotes sensibles (SR, SS), respectivement, sont sensibles mais ne reçoivent pas d'anticorps colostraux contre les fimbriae F4, à moins que les truies n'aient été vaccinées. La question se pose de savoir si les truies résistantes produisent des quantités protectrices d'anticorps antifimbriae F4 après la vaccination. Les titres d'anticorps dans le sérum et le colostrum de 12 truies reproductrices vaccinées résistantes et de 12 truies reproductrices vaccinées sensibles ont été comparés et l'effet du statut récepteur de la mère et du père sur les performances avant sevrage de 5027 porcelets a été évalué. Les truies du troupeau expérimental, où circulait ETEC F4, ont été vaccinées deux fois au cours de la première gestation et une fois au cours de chaque gestation suivante contre ETEC. Les titres d'anticorps F4 transformés en log2 dans le sérum obtenu après la deuxième injection de vaccin ainsi que dans le colostrum des 12 animaux résistants étaient inférieurs aux titres des animaux sensibles (sérum : F4ab 11,19 ± 1,44 vs. 12,18 ± 1,33, P = 0,096 ; F4ac 10,03 ± 1,58 vs. 11,59 ± 1,43, P = 0,019 ; colostrum : F4ab 12,20 ± 2,41 vs. 14,02 ± 1,31, P = 0,033 ; F4ac 10,93 ± 2,46 vs. 13,03 ± 5,21, P = 0,006). Les titres d'anticorps contre l'entérotoxine thermolabile (LT) après la vaccination ne différaient pas entre les animaux sensibles et résistants (p > 0,10). La mortalité avant sevrage dans la progéniture des truies RR × verrats SS était légèrement inférieure à celle de la progéniture des truies SS × verrats RR (P = 0,04), ce qui suggère que le risque de maladie des porcelets sensibles nés de truies résistantes vaccinées n'a pas été augmenté, même s'ils ont reçu du colostrum avec une teneur légèrement réduite en anticorps contre les fimbriae F4.
Asunto(s)
Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli , Fimbrias Bacterianas , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Femenino , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli/inmunología , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli/administración & dosificación , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/inmunología , Fimbrias Bacterianas/inmunología , Fimbrias Bacterianas/genética , Embarazo , Calostro/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , DesteteRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Premature infants have higher risks of infection due to their underdeveloped immune systems and changes to the oral cavity's normal flora colonization. PURPOSE: To assess the effect of oral colostrum application on the condition of the mouth and the incidence of late-onset sepsis (LOS) among premature infants. METHODS: In this randomized controlled trial, 70 newborn premature infants were randomly allocated to colostrum or sterile water groups. The Mouth Care Assessment Tool was used to evaluate the condition of the mouth for 5 days after oral colostrum application. The incidence of LOS was measured using clinical and laboratory indicators from 72 hours after birth until discharge. RESULTS: The condition of the mouth was significantly different on days 4 and 5, demonstrating that the colostrum group had less need for oral care ( P < .001) compared to the control group. There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in clinical symptoms and laboratory values related to LOS ( P > .05). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Oral colostrum application can benefit oral mucosal health and reduce the need for oral care among premature infants. It is also safe alternative oral care for premature infants who cannot breastfeed during the first few days of life. Future research should include infants of different gestational ages and mechanically ventilated infants to assess the effect of oral colostrum application on serum immune factors.
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Calostro , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Humanos , Calostro/inmunología , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Masculino , Incidencia , Sepsis/prevención & control , Sepsis/epidemiología , Boca/microbiología , Enfermedades del Prematuro/prevención & control , Enfermedades del Prematuro/epidemiología , Sepsis Neonatal/prevención & control , Sepsis Neonatal/epidemiología , Administración OralRESUMEN
Hendra virus (HeV) is lethal to horses and a zoonotic threat to humans in Australia, causing severe neurological and/or respiratory disease with high mortality. An equine vaccine has been available since 2012. Foals acquire antibodies from their dams by ingesting colostrum after parturition, therefore it is assumed that foals of mares vaccinated against HeV will have passive HeV antibodies circulating during the first several months of life until they are actively vaccinated. However, no studies have yet examined passive or active immunity against HeV in foals. Here, we investigated anti-HeV antibody levels in vaccinated mares and their foals. Testing for HeV neutralising antibodies is cumbersome due to the requirement for Biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) containment to conduct virus neutralisation tests (VNT). For this study, a subset of samples was tested for HeV G-specific antibodies by both an authentic VNT with infectious HeV and a microsphere-based immunoassay (MIA), revealing a strong correlation. An indicative neutralising level was then applied to the results of a larger sample set tested using the MIA. Mares had high levels of HeV-specific neutralising antibodies at the time of parturition. Foals acquired high levels of maternal antibodies which then waned to below predictive protective levels in most foals by 6 months old when vaccination commenced. Foals showed a suboptimal response to vaccination, suggesting maternal antibodies may interfere with active vaccination. The correlation analysis between the authentic HeV VNT and HeV MIA will enable further high throughput serological studies to inform optimal vaccination protocols for both broodmares and foals.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , Virus Hendra , Infecciones por Henipavirus , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Vacunación , Vacunas Virales , Animales , Caballos , Virus Hendra/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Caballos/virología , Enfermedades de los Caballos/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Infecciones por Henipavirus/prevención & control , Infecciones por Henipavirus/veterinaria , Infecciones por Henipavirus/inmunología , Infecciones por Henipavirus/virología , Femenino , Vacunación/veterinaria , Vacunas Virales/inmunología , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/sangre , Inmunidad Materno-Adquirida , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Embarazo , Pruebas de Neutralización/veterinaria , Australia , Calostro/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Bovine colostrum provides newborn calves with strong passive immunity, which will further affect the immunity of their offspring. Compared with other commercial dairy products, bovine colostrum emphasizes the limit of aflatoxin M1, pathogenic bacteria, microorganisms, antibiotics, stimulants, and other items, so it is safe to use. There are many reports that the use of bovine colostrum as a breast milk fortifier for preterm infants provides necessary immune support for premature infants, but the selection of bovine colostrum products chosen must be free of Bacillus cereus because they are very dangerous for premature infants. This also emphasizes that for the bovine colostrum that is used in preterm infants, more clinical research support is needed. At the same time, it should also be emphasized that the composition of BC is different from that of human colostrum, in particular, the main protein of BC is casein, while the main protein in breast milk is whey protein, especially α-lactalbumin, which together with ovalbumin is still the reference protein with the best biological value, especially for muscles. Therefore, bovine colostrum is currently not a complete substitute for breast milk. In recent years, in addition to reports of bovine colostrum use in preterm infants, studies have also found that bovine colostrum has immunomodulatory and promoting effects in adolescents, adults, and the elderly. This suggests that bovine colostrum has the potential to provide appropriate immune support for people of all ages. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of nutritional characteristics of bovine colostrum on three dimensions. The effects of bovine colostrum on people of all ages is a narrative review of the effects of bovine colostrum on immunity in people of all ages. This review identified several classes of immunoactive substances in bovine colostrum, including immunoglobulins, cytokines, and enzymes, and compared the nutritional composition of bovine colostrum with mature milk, colostrum and mature milk in full-term breast milk, and colostrum and mature milk in preterm breast milk, to demonstrate that bovine colostrum provides a rich range of immunoactive components. In addition, the influencing factors affecting the quality of bovine colostrum (immunoglobulin) were reviewed, and it was found that individual differences, environmental factors, and processing methods had a great impact on the quality of BC. More importantly, the immunomodulatory effects of bovine colostrum in people of all ages were reviewed in detail (with an emphasis on preterm infants and immunocompromised children in neonates) as evidence to support the immunity effects of colostrum in people of all ages. This review hopes to use the above evidence to make people understand the health role of bovine colostrum as having a human immunomodulatory effect, and at the same time, when seeing the potential value of bovine colostrum in the future, the limitations of its application should also be deeply re-explored, such as lactose intolerance, allergies, etc., to provide effective solutions for the wide application of bovine colostrum.
Asunto(s)
Calostro , Calostro/inmunología , Animales , Bovinos , Humanos , Femenino , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Recien Nacido Prematuro/inmunología , Leche Humana/inmunología , Leche Humana/química , Adolescente , Embarazo , Niño , AncianoRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the role of breastfeeding in providing passive immunity to infants via specific anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in breast milk. We aimed to quantify these antibodies across different lactation stages and identify influencing factors. This prospective study involved mother-child dyads from Innsbruck University Hospital, Austria, with a positive maternal SARS-CoV-2 test during pregnancy or peripartum between 2020 and 2023. We collected breast milk samples at various lactation stages and analyzed anti-Spike S1 receptor-binding domain (S1RBD) immunoglobulins (Ig). Maternal and neonatal data were obtained from interviews and medical records. This study included 140 mothers and 144 neonates. Anti-S1RBD-IgA (72.0%), -IgG (86.0%), and -IgM (41.7%) were highly present in colostrum and decreased as milk matured. Mothers with natural infection and vaccination exhibited higher anti-S1RBD-IgA and -IgG titers in all milk stages. Mothers with moderate to severe infections had higher concentrations of anti-S1RBD-IgA and -IgG in transitional milk and higher anti-S1RBD-IgA and -IgM in mature milk compared to those with mild or asymptomatic infections. Variations in antibody responses were also observed with preterm birth and across different virus waves. This study demonstrates the dynamic nature of breast milk Ig and underscores the importance of breastfeeding during a pandemic.
Asunto(s)
Anticuerpos Antivirales , Lactancia Materna , COVID-19 , Leche Humana , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Leche Humana/inmunología , Femenino , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Adulto , Estudios Prospectivos , Recién Nacido , Embarazo , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Lactancia/inmunología , Austria/epidemiología , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Glicoproteína de la Espiga del Coronavirus/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Calostro/inmunología , Inmunidad Materno-AdquiridaRESUMEN
Giardiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Giardia lamblia (G. lamblia) that affects people worldwide. Still, few studies report on the immunoregulatory effects of the biomolecules of colostrum during interactions with G. lamblia. This study aimed to assess the concentrations of melatonin and cortisol hormones, the percentage of Treg cells, and the levels of cytokines IL-10 and TGF-ß in colostrum from mothers who tested positive for the parasite. This cross-sectional study analyzed colostrum samples from 25 puerperal. The samples were tested using an ELISA to determine if they were seropositive for G. lamblia and the type of antibody present (IgM and IgG). Based on the results, the samples were divided into three groups: a control group (N = 10) with no reaction to either IgM or IgG, a group seropositive for IgG (IgG+/IgM-; N = 8), and a group seropositive for IgM (IgM+/IgG-; N = 7). The concentrations of melatonin and cortisol were measured using the ELISA method. Additionally, cytokines IL-10 and TGF-ß and immunophenotyping were analyzed using flow cytometry. In the group that tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia, the concentration of melatonin was lower. However, in the colostrum from mothers who tested positive for IgG anti-G. lamblia, the level of this hormone had increased. The cortisol levels were similar between the groups, regardless of seropositivity. There was a higher percentage of Treg cells in the colostrum from mothers who tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia. TGF-ß levels also increased in the colostrum of mothers who tested positive for IgM anti-G. lamblia. In the seronegative group for G. lamblia, there was a positive correlation between melatonin concentration and the percentage of Treg cells. These data suggest that the increase in regulatory cells and cytokines and the reduction in melatonin in colostrum from mothers with recent giardia infection may contribute to the evolution and manifestation of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Calostro , Giardia lamblia , Giardiasis , Melatonina , Linfocitos T Reguladores , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta , Melatonina/metabolismo , Melatonina/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/inmunología , Linfocitos T Reguladores/metabolismo , Humanos , Femenino , Giardiasis/inmunología , Giardiasis/parasitología , Giardia lamblia/inmunología , Adulto , Calostro/inmunología , Calostro/química , Estudios Transversales , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/metabolismo , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta/inmunología , Interleucina-10/metabolismo , Interleucina-10/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina M/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Hidrocortisona , Embarazo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
This experiment was motivated by the need to understand the impacts of delaying the first colostrum feeding on the prevalence of failed transfer of passive immunity (FTPI). A cohort of 216 kids was stratified into groups based on the colostrum feeding delay postbirth: 0-4 h, 4-8 h, 8-12 h, and 12-16 h. All kids received a single colostrum meal of 300 mL, and blood samples were collected approximately 36 h after feeding. Serum immunoglobulin G (SIgG) was measured using ELISA, and serum total protein (STP) was assessed using the Bradford method and refractometry (STPb and STPr). Statistical methods like Pearson correlations, Bland-Altman plots, and Lin's concordance coefficient were employed to assess associations and agreements between SIgG, STPb and STPr. Receiver operator characteristic analysis was employed to determine optimal STPb and STPr thresholds for predicting FTPI (SIgG < 12 g/L). Subsequently, areas under the curve, sensitivity, and specificity were examined to assess the accuracy of these thresholds. Our results showed that for each hour's delay from birth to colostrum intake (up to 16 h), IgG apparent efficiency of absorption (AEA) decreases at an approximate rate of 2.0% per hour, and SIgG decreases at an approximate rate of 1.0 g/L per hour. However, this decline is not constant over time but intensifies progressively with increased feeding delay. Specifically, reductions in IgG AEA were 1.3, 2.9, and 5.9% per hour, and decreases in SIgG were 0.2, 0.3, and 0.7 g per hour for SIgG across the time intervals of 0-4 to 4-8 h, 4-8 to 8-12 h, and 8-12 to 12-16 h, respectively. Additionally, there was an increase in SIgG of 1.2 g/dL but a decrease in IgG AEA of 1.9% for each gram per kg of BW increase in IgG intake. The correlations between SIgG and STPr and STPb were 0.62, and 0.36, respectively. Optimal STPr and STPb thresholds predicting FTPI were determined to be 4.6 and 6.2 g/dL. The prevalence of FTPI, according to SIgG, STPr, and STPb thresholds were 63, 62, and 45%. Overall, STPr showed higher values for key performance metrics (i.e., sensitivity, likelihood ratio of positive tests, overall accuracy, and Youden's index), indicating better prediction ability than STPb. Our findings corroborate the critical importance of swift colostrum administration, ideally occurring no later than 12 h postbirth. Moreover, our research validates the effectiveness of Brix refractometry as a practical, on-farm method for assessing FTPI in goat kids.
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Proteínas Sanguíneas , Calostro , Cabras , Inmunidad Materno-Adquirida , Inmunoglobulina G , Animales , Calostro/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Femenino , Cabras/sangre , Cabras/inmunología , Proteínas Sanguíneas/análisis , Embarazo , Factores de Tiempo , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Alloimmune disorders occur in foals when pregnant mares produce antibodies against antigens on the foal's cells or tissues, and concentrate them within colostrum. Once foals nurse and absorb colostral antibodies, they can develop hematologic or cutaneous manifestations that can occur individually or in combination. These include neonatal isoerythrolysis, a hemolytic anemia directed against factors on the foal's erythrocytes, alloimmune thrombocytopenia when the antibodies are directed against platelet antigens, alloimmune neutropenia when they are directed against neutrophil antigens, and a combination of suspected alloimmune ulcerative dermatitis, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia. Foals can also develop neutrophilic dermatitis which is suspected to be alloimmune.
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Animales Recién Nacidos , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Animales , Caballos , Enfermedades de los Caballos/inmunología , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Femenino , Embarazo , Calostro/inmunologíaRESUMEN
Nutraceutical immune support offers potential for designing blends with complementary mechanisms of action for robust support of innate immune alertness. We documented enhanced immune activation when bovine colostrum peptides (BC-Pep) were added to an immune blend (IB) containing ß-glucans from yeast, shiitake, maitake, and botanical non-ß-glucan polysaccharides. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured with IB, BC-Pep, and IB + BC-Pep for 20 h, whereafter expression of the activation marker CD69 was evaluated on NK cells, NKT cells, and T cells. Cytokine levels were tested in culture supernatants. PBMCs were co-cultured with K562 target cells to evaluate T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. IB + BC-Pep triggered highly significant increases in IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α, above that of cultures treated with matching doses of either IB or BC-Pep. NK cell and T cell activation was increased by IB + BC-Pep, reaching levels of CD69 expression several fold higher than either BC-Pep or IB alone. IB + BC-Pep significantly increased T cell-mediated cytotoxic killing of K562 target cells. This synergistic effect suggests unique amplification of signal transduction of NK cells and T cells due to modulation of IB-induced signaling pathways by BC-Pep and is of interest for further pre-clinical and clinical testing of immune defense activity against virally infected and transformed cells.
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Calostro , Inmunidad Innata , Péptidos , beta-Glucanos , Animales , Bovinos , Humanos , Calostro/química , Calostro/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , beta-Glucanos/farmacología , beta-Glucanos/química , Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos/química , Células Asesinas Naturales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Asesinas Naturales/inmunología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Activación de Linfocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/efectos de los fármacos , Leucocitos Mononucleares/inmunología , Leucocitos Mononucleares/metabolismo , Agaricales/química , Antígenos de Diferenciación de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Linfocitos T/efectos de los fármacos , Linfocitos T/inmunología , Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Células K562 , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo CRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The administration of colostrum through its absorption at the oropharyngeal level stimulates the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, providing a local immunological protection barrier. The study aimed to investigate the association of oropharyngeal colostrum administration with the reduction of inflammatory indices. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational, ambispective, analytical study of newborns < 32 weeks of gestation at risk of sepsis. Oropharyngeal colostrum was administered at 0.2 mL every 4 h for 5 days. Inflammatory indices were analyzed. Statistical analysis included frequencies, percentages, mean and Standard deviation, contingency coefficient, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test for the distribution curve of the numerical data. RESULTS: There were 50 patients, 33 (66%) female and 17 (34%) male, with a median gestational age of 30-31 weeks (95% confidence interval [CI]). Nineteen patients had sepsis. A lower positivity rate in C-reactive protein was found, with a median of 0.5-0.6 (95% CI) at 5 days of colostrum administration versus 0.5-1.1 (95% CI) as the initial C-reactive protein. Analysis with χ2 yielded a p = 0.13, and the contingency coefficient showed a p = 0.196, indicating an association. CONCLUSION: Oropharyngeal colostrum administration was associated with a lower C-reactive protein positivity rate and clinical improvement in premature newborns at risk of sepsis.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La administración del calostro a través de su absorción a nivel orofaríngeo estimula el tejido linfoide asociado a mucosas, proporcionando una barrera de protección local e inmunológica. Conocer la asociación de la administración de calostro orofaríngeo con la disminución de los índices inflamatorios. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Observacional, ambispectivo, analítico, recién nacidos < 32 semanas de gestación con riesgo de sepsis, se administró calostro orofaríngeo 0.2 ml cada 4 horas durante 5 días. se analizó índices inflamatorios, evolución clínica. Análisis estadístico: frecuencias, porcentajes, media y DS, coeficiente de contingencia y prueba de Kolmogorov Smirnov para la curva de distribución de los datos numéricos. RESULTADOS: Fueron 50 pacientes, 33 (66%) femenino, 17 (34%) masculino, edad gestacional mediana 30-31 semanas (IC 95%), 19 pacientes cursaron con sepsis encontrando menor índice de positividad en la PCR, mediana de 0.5-0.6 (IC 95%) a los 5 días de administración de calostro vs 0.5-1.1 (IC 95%) como PCR inicial, analizando con Chi cuadrada con valor p = 0.13, mediante coeficiente de contingencia con p = 0.196, traduciendo asociación. CONCLUSIÓN: La calostroterapia se asoció con menor índice de positividad en la PCR; clínicamente hacia la mejoría, en recién nacidos prematuros con riesgo de sepsis.
Asunto(s)
Proteína C-Reactiva , Calostro , Edad Gestacional , Recien Nacido Prematuro , Inflamación , Orofaringe , Humanos , Calostro/inmunología , Recién Nacido , Femenino , Masculino , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Proteína C-Reactiva/metabolismo , Sepsis , Recién Nacido de muy Bajo PesoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Blood sampling from neonatal piglets is related to multiple disadvantages. Therefore, a new, alternative matrix is required to assess piglets' early immune status efficiently. The present study aimed to assess the usefulness of processing fluid for determining selected piglets' immune parameters. 264 pigs - 31 sows, 146 male piglets, and 87 female piglets from commercial indoor farrow-to-finish pig herd were included in this study. 264 serum, 31 colostrum, and 146 processing fluid samples were collected. Serum was collected from all animals, colostrum was collected from sows, and processing fluid was collected from male piglets only. Using commercial ELISA tests, the concentration of various immunoglobulins, cytokines, and acute phase proteins was assessed in each matrix. Statistical analyses were employed to determine differences in the concentration of measured indices between piglets' serum and processing fluid and correlations in the concentration of tested indices between particular sets of matrices. RESULTS: Statistical analyses did not reveal significant differences in the IgG, IgA, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ concentration between piglets' serum and processing fluid (p > 0.05). A positive correlation (p < 0.05) regarding the concentration of some indices between processing fluid and samples collected from sows was also observed. CONCLUSIONS: Processing fluid can be considered a promising alternative to blood for assessing some immunological indices in piglets, such as IgG, IgA, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, and IFN-γ, and, possibly, in the indirect assessment of some indices in lactating sows, including IgA, IL-1ß, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IFN-γ, or Pig-MAP.
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Calostro , Citocinas , Inmunoglobulinas , Animales , Calostro/química , Calostro/inmunología , Femenino , Masculino , Porcinos/sangre , Citocinas/sangre , Citocinas/análisis , Inmunoglobulinas/sangre , Inmunoglobulinas/análisis , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Animales Recién Nacidos/sangre , Animales Lactantes/inmunología , Animales Lactantes/sangre , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/análisis , Proteínas de Fase Aguda/metabolismoRESUMEN
Colostrum, an invaluable food produced by mammals during the postnatal period, contains important bioactive components. It is a valuable therapeutic substance that can be used to treat a variety of disorders, in addition to its primary function of providing passive immunity to newborns. Undoubtedly, a strong dedication to intense effort and demanding training schedules is necessary to succeed in today's sports environment. Peak physical fitness, strategic skill development, and mental toughness are highly valued in the environments in which athletes compete. However, the inherent difficulties brought about by athletes' intense schedules are matched with the demanding character of modern sports. The intensity of athletic activity frequently provides little time for sufficient relaxation, nutritional preparation, and overall recovery, which can contribute to mental and physical tiredness. Athletes need to develop all-encompassing strategies to overcome these obstacles. These strategies should prioritize self-care and recovery in addition to maximizing training efficiency. The bioactive components of colostrum bring forth various therapeutic effects against the challenges experienced by athletes; including diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, muscle injuries, intestinal disorders, etc. This review examined the different therapeutic effects of the bioactive components of colostrum on athletes, the effect of the use of colostrum as a whole on the performance of athletes, and the clinical research conducted in this field. While the majority of studies report positive effects of colostrum, further research is needed.
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Atletas , Calostro , Suplementos Dietéticos , Calostro/inmunología , Humanos , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Femenino , Rendimiento Atlético , AnimalesRESUMEN
Introduction: The end of gestation, ensuing parturition, and the neonatal period represent highly dynamic phases for immunological changes in both mother and offspring. The regulation of innate immune cells at the maternal-fetal interface during late term pregnancy, after birth, and during microbial colonization of the neonatal gut and other mucosal surfaces, is crucial for controlling inflammation and maintaining homeostasis. Innate immune cells and mucosal epithelial cells express antileukoproteinase (SLPI), which has anti-inflammatory and anti-protease activity that can regulate cellular activation. Methods: Here, we developed and validated new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to characterize SLPI for the first time in horses. Peripheral blood and mucosal samples were collected from healthy adults horses and a cohort of mares and their foals directly following parturition to assess this crucial stage. Results: First, we defined the cell types producing SLPI in peripheral blood by flow cytometry, highlighting the neutrophils and a subset of the CD14+ monocytes as SLPI secreting immune cells. A fluorescent bead-based assay was developed with the new SLPI mAbs and used to establish baseline concentrations for secreted SLPI in serum and secretion samples from mucosal surfaces, including saliva, nasal secretion, colostrum, and milk. This demonstrated constitutive secretion of SLPI in a variety of equine tissues, including high colostrum concentrations. Using immunofluorescence, we identified production of SLPI in mucosal tissue. Finally, longitudinal sampling of clinically healthy mares and foals allowed monitoring of serum SLPI concentrations. In neonates and postpartum mares, SLPI peaked on the day of parturition, with mares returning to the adult normal within a week and foals maintaining significantly higher SLPI secretion until three months of age. Conclusion: This demonstrated a physiological systemic change in SLPI in both mares and their foals, particularly at the time around birth, likely contributing to the regulation of innate immune responses during this critical period.
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Animales Recién Nacidos , Caballos , Inhibidor Secretorio de Peptidasas Leucocitarias , Regulación hacia Arriba , Animales , Femenino , Embarazo , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Calostro/inmunología , Caballos/inmunología , Inmunidad Innata , Inhibidor Secretorio de Peptidasas Leucocitarias/metabolismoRESUMEN
Colostrum and milk offer a complete diet and vital immune protection for newborn mammals with developing immune systems. High immunoglobulin levels in colostrum serve as the primary antibody source for newborn piglets and calves. Subsequent milk feeding support continued local antibody protection against enteric pathogens, as well as maturation of the developing immune system and provide nutrients for newborn growth. Mammals have evolved hormonal strategies that modulate the levels of immunoglobulins in colostrum and milk to facilitate effective lactational immunity. In addition, hormones regulate the gut-mammary gland-secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) axis in pregnant mammals, controlling the levels of sIgA in milk, which serves as the primary source of IgA for piglets and helps them resist pathogens such as PEDV and TGEV. In the present study, we review the existing studies on the interactions between hormones and the gut-mammary-sIgA axis/lactogenic immunity in mammals and explore the potential mechanisms of hormonal regulation that have not been studied in detail, to draw attention to the role of hormones in influencing the immune response of pregnant and lactating mammals and their offspring, and highlight the effect of hormones in regulating sIgA-mediated anti-infection processes in colostrum and milk. Discussion of the relationship between hormones and lactogenic immunity may lead to a better way of improving lactogenic immunity by determining a better injection time and developing new vaccines.
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Calostro , Hormonas , Lactancia , Animales , Porcinos/inmunología , Bovinos/inmunología , Bovinos/fisiología , Femenino , Lactancia/fisiología , Calostro/inmunología , Calostro/química , Hormonas/fisiología , Embarazo , Leche/química , Inmunoglobulina A SecretoraRESUMEN
Recent advances have significantly enhanced the use of smartphone devices for medical diagnostics. This study uses high-resolution cameras in mobile devices to capture and process bioassay images, enabling the quantification of diverse biomarkers across a range of diagnostic tests conducted on 96-well microplates. The study evaluates the effectiveness of this technology through protein quantification techniques and immunoassays that generate colorimetric responses at specific wavelengths. It includes the assessment of bicinchoninic acid and Bradford protein quantification methods, alongside a conventional immunoassay for detecting mare antibodies in colostrum to monitor foal immunodeficiencies. Further application involves the readout of magneto-actuated immunoassays aimed at quantifying bacteria. The results obtained from benchtop spectrophotometry at 595, 562, and 450 nm are compared with those acquired using a smartphone, which identified color intensities in shades of blue, purple, and yellow. This comparison yields promising correlations for the samples tested, suggesting a high degree of accuracy in the smartphone capability to analyze bioassay outcomes. The analysis via smartphone is facilitated by a specific app, which processes the images captured by the phone camera to quantify color intensities corresponding to different biomarker concentrations. Detection limits of 12.3 and 22.8 µg mL-1 for the bicinchoninic acid assay and 36.7 and 45.4 µg mL-1 for the Bradford are obtained for protein quantification using the spectrophotometer and the smartphone app, respectively. For mare's antibodies in colostrum, the values are 1.14 and 1.72 ng mL-1, while the detection of E. coli is performed at 2.0 x 104 and 2.9 × 104 CFU mL-1, respectively. This approach offers further advantages, including wide availability, cost-effectiveness, portability, compared to traditional and expensive benchtop instruments.
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Teléfono Inteligente , Inmunoensayo/métodos , Humanos , Animales , Caballos , Colorimetría/métodos , Colorimetría/instrumentación , Calostro/química , Calostro/inmunologíaRESUMEN
The neonatal period for dairy calves is crucial for immune, metabolic, and physical development, which opens a window of disease susceptibility. Although the industry has relied on tools such as colostrum and vaccination to support early life immunity, there are several challenges when vaccinating neonatal calves: (1) the inability to mount an effective immune response, (2) interference with maternal antibodies, and (3) oxidative stress (OS). Oxidative stress is characterized as the imbalance of pro-oxidants to antioxidants that results in cellular oxidative damage or dysfunction. Oxidative stress has become a topic of interest in the neonatal period because it negatively affects lymphocyte function, which might affect vaccine response. Widely studied in mature cattle, antioxidant supplementation has the potential to improve reduction-oxidation balance and immune response. Evidence supporting the use of antioxidants such as vitamins and minerals in neonatal calves is far scarcer but necessary to optimize immunity and disease resistance. This review summarizes research on the effect of antioxidant supplementation on calf immunity, health, and productivity and highlights remaining gaps in knowledge. Overall, micronutrient supplementation, including vitamins and minerals, in preweaning and postweaning calves improved immune responses but there is conflicting evidence supporting the subsequent positive effect on calf health and growth performance.
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Antioxidantes , Animales , Bovinos , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Suplementos Dietéticos , Estrés Oxidativo , Animales Recién Nacidos , Calostro/inmunologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Neonatal and post-weaning diarrhea is a concern disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli fimbriae F4 (F4+ETEC) in pig farms. Diarrhea outbreaks are often severe and costly due to the high prevalence and spread of the disease within the same herd. Vaccine is one of strategic solution in protecting pig against F4+ETEC infection in particular pig farm. In present study, we conducted two trials of vaccination with crude F4 fimbriae extract vaccine in pregnant sow and nursery pigs. METHODS: In experiment 1 (20 sows; non-vaccinated control, n=10), we vaccinated pregnant sows (n=10) twice at 4 wk and 2 wk before farrowing and evaluated impact of vaccination on maternal immunity. The sow serum and colostrum were collected before vaccination, 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination, 6 hours after farrowing, respectively, and the piglet's serum from both groups (2 piglet/sow, 10 piglets from each group) were also collected on 3 days old to measure F4 specific IgG, F4 specific IgA using in house ELISA kit. In experiment 2, to optimize doses and dosage of candidate vaccine in piglets, 18 piglets (3 piglets/group) were allocated into five immunized groups and one control group (unimmunized group), we immunized piglets twice at 4 and 6 weeks old with difference doses (i.e., 0, 50, 100, 150, 200 µg), and for a dose 150 µg, we immunized with two dosages at 1 ml and 2 ml. Piglets were challenged with a 3 ml dose of 3 × 109 CFU/ml bacterial culture of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) in order to evaluate the efficacy of vaccine. After challenging, the clinical sign of the piglets was daily observed and the rectal swab was performed every day for investigation of the fecal shedding of Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) by using PCR technique. Serum were collected before, 2 and 4 weeks after vaccination and 1 week after challenge to measure F4 specific IgG, F4 specific IgA using in house ELISA kit and cytokines levels (i.e., IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF alpha) before and 1 week after challenge using commercial ELISA kit. RESULTS: The levels of antibody results showed that in experiment 1, the anti-F4 antibody levels both F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA in serum and colostrum of vaccinated sow increased significantly after vaccination. The piglets of immunized sows have antibody level both F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA in their serum higher than those piglets of unimmunized sows significantly (p < 0.01). In experiment 2, irrespective of different doses and dosage, there is no difference in term of F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA levels among immunized groups. However, all of vaccinated piglets showed F4 specific IgG and F4 specific IgA levels higher and the elimination of Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) in feces post challenge faster (< 3 days) than unvaccinated group (> 5 days). For cytokines levels, a higher level of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8 and TNF alpha at 1 week after challenge in vaccinated groups was found when compared with the levels in non-vaccinated group. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that crude F4 fimbriae extract autogenous vaccine is a candidate vaccine for protecting piglets against diarrhea disease caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) and vaccination the pregnant sow twice before farrowing is one of strategies to provide maternal derived antibody to the newborn piglets for against enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (F4+ETEC) during early life.
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Anticuerpos Antibacterianos , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli , Enfermedades de los Porcinos , Animales , Porcinos , Femenino , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/prevención & control , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/veterinaria , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/prevención & control , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/inmunología , Enfermedades de los Porcinos/microbiología , Escherichia coli Enterotoxigénica/inmunología , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli/inmunología , Vacunas contra Escherichia coli/administración & dosificación , Embarazo , Anticuerpos Antibacterianos/sangre , Calostro/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Vacunación/veterinaria , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Fimbrias Bacterianas/inmunología , Diarrea/prevención & control , Diarrea/veterinaria , Diarrea/microbiología , Diarrea/inmunología , Animales Recién Nacidos/inmunología , Inmunidad Materno-AdquiridaRESUMEN
This study highlights the importance of human milk in providing anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 immunity to newborns. The highest protective activity of human milk against COVID-19 was found in colostrum from infected mothers. Neutralizing activity was associated with high levels of specific IgA. Depletion of IgA, but not IgG, from milk samples completely abolished the ability of human milk to neutralize severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Anticuerpos Neutralizantes , Anticuerpos Antivirales , COVID-19 , Calostro , Inmunoglobulina A , Inmunoglobulina G , Leche Humana , SARS-CoV-2 , Humanos , Leche Humana/inmunología , Leche Humana/virología , COVID-19/inmunología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Femenino , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , SARS-CoV-2/inmunología , Inmunoglobulina A/análisis , Anticuerpos Antivirales/sangre , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Calostro/inmunología , Recién Nacido , Adulto , Embarazo , MadresRESUMEN
The adequate transfer of passive immunity is a critical factor in neonatal development and survivability. Although well documented in the dairy and equine industries, the recognition of inadequate immunoglobulin transfer on-farm and its impact on the ability of alpaca cria to thrive is largely unknown. Colostrum samples were collected from female alpaca within 24 h of parturition by the owners and whole blood collected from cria by the investigators between 1 and 7 days of age. Direct IgG concentration of milk and serum was determined using radial immunodiffusion assay (RID) and was indirectly estimated using optical and digital Brix refractometry for total solids and clinical refractometry for total serum protein. There was a strong correlation between optical and digital Brix refractometry, and colostral IgG concentration determined by RID. There was a moderate correlation between serum IgG concentration determined by RID and total serum protein in crias. Optical and digital Brix refractometry for colostral IgG estimation and total serum protein for serum IgG estimation are reliable, accurate and easy-to-use tools that can be used on-farm by trained, competent technicians to assess a failure of passive transfer in alpacas. A pilot study at one property only was performed, due to COVID-19 travel restriction interference. Further research is required to determine the reference intervals for these tools to be practical.