RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Along bacteria, yeasts are common in forages and forage fermentations as spoilage microbes or as additives, yet few studies exist with species-level data on these fungi's occurrence in feedstuff. Active dry yeast and other yeast-based products are also common feed additives in animal husbandry. Here, we aimed to characterize both fermented and non-fermented milking cow feedstuff samples from Hungary to assess their microbial diversity in the first such study from Central Europe. RESULTS: We applied long-read bacterial metabarcoding to 10 fermented and 25 non-fermented types of samples to assess bacterial communities and their characteristics, surveyed culturable mold and yeast abundance, and identified culturable yeast species. Fermented forages showed the abundance of Aerococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Brucellaceae, Lactobacillaceae, Staphylococcaceae, and Thermoactinomycetaceae, non-fermented ones had Cyanothecaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae, Gomontiellaceae, Oxalobacteraceae, Rhodobiaceae, Rickettsiaceae, and Staphylococcaceae. Abundances of bacterial families showed mostly weak correlation with yeast CFU numbers, only Microcoleaceae (positive) and Enterococcaceae and Alcaligenaceae (negative correlation) showed moderate correlation. We identified 14 yeast species, most commonly Diutina rugosa, Pichia fermentans, P. kudriavzevii, and Wickerhahomyces anomalus. We recorded S. cerevisiae isolates only from animal feed mixes with added active dry yeast, while the species was completely absent from fermented forages. The S. cerevisiae isolates showed high genetic uniformity. CONCLUSION: Our results show that both fermented and non-fermented forages harbor diverse bacterial microbiota, with higher alpha diversity in the latter. The bacterial microbiome had an overall weak correlation with yeast abundance, but yeasts were present in the majority of the samples, including four new records for forages as a habitat for yeasts. Yeasts in forages mostly represented common species including opportunistic pathogens, along with a single strain of Saccharomyces used as a feed mix additive.
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Alimentación Animal , Bacterias , Fermentación , Ganado , Levaduras , Animales , Hungría , Levaduras/clasificación , Levaduras/aislamiento & purificación , Levaduras/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Ganado/microbiología , Bovinos/microbiología , Microbiota/genética , BiodiversidadRESUMEN
Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate quantities, provide health benefits to the host. In this study, phenotypic and genotypic methods were used to evaluate the probiotic properties of Bacillus altitudinis 1.4. The isolate was sensitive to all antimicrobials tested and presented a positive result in the hemolysis test. B. altitudinis 1.4 spores were more resistant than vegetative cells, when evaluated in simulation of cell viability in the gastrointestinal tract, as well as adhesion to the intestinal mucosa. The isolate was capable of self-aggregation and coaggregation with pathogens such as Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Salmonella Enteritidis ATCC 13076. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of genes with probiotic characteristics. From this study it was possible to evaluate the gene expression of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines for different treatments. Viable vegetative cells of B. altitudinis 1.4 increased the transcription of pro-inflammatory factors, in addition to also increasing the transcription of IL-10, indicating a tendency to stimulate a pro-inflammatory profile. Given the results presented, B. altitudinis 1.4 showed potential to be applied in the incorporation of this microorganism into animal feed, since the spores could tolerate the feed handling and pelletization processes.
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Bacillus , Genoma Bacteriano , Probióticos , Probióticos/farmacología , Bacillus/genética , Factores Inmunológicos/farmacología , Citocinas/metabolismo , Citocinas/genética , Escherichia coli/genética , Esporas Bacterianas/genética , Adhesión Bacteriana , Salmonella enteritidis/genética , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Antibacterianos/farmacología , AnimalesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is commonly found in cereals and grains worldwide. The presence of this fungal secondary-metabolite raises public-health concerns at both the agriculture and food industry level. Recently, we have shown that DON has a negative impact on gut integrity, a feature also noticed for Campylobacter (C.) jejuni. We further demonstrated that DON increased the load of C. jejuni in the gut and inner organs. In contrast, feeding the less toxic DON metabolite deepoxy-deoxynivalenol (DOM-1) to broilers reduced the Campylobacter load in vivo. Consequently, it can be hypothesized that DON and DOM-1 have a direct effect on the growth profile of C. jejuni. The aim of the present study was to further resolve the nature of this interaction in vitro by co-incubation and RNA-sequencing. RESULTS: The co-incubation of C. jejuni with DON resulted in significantly higher bacterial growth rates from 30 h of incubation onwards. On the contrary, the co-incubation of C. jejuni with DOM-1 reduced the CFU counts, indicating that this DON metabolite might contribute to reduce the burden of C. jejuni in birds, altogether confirming in vivo data. Furthermore, the transcriptomic profile of C. jejuni following incubation with either DON or DOM-1 differed. Co-incubation of C. jejuni with DON significantly increased the expression of multiple genes which are critical for Campylobacter growth, particularly members of the Flagella gene family, frr (ribosome-recycling factor), PBP2 futA-like (Fe3+ periplasmic binding family) and PotA (ATP-binding subunit). Flagella are responsible for motility, biofilm formation and host colonization, which may explain the high Campylobacter load in the gut of DON-fed broiler chickens. On the contrary, DOM-1 downregulated the Flagella gene family and upregulated ribosomal proteins. CONCLUSION: The results highlight the adaptive mechanisms involved in the transcriptional response of C. jejuni to DON and its metabolite DOM-1, based on the following effects: (a) ribosomal proteins; (b) flagellar proteins; (c) engagement of different metabolic pathways. The results provide insight into the response of an important intestinal microbial pathogen against DON and lead to a better understanding of the luminal or environmental acclimation mechanisms in chickens.
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Campylobacter jejuni , Pollos , Transcriptoma , Tricotecenos , Tricotecenos/metabolismo , Campylobacter jejuni/efectos de los fármacos , Campylobacter jejuni/genética , Campylobacter jejuni/crecimiento & desarrollo , Campylobacter jejuni/metabolismo , Animales , Transcriptoma/efectos de los fármacos , Pollos/microbiología , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Infecciones por Campylobacter/microbiología , Infecciones por Campylobacter/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Fungal and mycotoxin control at a primary stage in the food chain is crucial to maintaining the nutritional quality of animal feed. The control of fungal and mycotoxins is one of the essential points that a good biosecurity program must establish to ensure the safe feeding and protection of animal and human health. Acquiring a comprehensive understanding of the role of mycotoxins is vital to identifying breaches of this control and enabling the performance of proper risk assessments and accurate risk management strategies. This study focused on the identification of regulated and emerging mycotoxins in agricultural fields and dairy farms through an analytical methodology by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTrap-MS/MS). This allowed us to identify a Portuguese mycotoxin profile in the maize value chain for the first time. Regarding our occurrence data, mycotoxins were identified in all samples, namely seeds, flowering plants, grain and forage at harvest, maize silage, and animal feed. FBs and ENNB were highly present in all stages of the production cycle. This work offers an initial insight into a full screening of regulated and emerging mycotoxins within an important agricultural commodity. The high occurrence of these compounds points to the need to perform occurrence surveys from an integrative perspective to protect consumers' health, especially within food chains that provide various important staple foods worldwide.
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Alimentación Animal , Industria Lechera , Contaminación de Alimentos , Micotoxinas , Zea mays , Zea mays/microbiología , Zea mays/química , Micotoxinas/análisis , Portugal , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , AgriculturaRESUMEN
Microbial communities associated with dairy farm operations have a significant influence on food safety, dairy product quality, and animal health. This study aimed to create a microbial mapping at a dairy farm to learn about their bacterial diversity, distribution, and potential dissemination pathways. The investigation included the detection of key zoonotic pathogens, enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as indicators of typical bacterial loads in a dairy production environment, and a microbiome analysis using metagenomics. A total of 160 samples (environmental, udder swabs, feed, feces, raw milk, and water) were collected during winter (N = 80) and spring (N = 80). In winter, Cronobacter spp. were detected in four feed and two water samples; L. monocytogenes was identified in two samples, one from feces and one from a cattle mat; E. coli O157:H7 was found in two feed samples. On the other hand, during spring, Cronobacter spp. were present in four feed samples and one hallway drain, with only one feed sample testing positive for E. coli O157:H7, while L. monocytogenes was absent during the spring season. Regarding microbial counts, there was no significant difference between the two seasons (p = 0.068) for S. aureus; however, a significant difference (p = 0.025) was observed for E. coli. Environmental microbiome analysis showed the presence of Proteobacteria (46.0 %) and Firmicutes (27.2 %) as the dominant phyla during both seasons. Moraxellaceae (11.8 %) and Pseudomonadaceae (10.62 %) were notable during winter, while Lactobacillaceae (13.0 %) and Enterobacteriaceae (12.6 %) were prominent during spring. These findings offer valuable insights into microbial distribution within a dairy farm and potential risks to animal and human health through environmental cross-contamination.
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Industria Lechera , Granjas , Inocuidad de los Alimentos , Leche , Animales , Bovinos , Leche/microbiología , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Microbiota , Microbiología de Alimentos , Heces/microbiología , Estaciones del Año , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Staphylococcus aureus/aislamiento & purificación , Staphylococcus aureus/genéticaRESUMEN
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB), particularly Lactobacilli strains, represent a widely studied and promising group of probiotics with numerous potential health benefits. In this study, we isolated LAB strains from fecal samples of healthy broiler chickens and characterized their probiotic properties. Out of 62 initial isolates, five strains were selected for further investigations based on their antibacterial activity against pathogenic bacteria. These selected strains were identified as Lactiplantibacillus species. They exhibited desirable probiotic traits, including non-hemolyis, non-cytotoxicity, lack of antibiotic resistance, acid tolerance, auto-aggregation, and antioxidative potential. Encapsulation of these strains in alginate beads enhanced their survival compared to free cells, in stomach (69-87â¯% vs. 34-47â¯%) and intestinal (72-100â¯% vs. 27-51â¯%) juices, after 120â¯min exposure. These findings suggest that encapsulated Lactiplantibacillus strains could be used as feed additives for broiler chickens. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to set on their probiotic potential in vivo.
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Alimentación Animal , Pollos , Heces , Probióticos , Animales , Probióticos/administración & dosificación , Pollos/microbiología , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Heces/microbiología , Alginatos , Viabilidad Microbiana , LactobacillalesRESUMEN
In feed, propionic acid is the weak organic acid of choice to prevent growth of spoilage fungi. For safe and easy industrial handling this antifungal agent is applied in the presence of neutralizing ammonium, which however has the disadvantage to negatively affect the efficacy of fungus-inhibiting properties of the formulation. In the present study we investigated the impact of medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) on the antifungal efficacy of an ammonium propionate formulation on dormant- and germinating conidia as well as germ tubes and hyphae of Aspergillus chevalieri, a xerophilic fungus predominant on moulded feed. Dormant conidia were not affected by 32 mM of ammonium propionate after a 28 h-treatment in demi water. Similar results were obtained with solely 0.52 mM MCFA. However, the combination of both components nearly eradicated formation of colonies from these conidia and was accompanied by distortion of the cellular structure as was visible with light- and transmission electron microscopy. Germination of conidia, characterised by swelling and germ tube formation, was significantly decreased in the presence of 16 mM ammonium propionate and 0.26 mM MCFA, while the latter component itself did not significantly decrease germination. We conclude that a combination of ammonium propionate and MCFA had a synergistic antifungal effect on dormant and germinating conidia. When the combination of ammonium propionate and MCFA was tested on hyphae for 30 min, we observed that cell death was significantly increased in comparison to components alone. Treatment of the hyphae with 16 mM of ammonium propionate caused aberrant mitochondria, as evidenced by irregularly shaped and enlarged mitochondria that contained electron-dense inclusions as observed by transmission electron microscopy. When the combination of ammonium propionate and MCFA was applied against the hyphae, more severe cell damage was observed, with signs of autophagy. Summarised, our results demonstrate synergistic antifungal effects of ammonium propionate and medium chain fatty acids on fungal survival structures, during their germination and after a short (sudden) treatment of growing cells. This is of potential importance for several areas of feed and food storage and shelf-life.
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Antifúngicos , Aspergillus , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Ácidos Grasos , Hifa , Propionatos , Esporas Fúngicas , Propionatos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Hifa/efectos de los fármacos , Hifa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Hifa/ultraestructura , Esporas Fúngicas/efectos de los fármacos , Esporas Fúngicas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aspergillus/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ácidos Grasos/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Conservantes de Alimentos/farmacología , Microbiología de AlimentosRESUMEN
Pet food have been considered as possible vehicles of bacterial pathogens. The sudden boom of the pet food industry due to the worldwide increase in companion animal ownership calls for pet food investigations. Herein, this study aimed to determine the frequency, antimicrobial susceptibility profile, and molecular characteristics of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) in different pet food brands in Brazil. Eighty-six pet food packages were screened for CoNS. All isolates were identified at species level by MALDI-TOF MS and species-specific PCR. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by disc diffusion and broth microdilution (vancomycin and teicoplanin only) methods. The D-test was used to screen for inducible clindamycin phenotype (MLS-B). SCCmec typing and detection of mecA, vanA, vanB, and virulence-encoding genes were done by PCR. A total of 16 (18.6 %) CoNS isolates were recovered from pet food samples. Isolates were generally multidrug-resistant (MDR). All isolates were completely resistant (100 %) to penicillin. Resistances (12.5 % - 75 %) were also observed for fluoroquinolones, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, tetracycline, rifampicin, erythromycin, and tobramycin. Isolates were susceptible to vancomycin (MICs <0.25-1 µg/mL) and teicoplanin (MICs <0.25-4 µg/mL). Intriguingly, 3/8 (37.5 %) CoNS isolates with the ERYRCLIS antibiotype expressed MLS-B phenotype. All isolates harboured blaZ gene. Seven (43.8 %) isolates carried mecA; and among them, the SCCmec Type III was the most frequent (n = 5/7; 71.4 %). Isolates also harboured seb, see, seg, sej, sem, etb, tsst, pvl, and hla toxin virulence-encoding genes (6.3 % - 25 %). A total of 12/16 (75 %) isolates were biofilm producers, while the icaAB gene was detected in an S. pasteuri isolate. Herein, it is shown that pet food is a potential source of clinically important Gram-positive bacterial pathogens. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MLS-B phenotype and MR-CoNS in pet food in Latin America.
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Antibacterianos , Clindamicina , Coagulasa , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Staphylococcus , Staphylococcus/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus/genética , Staphylococcus/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Coagulasa/metabolismo , Animales , Clindamicina/farmacología , Meticilina/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Microbiología de Alimentos , Mascotas/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genéticaRESUMEN
BackgroundThe pet industry is expanding worldwide, particularly raw meat-based diets (RMBDs). There are concerns regarding the safety of RMBDs, especially their potential to spread clinically relevant antibiotic-resistant bacteria or zoonotic pathogens.AimWe aimed to investigate whether dog food, including RMBD, commercially available in Portugal can be a source of Salmonella and/or other Enterobacteriaceae strains resistant to last-line antibiotics such as colistin.MethodsFifty-five samples from 25 brands (21 international ones) of various dog food types from 12 suppliers were screened by standard cultural methods between September 2019 and January 2020. Isolates were characterised by phenotypic and genotypic methods, including whole genome sequencing and comparative genomics.ResultsOnly RMBD batches were contaminated, with 10 of 14 containing polyclonal multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli and one MDR Salmonella. One turkey-based sample contained MDR Salmonella serotype 1,4,[5],12:i:- ST34/cgST142761 with similarity to human clinical isolates occurring worldwide. This Salmonella exhibited typical antibiotic resistance (bla TEM + strA-strB + sul2 + tet(B)) and metal tolerance profiles (pco + sil + ars) associated with the European epidemic clone. Two samples (turkey/veal) carried globally dispersed MDR E. coli (ST3997-complexST10/cgST95899 and ST297/cgST138377) with colistin resistance (minimum inhibitory concentration: 4 mg/L) and mcr-1 gene on IncX4 plasmids, which were identical to other IncX4 circulating worldwide.ConclusionSome RMBDs from European brands available in Portugal can be a vehicle for clinically relevant MDR Salmonella and pathogenic E. coli clones carrying genes encoding resistance to the last-line antibiotic colistin. Proactive actions within the One Health context, spanning regulatory, pet-food industry and consumer levels, are needed to mitigate these public health risks.
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Antibacterianos , Escherichia coli , Carne , Salmonella , Animales , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonella/genética , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Portugal , Escherichia coli/aislamiento & purificación , Escherichia coli/genética , Escherichia coli/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Carne/microbiología , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana Múltiple/genética , Mascotas/microbiología , Secuenciación Completa del Genoma , Microbiología de Alimentos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/genética , Colistina/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
One third of the food produced for human consumption is currently lost or wasted. Insects have a high potential for converting organic waste- and by-products into food and feed for a growing human population due to symbiosis with microorganisms. These symbioses provide an untapped reservoir of functional microbiomes that can be used to improve industrial insect production but are poorly studied in most insect species. Here we review the most current understanding and challenges of valorizing organic waste- and by-products through insects and their microbiomes for food and feed, and emerging novel food technologies that can be used to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions. We further construct a holistic framework, by integration of novel food technologies including holo-omics, genome editing, breeding, phage therapy, and administration of prebiotics and probiotics to investigate and manipulate host(insects)-microbiome interactions, and solutions for achieving stakeholder acceptance of novel food technologies for a sustainable food production.
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Insectos , Microbiota , Animales , Insectos/microbiología , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Humanos , Tecnología de Alimentos , Residuos , Simbiosis , Probióticos , PrebióticosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The recurrent contaminations of feed materials with mycotoxigenic fungi can endanger both farmed animals and humans. Biosynthesized nanomaterials are assumingly the ideal agents to overcome fungal invasion in feed/foodstuffs, especially when utilizing sustainable sources for synthesis. Herein, the phycosynthesis of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) was targeted using Cystoseira myrica algal extract (CE), and the conjugation of CE/SeNPs with chitosan nanoparticles (NCt) to produce potential antifungal nanocomposites for controlling Aspergillus flavus isolates in fish feed. RESULTS: The phycosynthesis of SeNPs with CE was effectually carried out and validated using visible/UV analysis, X-ray diffraction and transmission microscopy; CE/SeNPs had diameters of 8.7 nm and spherical shapes. NCt/CE/SeNPs nanocomposite (173.3 nm mean diameter) was achieved and the component interactions were validated via infrared spectroscopic analysis. The antifungal assessment of screened nanomaterials against three Aspergillus flavus strains indicated that NCt/CE/SeNPs exceeded the fluconazole action using qualitative/quantitative assays. Severe alteration/distortions in A. flavus mycelial structure and morphology were microscopically observed within 48 h of NCt/CE/SeNPs treatment. The treatment of feed ingredients (crushed corn and feed powder) by blending with nanomaterials (NCt, CE/SeNPs and NCt/CE/SeNPs) led to significant reduction in A. flavus count/growth after storage for 7 days; NCt/CE/SeNPs could completely inhibit any fungal growth in feed material. CONCLUSION: The pioneering phycosynthesis of CE/SeNPs and their nanoconjugation with NCt generated bioactive antifungal agents to control A. flavus strains. The innovatively constructed NCt/CE/SeNPs nanocomposite is advised for application as an effectual, biosafe and natural fungicidal conjugate for the protection of fish feed from mycotoxigenic fungi. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Alimentación Animal , Aspergillus flavus , Quitosano , Peces , Nanopartículas , Selenio , Quitosano/química , Quitosano/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Aspergillus flavus/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus flavus/crecimiento & desarrollo , Aspergillus flavus/metabolismo , Animales , Peces/microbiología , Selenio/química , Selenio/farmacología , Nanopartículas/química , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/química , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Aflatoxinas/metabolismo , Nanocompuestos/químicaRESUMEN
Water kefir is a sparkling, slightly acidic fermented beverage made from sugar, water, and water kefir grains, which are a mixture of yeast and bacteria. These grains produce a variety of fermentation compounds such as lactic acid, acetaldehyde, acetoin, ethanol and carbon dioxide. In this study, a high-throughput sequencing technique was used to characterize the bacterial composition of the original water kefir from which potential probiotics were obtained. We studied the bacterial diversity of both water kefir grains and beverages. DNA was extracted from three replicate samples of both grains and beverages using the Powerlyzer Microbial Kit. The hypervariable V1-V2 region of the bacterial 16S ribosomal RNA gene was amplified to prepare six DNA libraries. Between 1.4M and 2.4M base-pairs were sequenced for the library. In total, 28721971 raw reads were obtained from all the samples. Estimated species richness was higher in kefir beverage samples compared to grain samples. Moreover, a higher level of microbial alpha diversity was observed in the beverage samples. Particularly, the predominant bacteria in beverages were Anaerocolumna and Ralstonia, while in grains Liquorilactobacillus dominated, with lower levels of Leuconostoc and Oenococcus. Although the bacterial diversity in kefir grains was low because only three genera were the most represented, all of them are LAB bacteria with the potential to serve as probiotics in the artificial feeding of bees.
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Bacterias , Kéfir , Metagenómica , Probióticos , ARN Ribosómico 16S , Animales , Abejas/microbiología , Kéfir/microbiología , ARN Ribosómico 16S/genética , Metagenómica/métodos , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/clasificación , ADN Bacteriano/análisis , Biodiversidad , ADN Ribosómico/genética , Alimentación Animal/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Mycotoxins present a significant health concern within the animal-feed industry, with profound implications for the pig-farming sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of two commercial adsorbents, an organically modified clinoptilolite (OMC) and a multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifying agent (MMDA), to ameliorate the combined adverse effects of dietary aflatoxins (AFs: sum of AFB1, AFB2, AFG1, and AFG2), fumonisins (FBs), and zearalenone (ZEN) at levels of nearly 0.5, 1.0, and 1.0 mg/kg, on a cohort of cross-bred female pigs (N = 24). Pigs were randomly allocated into six experimental groups (control, mycotoxins (MTX) alone, MTX + OMC 1.5 kg/ton, MTX + OMC 3.0 kg/ton, MTX + MMDA 1.5 kg/ton, and MTX + MMDA 3.0 kg/ton), each consisting of four individuals, and subjected to a dietary regimen spanning 42 days. The administration of combined AFs, FBs, and ZEN reduced the body-weight gain and increased the relative weight of the liver, while there was no negative influence observed on the serum biochemistry of animals. The supplementation of OMC and MMDA ameliorated the toxic effects, as observed in organ histology, and provided a notable reduction in residual AFs, FBs, and ZEN levels in the liver and kidneys. Moreover, the OMC supplementation was able to reduce the initiation of liver carcinogenesis without any hepatotoxic side effects. These findings demonstrate that the use of OMC and MMDA effectively mitigated the adverse effects of dietary AFs, FBs, and ZEN in piglets. Further studies should explore the long-term protective effects of the studied adsorbent supplementation to optimize mycotoxin management strategies in pig-farming operations.
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Alimentación Animal , Micotoxinas , Animales , Femenino , Aflatoxinas/toxicidad , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Contaminación de Alimentos/prevención & control , Fumonisinas/toxicidad , Micotoxinas/análisis , Micotoxinas/toxicidad , Porcinos , Zearalenona/análisis , Alimentación Animal/efectos adversos , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Microbiología de AlimentosRESUMEN
In recent years, there has been an increased interest in beef cattle shedding of foodborne pathogens due to the potential to contaminate surrounding food crops; however, the number of studies published on this topic has declined as the majority of research has emphasized on postharvest mitigation efforts. A field study was conducted to determine the prevalence of pathogens and indicator bacteria in beef cattle fed two different direct-fed microbials (DFMs). Fecal samples from a total of 3,708 crossbred yearling cattle randomly assigned to 16 pens and two treatment groups at a commercial cattle feedlot were taken. During the study period, diets were supplemented with two different DFMs i.) Lactobacillus acidophilus (NP51) and Propionibacterium freudenreichii (NP24) (9 log10CFU/head/day), and ii.) Lactobacillus salivarius (L28) (6 log10CFU/head/day). Fecal samples from pen floors were collected on days 0, 21, 42, 63, 103, and analyzed for the presence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 and concentration of E. coli O157:H7, Enterobacteriaceae, and C. perfringens. Fecal samples collected from cattle fed L28 had significantly lower concentration of C. perfringens (p < 0.05) and had a similar prevalence with no significant differences in E. coli O157:H7 as those fed NP51/NP24 through the study until day 103. On day 103, the prevalence in cattle fed L28 was 40% with a concentration of 0.95 log10MPN/g while those fed NP51/NP24 were 65% with a concentration of 1.2 log10MPN/g. Cattle supplemented with NP51/NP24 achieved a significant log reduction of EB by 2.4 log10CFU/g over the course of the 103-day supplementation period compared to L28. Salmonella prevalence was also measured, but not detected in any samples at significant amounts to draw conclusions. It is evident that E. coli O157:H7 and other foodborne pathogens are still prevalent in cattle operations and that preharvest mitigation strategies should be considered to reduce the risk to beef products.
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Enfermedades de los Bovinos , Infecciones por Escherichia coli , Escherichia coli O157 , Bovinos , Animales , Prevalencia , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Antibiosis , Distribución Aleatoria , Heces/microbiología , Infecciones por Escherichia coli/epidemiología , Salmonella , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiologíaRESUMEN
Mycotoxin-contaminated feeds may negatively affect broiler chickens' health; hence, a sustainable approach to achieve mycotoxin elimination is necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of red yeast (Sporidiobolus pararoseus; RY) as a novel mycotoxin binder in broilers. A total of 1440 one-week-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 12 treatments in a 3 × 4 factorial design. The dietary treatments included three levels of mycotoxin-contaminated diets (0 µg kg−1 (0% of mycotoxin; MT), 50 µg kg−1 (50% MT), and 100 µg kg−1 (100% MT)) and four levels of mycotoxin binders (0.0 and 0.5 g kg−1 commercial binder, and 0.5 and 1.0 g kg−1 RY). Experimental diets were contaminated with aflatoxin B1, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol in the basal diet. Furthermore, the parameters including feed intake, body weight, and mortality rate were recorded on a weekly basis. After feeding for 28 days, blood and organ samples were collected randomly to determine the blood biochemistry, relative organ weights, and gut health. The results indicated that mycotoxin-contaminated diets reduced the average daily weight gain (ADG), villus height (VH), and villus height per the crypt depth ratio (VH:CD) of the intestine, as well as the population of Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. in the cecal (p < 0.05), whereas they increased the mycotoxins concentration in the blood samples and the apoptosis cells (TUNEL positive) in the liver tissue (p < 0.01) of broiler chicken. In contrast, RY-supplemented diets had better ADG values and lower chicken mortality rates (p < 0.05). Moreover, these combinations positively impacted the relative organ weights, blood parameters, bacteria population, intestinal morphology, and pathological changes in the hepatocytes (p < 0.05). In conclusion, RY supplementation effectively alleviated the toxicity that is induced by AFB1 and OTA, mainly, and could potentially be applied as a novel feed additive in the broiler industry.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Productos Biológicos , Micotoxinas , Animales , Masculino , Aflatoxina B1/toxicidad , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Pollos/microbiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Micotoxinas/toxicidad , Toxina T-2/toxicidad , Zearalenona/toxicidadRESUMEN
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by a variety of fungi, which when ingested can cause several deleterious effects to the health of humans and animals. In this work, the detection and quantification of six major mycotoxins (aflatoxins-AFLA, deoxynivalenol-DON, fumonisins-FUMO, ochratoxin A-OTA, T-2 toxin-T-2 and zearalenone-ZON) in 1749 samples of feed and feed ingredients for cattle, collected in Brazil between 2017 and 2021, was carried out using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In total, 97% of samples were contaminated with at least one mycotoxin, yet, very few samples exceeded the lowest European Union guidance values for cattle, and the estimated daily intake also showed a low risk for the animals. However, co-occurrences were widely observed, as 87% of samples contained two or more mycotoxins at the same time, and the presence of more than one mycotoxin at the same time in feed can lead to interactions. In conclusion, the contamination of feed and feed ingredients for cattle with mycotoxins in Brazil is very common. Hence, the monitoring of these mycotoxins is of significant importance for food safety.
Asunto(s)
Fumonisinas , Micotoxinas , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Animales , Brasil , Bovinos , Contaminación de Alimentos/análisis , Fumonisinas/análisis , Humanos , Micotoxinas/análisisRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the potential contamination of commercial raw dog food products with bacteria of the Enterobacterales order that produce extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and carbapenemase enzymes, determine risk factors for contamination, and understand isolate genetic diversity. SAMPLES: A total of 200 canine raw food products. METHODS: Products were cultured on selective chromogenic agar following enrichment steps. Whole-genome sequencing was performed for isolates that were confirmed to produce an ESBL. Isolates were characterized by antimicrobial resistance genes, and multilocus sequences typing, and compared to other isolates in the NCBI database for clonality. Preservation method and protein sources were assessed as potential risk factors for contamination with ESBL and carbapenemase-producing bacteria of the Enterobacterales order. RESULTS: No carbapenemase-producing Enterobacterales (CPE) were identified, but ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria were isolated from 20/200 products (10.0%; 95% CI, 7.3 to 16.5%), all of which were frozen. Pork-derived protein source products were 8.1 times (P = .001; 95% CI, 2.53 to 26.2) more likely to carry ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria than other protein sources. WGS analysis confirmed the presence of ESBL genes in a total of 25 distinct isolates (19 Escherichia coli, 5 Klebsiella pneumoniae, and 1 Citrobacter braakii). Genes encoding CTX-M type ESBL enzymes were the most common (24/25 isolates, 96.0%) with blaCTX-M-27 being the most common allele (8/25, 32.0%). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Frozen, raw food products may serve as a route of transmission of ESBL-producing Enterobacterales bacteria to companion animals. Veterinarians should advise owners about the risks of raw food diets, including potential exposure to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Enfermedades de los Perros , Enterobacteriaceae , Alimentos Crudos , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Animales , Antibacterianos , Bacterias , Proteínas Bacterianas , Enfermedades de los Perros/microbiología , Perros , Enterobacteriaceae/aislamiento & purificación , Contaminación de Alimentos , Alimentos Crudos/microbiología , beta-Lactamasas/genética , beta-Lactamasas/metabolismoRESUMEN
AIMS: Bacillus cereus is often responsible for foodborne diseases and both local and systemic infections in humans. Cases of infection in other mammals are rather rare. In this study, we report a B. cereus feed-related outbreak that caused the death of 6234 pigs in Italy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Massive doses of a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium were recovered from the animal feed, faeces of survived pigs and intestinal content of dead ones. The B. cereus MM1 strain was identified by MALDI-TOF MS and typified by RAPD-PCR. The isolate was tested for the production of PC-PLC, proteases, hemolysins and biofilm, for motility, as well as for the presence of genes encoding tissue-degrading enzymes and toxins. Antimicrobial resistance and pathogenicity in Galleria mellonella larvae were also investigated. Our results show that the isolated B. cereus strain is swimming-proficient, produces PC-PLC, proteases, hemolysins, biofilm and carries many virulence genes. The strain shows high pathogenicity in G. mellonella larvae. CONCLUSIONS: The isolated B. cereus strain demonstrates an aggressive profile of pathogenicity and virulence, being able to produce a wide range of determinants potentially hazardous to pigs' health. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF STUDY: This study highlights the proficiency of B. cereus to behave as a devastating pathogen in swine if ingested at high doses and underlines that more stringent quality controls are needed for livestock feeds and supplements.
Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal , Bacillus cereus , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas , Proteínas Hemolisinas , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Animales , Bacillus cereus/genética , Bacillus cereus/patogenicidad , Brotes de Enfermedades , Bacterias Grampositivas , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/microbiología , Infecciones por Bacterias Grampositivas/veterinaria , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Larva/microbiología , Mariposas Nocturnas/microbiología , Péptido Hidrolasas , Técnica del ADN Polimorfo Amplificado Aleatorio , Esporas Bacterianas , PorcinosRESUMEN
This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Megasphaera elsdenii as direct fed microbials (DFM) in beef cattle finishing diets to alleviate acute ruminal lactic acidosis in vitro. A dual-flow continuous culture system was used. Treatments were a Control, no DFM; YM1, S. cerevisiae and M. elsdenii strain 1; YM2, S. cerevisiae and M. elsdenii strain 2; and YMM, S. cerevisiae and half of the doses of M. elsdenii strain 1 and strain 2. Each DFM dose had a concentration of 1 × 108 CFU/mL. Four experimental periods lasted 11 days each. For the non-acidotic days (day 1-8), diet contained 50:50 forage to concentrate ratio. For the challenge days (day 9-11), diet contained 10:90 forage to concentrate ratio. Acute ruminal acidosis was successfully established. No differences in pH, D-, L-, or total lactate were observed among treatments. Propionic acid increased in treatments containing DFM. For N metabolism, the YMM treatment decreased protein degradation and microbial protein synthesis. No treatment effects were observed on NH3-N concentration; however, efficiency of N utilization by ruminal bacteria was greater than 80% during the challenge period and NH3-N concentration was reduced to approximately 2 mg/dL as the challenge progressed.
Asunto(s)
Acidosis , Megasphaera elsdenii , Acidosis/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/microbiología , Animales , Bovinos , Dieta/veterinaria , Fermentación , Concentración de Iones de Hidrógeno , Rumen/microbiología , Saccharomyces cerevisiaeRESUMEN
Mycotoxins are a group of toxic secondary metabolites produced in the food chain by fungi through the infection of crops both before and after harvest. Mycotoxins are one of the most important food safety concerns due to their severe poisonous and carcinogenic effects on humans and animals upon ingestion. In the last decade, insects have received wide attention as a highly nutritious, efficient and sustainable source of animal-derived protein and caloric energy for feed and food purposes. Many insects have been used to convert food waste into animal feed. As food waste might contain mycotoxins, research has been conducted on the metabolism and detoxification of mycotoxins by edible insects. The mycotoxins that have been studied include aflatoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone (ZEN), vomitoxin or deoxynivalenol (DON), and ochratoxins (OTAs). Aflatoxin metabolism is proved through the production of hydroxylated metabolites by NADPH-dependent reductases and hydroxylases by different insects. ZEN can be metabolized into α- and ß-zearalenol. Three DON metabolites, 3-, 15-acetyl-DON, and DON-3-glucoside, have been identified in the insect DON metabolites. Unfortunately, the resulting metabolites, involved enzymes, and detoxification mechanisms of OTAs and fumonisins within insects have yet to be identified. Previous studies have been focused on the insect tolerance to mycotoxins and the produced metabolites; further research needs to be conducted to understand the exact enzymes and pathways that are involved.