RESUMEN
The emission of heavy-duty vehicles has raised great concerns worldwide. The complex working and loading conditions, which may differ a lot from PEMS tests, raised new challenges to the supervision and control of emissions, especially during real-world applications. On-board diagnostics (OBD) technology with data exchange enabled and strengthened the monitoring of emissions from a large number of heavy-duty diesel vehicles. This paper presents an analysis of the OBD data collected from more than 800 city and highway heavy-duty vehicles in China using remote OBD data terminals. Real-world NOx and CO2 emissions of China-6 heavy-duty vehicles have been examined. The results showed that city heavy-duty vehicles had higher NOx emission levels, which was mostly due to longer time of low SCR temperatures below 180°C. The application of novel methods based on 3B-MAW also found that heavy-duty diesel vehicles tended to have high NOx emissions at idle. Also, little difference had been found in work-based CO2 emissions, and this may be due to no major difference were found in occupancies of hot running.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Dióxido de Carbono , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Emisiones de Vehículos , Emisiones de Vehículos/análisis , China , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Ciudades , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Gasolina/análisisRESUMEN
To understand the smoke level and NOx emission characteristics of in-use construction machinery in Beijing, we selected 905 construction machines in Beijing from August 2022 to April 2023 to monitor the emission level of smoke and NOx. The exhaust smoke level and excessive emission situation of different machinery types were identified, and their NOx emission levels were monitored according to the free acceleration method. We investigated the correlation of NOx and smoke emission, and proposed suggestions for controlling pollution discharge from construction machinery in the future. The results show that the exhaust smoke level was 0-2.62 m-1, followed a log-normal distribution (µ = -1.73, δ = 1.09, R2 = 0.99), with a 5.64% exceedance rate. Differences were observed among machinery types, with low-power engine forklifts showing higher smoke levels. The NOx emission range was 71-1516 ppm, followed a normal distribution (µ = 565.54, δ = 309.51, R2 = 0.83). Differences among machinery types were relatively small. Engine rated net power had the most significant impact on NOx emissions. Thus, NOx emissions from construction machinery need further attention. Furthermore, we found a weak negative correlation (p < 0.05) between the emission level of smoke and NOx, that is the synergic emission reduction effect is poor, emphasizing the need for NOx emission limits. In the future, the oversight in Beijing should prioritize phasing out China â and China â ¡ machinery, and monitor emissions from high-power engine China â ¢ machinery.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Humo , Beijing , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Humo/análisis , Emisiones de Vehículos/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Industria de la ConstrucciónRESUMEN
The nitrogen transformation during sludge pyrolysis is affected by the dewater conditioner. However, the comparative analysis of the conditioner under identical pyrolysis conditions has been previously absent. In this study, Ca-, Fe- and Al-based conditioners were selected as the representatives. A comprehensive evaluation considering the cost of the conditioners and the product characteristics was conducted. Additionally, the in-situ fixation mechanism of the conditioner on nitrogen-containing gas was concurrently revealed. Among the six conditioners, CaO and AlCl3 were identified as the top performers, ranking first and second, respectively. Furthermore, Fe/Ca-based conditioners reduced NH3 and HCN release by 1.5 â¼ 5.53 % and 0 â¼ 1.55 %, respectively, by facilitating the conversion of amine-N to a more stable form in condensable fraction. Fe promoted volatile amine-N cyclization, while Ca encouraged its dehydrogenation. Both Fe/Ca-based conditioners increased 7.5 â¼ 14.8 % nitrogen retention in char, by inhibiting the decomposition of protein-N. Al-based conditioners had little effect on NH3 and HCN, but contributed to 2.3 â¼ 2.8 % production of stabilized nitrogen in char. The introduction of Cl in Fe/Ca/Al chloride conditioners would promote the decomposition of inorganic ammonium salts to produce NH3 at 30 â¼ 185 °C. And Cl also reacted with volatiles through electrophilic substitution reaction, leading to the formation of halogenated hydrocarbons in condensable fraction and the release of more NH3, HCN, and HNCO at 30 â¼ 465 °C. The findings of this study provide a detailed comparative analysis of various conditioners under uniform conditions and reveal the in-situ fixation mechanism of nitrogen-containing gas. This will provide guidance for the sludge conditioning-dewatering-drying integrated treatment and disposal.
Asunto(s)
Pirólisis , Aguas del Alcantarillado , Aguas del Alcantarillado/química , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Nitrógeno/análisis , Amoníaco/química , Amoníaco/análisis , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos/métodos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Despite accumulating evidence of an association between air pollution and renal disease, studies on the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and renal function are still contradictory. This study aimed to investigate this association in a large population with relatively low exposure and with improved estimation of renal function as well as renal injury biomarkers. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis in the middle-aged general population participating in the Swedish CardioPulmonary bioImaging Study (SCAPIS; n = 30 154). Individual 10-year exposure to total and locally emitted fine particulate matter (PM2.5), inhalable particulate matter (PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NOx) were modelled using high-resolution dispersion models. Linear regression models were used to estimate associations between exposures and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, combined creatinine and cystatin C) and serum levels of renal injury biomarkers (KIM-1, MCP-1, IL-6, IL-18, MMP-2, MMP-7, MMP-9, FGF-23, and uric acid), with consideration of potential confounders. RESULTS: Median long-term PM2.5 exposure was 6.2 µg/m3. Almost all participants had a normal renal function and median eGFR was 99.2 mL/min/1.73 m2. PM2.5 exposure was associated with 1.3% (95% CI 0.6, 2.0) higher eGFR per 2.03 µg/m3 (interquartile range, IQR). PM2.5 exposure was also associated with elevated serum matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2) concentration, with 7.2% (95% CI 1.9, 12.8) higher MMP-2 per 2.03 µg/m3. There was a tendency towards an association between PM10 and higher levels of uric acid, but no associations were found with the other biomarkers. Associations with other air pollutants were null or inconsistent. CONCLUSION: In this large general population sample at low exposure levels, we found a surprising association between PM2.5 exposure and a higher renal filtration. It seems unlikely that particle function would improve renal function. However, increased filtration is an early sign of renal injury and may be related to the relatively healthy population at comparatively low exposure levels. Furthermore, PM2.5 exposure was associated with higher serum concentrations of MMP-2, an early indicator of renal and cardiovascular pathology.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Biomarcadores , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Enfermedades Renales , Material Particulado , Humanos , Biomarcadores/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Femenino , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Material Particulado/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Suecia/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Enfermedades Renales/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Renales/epidemiología , Enfermedades Renales/sangre , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Anciano , Factor-23 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos , Riñón/fisiopatología , Riñón/efectos de los fármacos , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/sangre , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/efectos adversos , AdultoRESUMEN
This study investigates real-world carbon dioxides (CO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions from diesel (Bharat Stage-IV (BS-IV)) and petrol/gasoline (BS-IV and BS-VI) cars in Indian driving conditions using a portable emission measurement system (PEMS). The paired sample t-test revealed a significant difference ( p < 0.05) in NOx and CO2 emissions among the three types of cars, except for CO2 emissions ( p > 0.05) between BS-IV petrol and BS-VI petrol cars. The highest NOx emission rates were observed in all car types during acceleration (> 1 m/s2) and deceleration (- 2 m/s2). CO2 emission rates were also high during acceleration (> 1 m/s2) for all car types. At low speeds (around 20 kmph), all car types had low emissions of CO2 and NOx, with acceleration and deceleration rates ranging from - 0.5 to 0.5 m/s2. BS-IV diesel cars emit significantly higher NOx emissions compared to petrol cars, especially at vehicle-specific power (VSP) bin 0 (deceleration to idling mode) and during VSP bin 7 (acceleration mode). BS-IV diesel cars emit 228% and 530% higher NOx emissions than BS-IV and BS-VI petrol cars at VSP bins 0 and 7, respectively. CO2 emissions from BS-VI petrol cars were 10% lower than those from BS-IV petrol cars across all VSP bins, indicating moderate reductions. Furthermore, diesel cars emit 140% less CO2 emissions than petrol cars across various VSP bins. The findings highlight the need for cleaner technologies and responsible driving practices to address vehicular emission concerns.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Automóviles , Dióxido de Carbono , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Gasolina , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Emisiones de Vehículos , Emisiones de Vehículos/análisis , India , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Dióxido de Carbono/análisis , Automóviles/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To investigate personal exposures to nitrogen oxides (NOX) and nitrogen di-oxide (NO2) and the influence of baseline personal characteristics, living environment and daily activity patterns of the participants on the exposures among adults over 35 in Tianjin and Shanghai. METHODS: In this panel study, 91 healthy nonsmoking adults aged over 35 from Tianjin and Shanghai participated in our study. The study was conducted in summer and winter. The participants were followed for three times with an interval of at least two weeks. Only participants in Shanghai were followed once in winter because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Twenty-seven participants completed follow-up visits in both seasons. We measured their 24 h personal exposures to NOX and NO2and collected their baseline and time-activity information through questionnaire/diary. The linear mixed model was used to analyze the associations between potential influencing factors and personal NOX and NO2 exposure levels. RESULTS: There were 349 follow-up visits with valid 24 h personal NO2 and NOX exposure measurements in the two cities. The ave-rage 24 h personal exposures to NO2 and NOX (volume fraction) in Tianjin participants were 18.0×10-9 and 26.2×10-9 in summer, and 31.0×10-9 and 54.9×10-9 in winter, respectively; and the average 24 h personal exposures to NO2 and NOX in Shanghai participants were 38.7×10-9 and 100.0×10-9 in summer, and 45.5×10-9 and 139.2×10-9 in winter, respectively. The results of univariate regression analysis showed that their personal NOX exposure levels were significantly associated with city, season, gender, average daily cooking times, and ambient NO2 concentrations measured at fixed-site monitoring stations. In addition to the above factors, the personal NOX exposure levels were also significantly associated with educational level and the personal NO2 exposure levels were also significantly associated with passive smoking, average daily home time, cooking energy type, residential distance from main traffic road, and use of kitchen ventilators. Multivariate regression analysis showed that the personal exposure levels of NO2 and NOX were significantly lower in Tianjin than that in Shanghai, were significantly lower in summer than that in winter, and were significantly and positively associated with ambient NO2 concentrations measured at fixed-site monitoring stations. In addition, personal NOX exposure levels were significantly lower in females than in males, and personal NO2 exposure levels were significantly positively associated with average daily cooking times and significantly inversely associated with average daily home time. For every interquartile range (IQR) increase (12.7×10-9) in ambient NO2, the personal NO2 exposure levels increased by 27.5% (95%CI: 17.0%-38.9%), and personal NOX exposure levels increased by 16.1% (95%CI: 7.1%-25.8%). CONCLUSION: Season, city and ambient NO2 concentrations are significant influencing factors of personal exposure levels of NO2and NOX. At the same time, the personal exposures levels of NO2are also affected by lifestyle factors. Our study provides scientific evidence for making precise air pollution control decisions and reducing the exposure levels of NOX in the population.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Estaciones del Año , Humanos , China/epidemiología , Femenino , Adulto , Masculino , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Persona de Mediana Edad , COVID-19/epidemiología , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Dementia is an important disease burden among the elderly, and its occurrence may be profoundly affected by environmental factors. Evidence of the relationship between air pollution and dementia is emerging, but the extent to which this can be offset by lifestyle factors remains ambiguous. METHODS: This study comprised 155,828 elder adults aged 60 years and above in the UK Biobank who were dementia-free at baseline. Cox proportional hazard models were conducted to examine the associations of annual average levels of air pollutants in 2010, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOX), particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10, and PMcoarse) and lifestyle factors recorded at baseline [physical activity (PA), sleep patterns, or smoking status] with incident risk of dementia, and their interactions on both multiplicative and additive scales. RESULTS: During a 12-year period of follow-up, 4,389 incidents of all-cause dementia were identified. For each standarddeviationincrease in ambient NO2, NOX or PM2.5, all-cause dementia risk increases by 1.07-fold [hazard ratio (HR) and 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.07 (1.04, 1.10)], 1.05-fold (95 % CI: 1.02, 1.08) and 1.07-fold (95 % CI: 1.04, 1.10), whereas low levels of PA, poor sleep patterns, and smoking are associated with an elevated risk of dementia [HR (95 % CI) = 1.17 (1.09, 1.26), 1.13 (1.00, 1.27), and 1.14 (1.07, 1.21), respectively]. Furthermore, these air pollutants show joint effects with low PA, poor sleep patterns, and smoking on the onset of dementia. The moderate to high levels of PA could significantly or marginally significantly modify the associations between NO2, NOX or PM2.5 (P-int = 0.067, 0.036, and 0.067, respectively) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), but no significant modification effects are found for sleep patterns or smoking status. CONCLUSION: The increased exposures of NO2, NOX, or PM2.5 are associated with elevated risk of dementia among elderly UK Biobank population. These air pollutants take joint effects with low PA, poor sleep patterns, and smoking on the development of dementia. In addition, moderate to high levels of PA could attenuate the incident risk of AD caused by air pollution. Further prospective researches among other cohort populations are warranted to validate these findings.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire , Demencia , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Estilo de Vida , Material Particulado , Humanos , Demencia/epidemiología , Demencia/inducido químicamente , Anciano , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Femenino , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Estudios Prospectivos , Material Particulado/análisis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisis , Bancos de Muestras Biológicas , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Incidencia , Factores de Riesgo , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Biobanco del Reino UnidoRESUMEN
Nitroxyl (HNO) is an important reactive nitrogen that is associated with various states in physiology and pathology and plays a unique function in living systems. So, it is important to exploit fluorescent probes with high sensitivity and selectivity for sensing HNO. In this paper, a novel ratiometric fluorescent probe for HNO was developed utilizing intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanisms. The probe selected coumarin as energy donor, naphthalimide as energy receptor and 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate as the sensing site for detecting HNO. When HNO was not present, the 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate unit of the probe restricted electron transfer and the ICT process could not occur, leading to the inhibition of FRET process as well. Thus, in the absence of HNO the probe displayed the intrinsic blue fluorescence of coumarin. When HNO was added, the HNO reacted with the 2-(diphenylphosphino)benzoate unit of the probe to yield a hydroxyl group which resulting in the opening of ICT process and the occurring of FRET process. Thus, after providing HNO the probe displayed yellow fluorescence. In addition, the probe showed good linearity in the ratio of fluorescence intensity at 545 nm and 472 nm (I545 nm/I472 nm) with a concentration of HNO (0.1-20 µM). The probe processed a detection limit of 0.014 µM and a response time of 4 min. The probe also specifically identified HNO over a wide pH scope (pH = 4.00-10.00), including physiological conditions. Cellular experiments had shown that this fluorescent probe was virtually non-cytotoxic and could be applied for ratiometric sensing of HNO in A549 cells.
Asunto(s)
Cumarinas , Transferencia Resonante de Energía de Fluorescencia , Colorantes Fluorescentes , Naftalimidas , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/síntesis química , Cumarinas/química , Transferencia Resonante de Energía de Fluorescencia/métodos , Naftalimidas/química , Humanos , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Límite de Detección , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodosRESUMEN
With stringent regulations of internal combustion engine on reducing CO2 emission, ammonia has been used as an alternative fuel. Investigating how engine-related performance is affected by partial ammonia replacement of diesel fuel is essential for understanding the combustion. Therefore, in this study, a three-dimensional numerical simulation model is developed for the burning of two fuels of diesel and ammonia based on relevant parameters (i.e., compression ratio, load, ammonia energy fraction, etc.) in a lab-made diesel engine. The consequences of load and compression proportion on combustion and pollutant emissions are investigated for ammonia energy fractions between 50% and 90%. When the ammonia portion rises, the increased ammonia equivalent ratio causes ammonia to move away from the dilute combustion boundary and accelerates the combustion rate of ammonia. An increase in compression ratio significantly increases the specified thermal performance and combustion efficacy. When the compression ratio is 16, as the ammonia energy fractions increases, due to the increase in the proportion of ammonia, that is, the proportion of nitrogen atoms increases, more NOx is generated during the combustion process. When the ammonia substitution rate is 90%, as the compression ratio increases, the cylinder pressure and temperature increase. The combustion efficiency of ammonia increases, generating more NOx and NOx emissions can reach 0.66 mg/m3. At a compression ratio of 18, the NOx emissions can reach 1.59 mg/m3. However, under medium and low load conditions, as the ammonia fraction increases, the total energy of fuel decreases, and the combustion efficiency of ammonia decreases, resulting in a decrease in the heat released during combustion and a decrease in NOx emissions. When the ammonia substitution rate is 90% and the load is 25%, NOx emissions reach 0.1 mg/m3. This research provides theoretical suggestions for the profitable and use ammonia fuel in internal combustion engines in a clean manner.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Amoníaco , Gasolina , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Emisiones de Vehículos , Amoníaco/análisis , Gasolina/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Emisiones de Vehículos/análisisRESUMEN
Nitrogen (N) deposition is a vital process of N cycling and is consequently important for the evaluation of N budgets. However, the character and quantity of N deposition inside the horticultural greenhouse remain unknown, impeding a deep understanding of N cycling among soil, vegetable and atmosphere. Here, we measured the dry and wet N deposition, and disentangled the relative percentages of ammonia (NH3) and nitrogen oxides (NOX) gases deposition based on the greenhouse vegetable cultivation experiment. Results found the annual N deposition, was 7.2-17.5 kg N·ha-1 under different chemical/organic N fertilizer managements, consisting of 77.0%-85.5% by dry deposition and 14.5-23% by wet deposition. The proportions of N deposition from NH3 and NOX emissions ranged within 37.5-83.0% under different N managements. The NH3 emission was the dominant driving factor of dry N deposition, while soil moisture was the dominant driving factor of wet N deposition. Controlled-release fertilizer combined with organic fertilizer resulted in the lowest N deposition (10.2 kg N·ha-1) and NH3 and NOX emissions (12.5 kg N·ha-1), which could be recommended as the mitigation strategy in greenhouse cultivation. This study investigated the dry and wet N deposition characteristics and their influencing factors, as well as the proportion of N deposition attributed to NH3 and NOX emissions, which provides preliminary understanding of N deposition and the reactive N gas diffusion from greenhouse into the atmosphere.
Asunto(s)
Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Amoníaco , Fertilizantes , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Nitrógeno , Amoníaco/metabolismo , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Fertilizantes/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Suelo/química , Agricultura/métodos , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Importance: Psoriasis is a common autoinflammatory disease influenced by complex interactions between environmental and genetic factors. The influence of long-term air pollution exposure on psoriasis remains underexplored. Objective: To examine the association between long-term exposure to air pollution and psoriasis and the interaction between air pollution and genetic susceptibility for incident psoriasis. Design, Setting, and Participants: This prospective cohort study used data from the UK Biobank. The analysis sample included individuals who were psoriasis free at baseline and had available data on air pollution exposure. Genetic analyses were restricted to White participants. Data were analyzed between November 1 and December 10, 2023. Exposures: Exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), fine particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 µm (PM2.5), and particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) and genetic susceptibility for psoriasis. Main Outcomes and Measures: To ascertain the association of long-term exposure to NO2, NOx, PM2.5, and PM10 with the risk of psoriasis, a Cox proportional hazards model with time-varying air pollution exposure was used. Cox models were also used to explore the potential interplay between air pollutant exposure and genetic susceptibility for the risk of psoriasis incidence. Results: A total of 474â¯055 individuals were included, with a mean (SD) age of 56.54 (8.09) years and 257â¯686 (54.36%) female participants. There were 9186 participants (1.94%) identified as Asian or Asian British, 7542 (1.59%) as Black or Black British, and 446â¯637 (94.22%) as White European. During a median (IQR) follow-up of 11.91 (11.21-12.59) years, 4031 incident psoriasis events were recorded. There was a positive association between the risk of psoriasis and air pollutant exposure. For every IQR increase in PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and NOx, the hazard ratios (HRs) were 1.41 (95% CI, 1.35-1.46), 1.47 (95% CI, 1.41-1.52), 1.28 (95% CI, 1.23-1.33), and 1.19 (95% CI, 1.14-1.24), respectively. When comparing individuals in the lowest exposure quartile (Q1) with those in the highest exposure quartile (Q4), the multivariate-adjusted HRs were 2.01 (95% CI, 1.83-2.20) for PM2.5, 2.21 (95% CI, 2.02-2.43) for PM10, 1.64 (95% CI, 1.49-1.80) for NO2, and 1.34 (95% CI, 1.22-1.47) for NOx. Moreover, significant interactions between air pollution and genetic predisposition for incident psoriasis were observed. In the subset of 446â¯637 White individuals, the findings indicated a substantial risk of psoriasis development in participants exposed to the highest quartile of air pollution levels concomitant with high genetic risk compared with those in the lowest quartile of air pollution levels with low genetic risk (PM2.5: HR, 4.11; 95% CI, 3.46-4.90; PM10: HR, 4.29; 95% CI, 3.61-5.08; NO2: HR, 2.95; 95% CI, 2.49-3.50; NOx: HR, 2.44; 95% CI, 2.08-2.87). Conclusions and Relevance: In this prospective cohort study of the association between air pollution and psoriasis, long-term exposure to air pollution was associated with increased psoriasis risk. There was an interaction between air pollution and genetic susceptibility on psoriasis risk.
Asunto(s)
Contaminación del Aire , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Material Particulado , Psoriasis , Humanos , Psoriasis/genética , Psoriasis/epidemiología , Femenino , Masculino , Contaminación del Aire/efectos adversos , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Material Particulado/efectos adversos , Adulto , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/efectos adversos , Anciano , Factores de Riesgo , Incidencia , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/efectos adversos , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/efectos adversos , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
In order to study the ecological and atmospheric recovery of the Hexi Corridor region, this paper analyzes the migration changes of land use characteristics and utilizes multivariate data and BenMAP-CE software to study the pollution characteristics of ozone and its precursors and the impact on human health in the Hexi Corridor region. The results showed that the increase of cultivated land area in the Hexi Corridor mainly originated from grassland. The MDA8-O3 concentrations met the primary and secondary standards of the Ambient Air Quality Standards on 43% and 99% of the days, respectively. NO2 showed a negative weekend effect with O3, and HCHO was opposite to it. Temperature, barometric pressure, and vegetation were highly correlated with O3-NO2-HCHO. Ozone pollution in the study area caused about 60% of all-cause premature deaths due to cardiovascular diseases. The study suggests that controlling exogenous transport in Wuwei City during the high ozone period (except August) is mainly dominated by the west and northwest, and that synergistic management of VOCs and NOx emissions can reduce O3 pollution and, consequently, reduce the risk to human health.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Ozono , Ozono/análisis , Humanos , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/análisis , China , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions can cause air pollution that is harmful to human health, even producing serious ecological problems. Whether it is diluted in the air or not, the management and valorization of NOx from industrial emissions have been constrained by technology and finance. This study shows that red soil can be used as a photocatalyst to convert NOx into soil nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in the soil. The addition of zinc oxide (ZnO) and titanium dioxide (TiO2) onto the soil surface improves the photocatalytic precipitation efficiency of 1 ppm NO, approaching a removal efficiency of 77 % under ultraviolet (UV) light. The efficiency of red soil in precipitating NOx through adsorption exceeded that of photocatalysis at 100 ppm NOx (e.g. 16.02 % versus 7.70 % in 0.1-mm soil). Pot experiment reveals that the precipitated NO3--N promoted biomass of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk). Additionally, adding ZnO or TiO2 also affects mineral nutrition. This demonstration of converting air pollutants into available nitrogen (N) for plant growth not only provides a new perspective on treatment and valorization for NOx but also sheds light on the transport of N in the air-soil-plant path.
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Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Contaminantes del Suelo , Suelo , Suelo/química , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/química , Adsorción , Contaminantes del Suelo/análisis , Contaminantes del Suelo/química , Titanio/química , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Óxido de Zinc/química , Ipomoea , Contaminación del Aire/prevención & control , CatálisisRESUMEN
Nitroxyl (HNO), a reactive nitrogen species (RNS), is essential for plant growth. However, the action of HNO in plants has been difficult to understand due to the lack of highly sensitive and real-time in-situ monitoring tools. Herein, we presented a near-infrared fluorescent probe, DCI-HNO, based on dicyanoisophorone fluorophore, for real-time mapping HNO in plants. The introduction of a phosphine moiety as a specific HNO recognition unit can inhibit the intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) of probe DCI-HNO. However, in the presence of HNO, the ICT process occurred, leading to the emission at 665 nm. Probe DCI-HNO exhibited high sensitivity (97 nM), rapid response time (8 min), large Stokes shift (135 nm) for detection of HNO in plants. The novel developed probe has successfully imaged endogenous HNO produced during NO/H2S cross-talk in plant tissues. Additionally, the up-regulated in HNO levels during tobacco aging and in response to stress has been confirmed. Therefore, probe DCI-HNO has provided a reliable method for monitoring the NO/H2S cross-talk and revealing the role of HNO in plants.
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Colorantes Fluorescentes , Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Colorantes Fluorescentes/síntesis química , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/química , Nicotiana/química , Nicotiana/metabolismo , Espectrometría de Fluorescencia/métodos , Plantas/química , Plantas/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Evidence linking gaseous air pollution to late-life brain health is mixed. OBJECTIVE: We explored associations between exposure to gaseous pollutants and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers among Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study participants, with attention to the influence of exposure estimation method and confounding by site. METHODS: We considered data from 1,665 eligible ARIC participants recruited from four US sites in the period 1987-1989 with valid brain MRI data from Visit 5 (2011-2013). We estimated 10-y (2001-2010) mean carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and 8- and 24-h ozone (O3) concentrations at participant addresses, using multiple exposure estimation methods. We estimated site-specific associations between pollutant exposures and brain MRI outcomes (total and regional volumes; presence of microhemorrhages, infarcts, lacunes, and severe white matter hyperintensities), using adjusted linear and logistic regression models. We compared meta-analytically combined site-specific associations to analyses that did not account for site. RESULTS: Within-site exposure distributions varied across exposure estimation methods. Meta-analytic associations were generally not statistically significant regardless of exposure, outcome, or exposure estimation method; point estimates often suggested associations between higher NO2 and NOx and smaller temporal lobe, deep gray, hippocampal, frontal lobe, and Alzheimer disease signature region of interest volumes and between higher CO and smaller temporal and frontal lobe volumes. Analyses that did not account for study site more often yielded significant associations and sometimes different direction of associations. DISCUSSION: Patterns of local variation in estimated air pollution concentrations differ by estimation method. Although we did not find strong evidence supporting impact of gaseous pollutants on brain changes detectable by MRI, point estimates suggested associations between higher exposure to CO, NOx, and NO2 and smaller regional brain volumes. Analyses of air pollution and dementia-related outcomes that do not adjust for location likely underestimate uncertainty and may be susceptible to confounding bias. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP13906.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire , Demencia , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Neuroimagen , Humanos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Femenino , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Demencia/epidemiología , Anciano , Persona de Mediana Edad , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Estudios de Cohortes , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisis , Ozono/análisis , Estados Unidos/epidemiologíaRESUMEN
Nitrogen oxides (NOx) play an important role for atmospheric chemistry and radiative forcing. However, NOx emissions from the vast northern circumpolar permafrost regions have not been studied in situ due to limitations of measurement techniques. Our goals were to validate the offline analytical technique, and based on this, to widely quantify in situ NOx emissions from peatlands in the southern Eurasian permafrost region. To this end, we conducted a comparison of online and offline flux measurements in 2018 and 2019 using the synthetic air flushing, steady-state opaque chamber method. With differences in annual average and cumulative fluxes less than 0.1 µg N m-2 h-1 and 0.01 kg N ha-1 year-1, the online and offline fluxes were in good agreement, demonstrating the feasibility of conducting offline measurements in remote regions without power supply. The flux measurements over 2 years showed obvious NOx emissions of 0.05-0.14 and 0.13-0.30 kg N ha-1 year-1 in the hollow and hummock microtopography of permafrost peatlands, respectively. The rapid expansion of alder (Alnus sibirica) in the peatlands induced by permafrost degradation significantly increased soil mineral N contents and NOx emissions depending on the age of alder (0.64-1.74 and 1.44-2.20 kg N ha-1 year-1 from the alder forests with tree ages of 1-10 years and 11-20 years, respectively). Alder expansion also intensively altered the thermal state of permafrost including the sharp increases of soil temperatures during the non-growing season from October to April and active layer thickness. This study provides the first in situ evidences of NOx emissions from the northern circumpolar permafrost regions and uncovers the well-documented expansion of alders can substantially stimulate NOx emissions and thus, significantly affect air quality, radiative forcing, and ecosystem productivity in the pristine regions.
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Óxidos de Nitrógeno , Hielos Perennes , Suelo , Suelo/química , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Monitoreo del AmbienteRESUMEN
Dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) plays an essential role in tropospheric chemistry, serving as a nocturnal reservoir of reactive nitrogen and significantly promoting nitrate formations. However, identifying key environmental drivers of N2O5 formation remains challenging using traditional statistical methods, impeding effective emission control measures to mitigate NOx-induced air pollution. Here, we adopted machine learning assisted by steady-state analysis to elucidate the driving factors of N2O5 before and during the 2022 Winter Olympics (WO) in Beijing. Higher N2O5 concentrations were observed during the WO period compared to the Pre-Winter-Olympics (Pre-WO) period. The machine learning model accurately reproduced ambient N2O5 concentrations and showed that ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and relative humidity (RH) were the most important driving factors of N2O5. Compared to the Pre-WO period, the variation in trace gases (i.e., NO2 and O3) along with the reduced N2O5 uptake coefficient was the main reason for higher N2O5 levels during the WO period. By predicting N2O5 under various control scenarios of NOx and calculating the nitrate formation potential from N2O5 uptake, we found that the progressive reduction of nitrogen oxides initially increases the nitrate formation potential before further decreasing it. The threshold of NOx was approximately 13 ppbv, below which NOx reduction effectively reduced the level of night-time nitrate formations. These results demonstrate the capacity of machine learning to provide insights into understanding atmospheric nitrogen chemistry and highlight the necessity of more stringent emission control of NOx to mitigate haze pollution.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Atmósfera , Aprendizaje Automático , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Atmósfera/química , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Contaminación del Aire , Ozono/análisis , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The association between exposure to air pollutants and cardiovascular disease (CVD) trajectory in individuals with circadian syndrome remains inconclusive. METHODS: The individual exposure levels of air pollutants, including particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5), PM with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 10 µm (PM10), PM2.5 absorbance, PM with aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 µm and 10 µm, nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and air pollution score (overall air pollutants exposure), were estimated for 48,850 participants with circadian syndrome from the UK Biobank. Multistate regression models were employed to estimate associations between exposure to air pollutants and trajectories from circadian syndrome to CVD/CVD subtypes (including coronary heart disease [CHD], atrial fibrillation [AF], heart failure [HF], and stroke) and death. Mediation roles of CVD/CVD subtypes in the associations between air pollutants and death were evaluated. RESULTS: After a mean follow-up time over 12 years, 12,570 cases of CVD occurred, including 8192 CHD, 1693 AF, 1085 HF, and 1600 stroke cases. In multistate model, per-interquartile range increment in PM2.5 (hazard ratio: 1.08; 95 % confidence interval: 1.06, 1.10), PM10 (1.04; 1.01, 1.06), PM2.5 absorbance (1.04; 1.02, 1.06), NO2 (1.07; 1.03, 1.11), NOx (1.08; 1.04, 1.12), or air pollution score (1.06; 1.03, 1.08) was associated with trajectory from circadian syndrome to CVD. Significant associations between the above-mentioned air pollutants and trajectories from circadian syndrome and CVD to death were observed. CVD, particularly CHD, significantly mediated the associations of PM2.5, NO2, NOx, and air pollution score with death. CONCLUSIONS: Long-term exposure to air pollutants during circadian syndrome was associated with subsequent CVD and death. CHD emerged as the most prominent CVD subtype in CVD progression driven by exposure to air pollutants during circadian syndrome. Our study highlights the importance of controlling air pollutants exposure and preventing CHD in people with circadian syndrome.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Material Particulado , Humanos , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Material Particulado/análisis , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/estadística & datos numéricos , Masculino , Contaminación del Aire/estadística & datos numéricos , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Trastornos Cronobiológicos , Anciano , Adulto , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisis , Reino Unido/epidemiología , Dióxido de Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
Introduction: Many decarbonization technologies have the added co-benefit of reducing short-lived climate pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), creating a unique opportunity for identifying strategies that promote both climate change solutions and opportunities for air quality improvement. However, stakeholders and decision-makers may struggle to quantify how these co-benefits will impact public health for the communities most affected by industrial air pollution. Methods: To address this problem, the LOCal Air Emissions Tracking Atlas (LOCAETA) fills a data availability and analysis gap by providing estimated air quality benefits from industrial decarbonization options, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS). These co-benefits are calculated using an algorithm that connects disparate datasets that separately report greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants at U.S. industrial facilities. Results: Version 1.0 of LOCAETA displays the estimated primary PM2.5 emission reduction co-benefits from additional pretreatment equipment for CCS on industrial and power facilities across the state of Louisiana, as well as the potential for VOC and NH3 generation. The emission reductions are presented in the tool alongside facility pollutant emissions information and relevant air quality, environmental, demographic, and public health datasets, such as air toxics cancer risk, satellite and in situ pollutant measurements, and population vulnerability metrics. Discussion: LOCAETA enables regulators, policymakers, environmental justice communities, and industrial and commercial users to compare and contrast quantifiable public health benefits due to air quality impacts from various climate change mitigation strategies using a free and publicly-available tool. Additional pollutant reductions can be calculated using the same methodology and will be available in future versions of the tool.
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Contaminantes Atmosféricos , Contaminación del Aire , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Material Particulado , Contaminación del Aire/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Material Particulado/análisis , Humanos , Louisiana , Industrias , Dióxido de Azufre/análisis , Cambio Climático , Óxidos de Nitrógeno/análisisRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Although it is widely acknowledged that long-term exposure to ambient air pollution is closely related to the risk of mortality, there were inconsistencies in terms of cause-specific mortality and it is still unknown whether lifestyle and genetic susceptibility could modify the association. METHODS: This population-based prospective cohort study involved 461,112 participants from the UK Biobank. The land-use regression model was used to estimate the concentrations of particulate matter (PM2.5, PMcoarse, PM10), and nitrogen oxides (NO2 and NOx). The association between air pollution and mortality was evaluated using Cox proportional hazard models. Furthermore, a lifestyle score incorporated with smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, and diet behaviors, and polygenic risk score using 12 genetic variants, were developed to assess the modifying effect of air pollution on mortality outcomes. RESULTS: During a median follow-up of 14.0 years, 33,903 deaths were recorded, including 17,083 (2835; 14,248), 6970, 2429, and 1287 deaths due to cancer (lung cancer, non-lung cancer), cardiovascular disease (CVD), respiratory and digestive disease, respectively. Each interquartile range (IQR) increase in PM2.5, NO2 and NOx was associated with 7 %, 6 % and 5 % higher risk of all-cause mortality, respectively. Specifically, for cause-specific mortality, each IQR increase in PM2.5, NO2 and NOx was also linked to mortality due to cancer (lung cancer and non-lung cancer), CVD, respiratory and digestive disease. Furthermore, additive and multiplicative interactions were identified between high ambient air pollution and unhealthy lifestyle on mortality. In addition, associations between air pollution and mortality were modified by lifestyle behaviors. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to air pollutants increased the risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality, which was modified by lifestyle behaviors. In addition, we also revealed a synergistically detrimental effect between air pollution and an unhealthy lifestyle, suggesting the significance of joint air pollution management and adherence to a healthy lifestyle on public health.