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Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.(AU)

As leguminosas tropicais têm sido utilizadas para a confecção de silagens mistas para enriquecer os teores de proteína bruta (PB). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica da fermentação e qualidade da silagem de milho com níveis de feijão guandu. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da silagem de milho com seis níveis de feijão guandu (0; 20; 40; 60, 80 e 100%), calculado com base na matéria natural. O híbrido de milho e a variedade de feijão guandu utilizados foram o B 2800 PWU e o Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim, respectivamente. Para a ensilagem, o milho e o feijão guandu foram colhidos quando atingiram 335,7 g kg-1 de MS (matéria seca) e 281,3 g kg-1 MS, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de até 40% de feijão guandu na ensilagens de milho promove incremento nutritivo sem comprometer o seu perfil fermentativo da silagem. Silagem exclusiva de feijão guandu apresenta perdas fermentativas que compromete a qualidade da silagem. Portanto, silagens mistas de milho com feijão guandu, combinadas com níveis adequados de adição, torna-se alternativa viável para incrementar o valor nutritivo da silagem, principalmente os teores de PB, contribuindo com redução do custo com aquisição de sais proteínados.(AU)

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The production of mixed silages can be an essential strategy for storing and processing feed for ruminants in arid and semi-arid regions. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion levels of forage cactus in sorghum silage on chemical-bromatological composition, losses, in vitro digestibility, and fermentative profile. Sorghum silages were produced by adding 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% forage cactus based on natural matter. Experimental silos were filled with the mixtures and hermetically sealed. The silos were opened after 34 days of fermentation, and the samples were analyzed for composition, digestibility, fermentative profile, and losses in silage. The inclusion of forage cactus presented a negative quadratic influence (P < 0.05) on the contents of dry matter (DM), ether extract, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and cellulose of sorghum silage. The DM concentration decreased from 35.83 to 25.43% for the control treatment (0%) to the 20% treatment, followed by stabilization at values close to 26 ± 1% in subsequent levels. Digestibility in vitro and the total digestible nutrients of the silages increased linearly (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of forage cactus. However, there was a linear increase (P < 0.05) of pH, ammonia nitrogen, acetic acid, and butyric acid with the inclusion of forage cactus, reaching values indicative of the limitation of the fermentation process from the level of 20% inclusion. Including forage cactus in sorghum silage did not affect (P > 0.05) losses by gases, effluents, and DM recovery from silage. Adding up to 10% of forage cactus can benefit chemical-bromatological characteristics, digestibility, and fermentation of sorghum silage.(AU)

A produção de silagens mistas pode ser importante estratégia para armazenamento e beneficiamento dos alimentos para ruminantes em regiões áridas e semiáridas. Objetivou-se avaliar efeito de níveis de inclusão de palma forrageira na ensilagem do sorgo sobre composição químico-bromatológica, perdas, digestibilidade in vitro e perfil fermentativo. Foram produzidas silagens de sorgo com adição de 0, 10, 20, 30 e 40% de palma forrageira com base na matéria natural. Utilizou-se silos experimentais preenchidos com as misturas e fechados hermeticamente. Após 34 dias de fermentação os silos foram abertos e as amostras analisada quanto a composição, digestibilidade, perfil fermentativo e perdas na ensilagem. A inclusão de palma forrageira influenciou de forma quadrática negativa (P < 0,05) os teores de matéria seca (MS), extrato etéreo, fibra em detergente neutro, fibra em detergente ácido e celulose da silagem de sorgo. The DM concentration decreased from 35.83 to 25.43% for the control treatment (0%) to the 20% treatment, followed by stabilization at values close to 26 ± 1% in subsequent levels. A digestibilidade in vitro e os nutrientes digestíveis totais das silagens aumentaram linearmente (P < 0,05) com a inclusão de palma forrageira. Contudo, houve incremento linear (P < 0,05) do pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, ácido acético e ácido butírico com a inclusão de palma forrageira, atingido valores indicativos de limitação do processo fermentativo a partir do nível de 20% de inclusão. A inclusão de palma forrageira na ensilagem do sorgo não influenciou (P > 0,05) as perdas por gases, efluentes, e recuperação de MS da silagem. A adição até 10% de palma forrageira pode ser recomendada para beneficiar características químico-bromatológica, digestibilidade e fermentação da silagem de sorgo.(AU)

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Background: Today, cardiovascular, oncological, and neurodegenerative diseases are the main causes of death in the world, according to official World Health Organization (WHO) statistics. Antioxidants are used to treat and prevent these diseases. In order to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on plant extracts with antioxidant action, it is necessary to determine the total antioxidant capacity of raspberry shoots. Objectives: The study aimed to determine the total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots, study the content of biologically active substances (BAS), and the antioxidant activity of red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction. Methods: The number of phenolic compounds, catechins, flavonoids, and hydroxycinnamic acids was determined by a spectrophotometric analysis method, whereas organic acids were determined by the alkalimetric method in red raspberry shoot extracts; the antioxidant activity of obtained extracts was evaluated by potentiometric method. Results: The total antioxidant capacity of red raspberry shoots was 164.12 mmol-equiv./m dry weight, the sum of the total content of phenolic compounds was 24.40 mg gallic acid (GA)/mL, catechins ­ 21.36 mg epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG)/mL, flavonoids ­ 0.77 mg rutin (R)/mL, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives ­ 2.56 mg chlorogenic acid (ChA)/mL and organic acids ­ 1.88 mg citric acid (CA)/mL in red raspberry shoot extracts obtained during subsequent exhaustive extraction. The analysis showed that there is a very high positive correlation between antioxidant activity and total phenolic compounds, catechin, flavonoid, hydroxycinnamic acids derivatives, and organic acids content in red raspberry shoot extracts. Conclusions: Total red raspberry shoots' antioxidant capacity has been determined. The study results can be used to develop optimal technology for obtaining drugs based on the extract of red raspberry shoots, which has an antioxidant effect

Contexto: Hoy en día, las enfermedades cardiovasculares, oncológicas y neurodegenerativas son las principales causas de muerte en el mundo según estadísticas oficiales de la Organización Mundial de la Salud OMS. Los antioxidantes se utilizan para tratar y prevenir estas enfermedades. Para desarrollar una tecnología óptima para la obtención de fármacos a base de extractos de plantas con acción antioxidante, es necesario determinar la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa.Objetivos: El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja, estudiar el contenido de sustancias biológicamente activas (SBA) y la actividad antioxidante de los extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja obtenidos mediante extracción exhaustiva. Métodos: La cantidad de compuestos fenólicos, catequinas, flavonoides y ácidos hidroxicinámicos se determinó por método de análisis espectrofotométrico, mientras que los ácidos orgánicos por método alcalimétrico en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja; La actividad antioxidante de los extractos obtenidos se evaluó por método potenciométrico. Resultados: La capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja fue de 164.12 mmol-equiv./m de peso seco, la suma del contenido total de compuestos fenólicos fue de 24.40 mg gálico ácido (GA)/mL, catequinas ­ 21.36 mg epigalocatequina-3-O-galato (EGCG)/mL, flavonoides ­ 0.77 mg rutina (R)/mL, derivados de ácidos hidroxicinámicos ­ 2.56 mg clorogénico ácido (ChA)/mL y ácidos orgánicos ­ 1.88 mg cítrico ácido (CA)/mL en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja obtenidos durante extracción exhaustiva. La correlación analizada mostró que existe una correlación positiva entre la actividad antioxidante y el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales, catequinas, flavonoides, derivados de ácidos hidroxicinámicos y ácidos orgánicos en extractos de brotes de frambuesa roja. Conclusiones: Gracias a nuestros resultados se ha determinado la capacidad antioxidante total de los brotes de frambuesa roja. Los resultados del estudio se pueden utilizar para desarrollar una tecnología óptima para la obtención de fármacos basados en el extracto de brotes de frambuesa roja, que tiene un efecto antioxidante

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The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and disease prevention is being constantly reduced in several animal production systems, including in the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using acidifiers to control Salmonella Typhimurium in 65-day-old pigs by detecting the pathogen in organs at euthanasia. For this, 24 piglets were divided into two experimental groups consisting of 12 piglets each. An untreated control group (G1) and a treatment group (G2) received a liquid organic acidifier in the drinking water for 10 days (D-5 to D5). Five days after the start of treatment (D0), all piglets were challenged with 106 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and assessed for 12 days (D12). Every three days (D3, D6, D9, and D12), three animals from each experimental group were euthanized and then submitted for necropsy. Samples from the intestines (ileum, cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileocolic lymph nodes), liver, spleen, and lungs were collected to isolate Salmonella. The results show that, numerically, Salmonellaisolation in the organs of G2 was lower than in G1 and that the number of positive cecum samples in G1 (66.7%; 8/12) was statistically different from the number of positive models in G2 (16.7%; 2/12), with a reduction of 28.6% of the total cecum positive samples in the treated group compared to the control. Therefore, it was observed that the liquid organic acidifier product could reduce the colonization of organs by Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

O uso de antimicrobianos como promotores de crescimento e prevenção de doenças vem sendo constantemente reduzido em diversos sistemas de produção animal, inclusive na suinocultura. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a eficácia do uso de acidificantes no controle de Salmonella Typhimurium em suínos de 65 dias de idade, detectando o patógeno em órgãos após a eutanásia. Para isso, 24 leitões foram divididos em dois grupos experimentais constituídos por 12 leitões cada. Um grupo controle não tratado (G1) e um grupo de tratamento (G2) que recebeu um acidificante orgânico líquido na água de beber por 10 dias (D-5 a D5). Cinco dias após o início do tratamento (D0), todos os animais foram inoculados oralmente com 106 UFC de Salmonella Typhimurium e avaliados por 12 dias (D12). A cada três dias (D3, D6, D9 e D12), três leitões de cada grupo experimental foram eutanasiados e posteriormente submetidos à necropsia. Amostras de intestino (íleo, ceco, linfonodos mesentéricos e linfonodos ileocólicos), fígado, baço e pulmões foram coletadas para o isolamento de Salmonella. Os resultados mostram que, numericamente, o isolamento de Salmonella nos órgãos do G2 foi inferior ao G1, e que o número de amostras positivas de ceco no G1 (66,7%; 8/12) foi estatisticamente diferente do número de amostras positivas no G2 (16,7%; 2/12), com redução de 28,6% do total de amostras positivas de ceco no grupo tratado em relação ao controle. Portanto, observou-se que o ácido orgânico líquido foi capaz de reduzir a colonização de órgãos por Salmonella Typhimurium.(AU)

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Feed additive alternatives to antibiotics, such as organic acids, and substances rich in polyphenols, such as tangerine wort, can promote improved intestinal health in broilers by modulating the microbial population and improving nutrient utilization. In this work, a product which combines organic acids (fumaric acid 0.5%, lactic acid 5.13%, citric acid 5.44% and ascorbic acid 1.2%) and tangerine wort (Citrus reticulata) 8.36% was studied. To determine the effect and the most appropriate level of inclusion of product in the diet of broilers, an experiment was carried out with 1400-day-old male chicks, in a conventional poultry house, evaluating the performance until 42 days of age. The birds were housed in RCB design with 5 treatments and 7 replicates of 40 birds each, and the diets with the additive inclusions were evaluated: A250 (250 mg/kg), A500 (500 mg/kg), A1000 (1000 mg/kg), a negative control (NC, not supplemented), and a positive control (PC, 10 mg/kg of enramycin). The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, containing added phytase and without anticoccidial; the additives replaced an inert in the basal diet. Performance characteristics, microbiota count, morphometry and jejunum morphology were evaluated. Considering the overall experimental period, the inclusion of the alternative additive based on organic acids and tangerine wort at different levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) did not result in difference from the negative control diet or the positive control with the inclusion of the antibiotic enramycin for performance traits (p>0.05), as well as for the microbiota count, morphology, jejunal morphometry and viability. Considering the period of 29-35 days alone, treatment with 500 mg/kg of alternative additive improved weight gain and feed intake of the chickens (p<0.05), but had no effect on feed conversion.(AU)

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The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters and disease prevention is being constantly reduced in several animal production systems, including in the swine industry. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using acidifiers to control Salmonella Typhimurium in 65-day-old pigs by detecting the pathogen in organs at euthanasia. For this, 24 piglets were divided into two experimental groups consisting of 12 piglets each. An untreated control group (G1) and a treatment group (G2) received a liquid organic acidifier in the drinking water for 10 days (D-5 to D5). Five days after the start of treatment (D0), all piglets were challenged with 106 CFU of Salmonella Typhimurium and assessed for 12 days (D12). Every three days (D3, D6, D9, and D12), three animals from each experimental group were euthanized and then submitted for necropsy. Samples from the intestines (ileum, cecum, mesenteric lymph nodes, and ileocolic lymph nodes), liver, spleen, and lungs were collected to isolate Salmonella. The results show that, numerically, Salmonella isolation in the organs of G2 was lower than in G1 and that the number of positive cecum samples in G1 (66.7%; 8/12) was statistically different from the number of positive models in G2 (16.7%; 2/12), with a reduction of 28.6% of the total cecum positive samples in the treated group compared to the control. Therefore, it was observed that the liquid organic acidifier product could reduce the colonization of organs by Salmonella Typhimurium. (AU)

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Background: Beef slaughterhouses must use a carcass decontamination procedure to control pathogens and thus prevent foodborne diseases transmitted by meat. Objectives: This study aimed to characterize beef carcass decontamination procedures at slaughterhouses located in the province of Antioquia (Colombia). All the slaughterhouses were in service, registered, and approved by Invima (Instituto Nacional de Vigilancia de Medicamentos y Alimentos in Spanish) at the time of the study. Methods: This descriptive study collected information from 23 beef slaughterhouses between July 2019 and April 2021 through documentary reviews and visits to slaughterhouses, using forms and questionnaires. Results: The study allowed the characterization of the procedures used to decontaminate beef carcasses, showing that the chemical disinfection of the carcasses is used to control microorganisms in at least 73.9% of the slaughterhouses analyzed. According to secondary sources, it was found that most of the slaughterhouses are small (slaughter volume <50,000 heads per year); 10 of them use citric acid, lactic acid, peracetic acid, and a mixture of organic acids in concentrations between 900 and 1,200 ppm, 1.5 and 1.7%, 180 and 190 ppm, and 900 and 1,200 ppm, respectively, as carcass disinfectants and according to the technical data sheet of the product. During the visits and through the application of the questionnaire, it was found that the 12 slaughterhouses had implemented chemical disinfection which is not scientifically based, using manual devices as an intervention method to control pathogenic microorganisms. It was found that the type of company, slaughter volume, and the lack of financial resources are the determining factors in the selection of decontamination procedures. The validation of the beef carcass decontamination procedures in the different slaughterhouses in the study was demonstrated. Conclusions:Although it was established that at least one decontamination procedure, such as chemical disinfection, is used in the slaughterhouses of study, this option is not supported by scientific or technical evidence. The findings support the need for improvements in the slaughterhouses of the province of Antioquia, including the improvement of surveillance programs to reduce pathogens in the meat chain effectively.

Antecedentes: Las plantas de beneficio animal deben utilizar un procedimiento de descontaminación de canales para el control de patógenos y con ello, prevenir la aparición de enfermedades transmitidas por el consumo de carne. Objetivos: El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar el procedimiento de descontaminación de canales bovinas en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento de Antioquia, Colombia, que se encontraban en servicio, inscritas y autorizadas por el Invima al momento del estudio. Métodos: Este estudio descriptivo recolectó información de 23 plantas de beneficio animal de la especie bovina, a partir de revisiones documentales y visitas a las plantas, usando formatos y cuestionarios entre julio de 2019 y abril de 2021. Resultados: El estudio permitió caracterizar los procedimientos y técnicas de descontaminación de canales bovinas, revelando que en al menos el 73,9% de las plantas de beneficio estudiadas se realiza la desinfección química de las canales para el control de microorganismos. A partir de fuentes secundarias, se encontró que la mayoría de las plantas de beneficio animal en el Departamento de Antioquia son muy pequeñas, 10 de ellas utilizan productos de desinfección de canales, tales como el ácido cítrico, ácido láctico, ácido peracético y mezcla de ácidos orgánicos en concentraciones entre 900 y 1200 ppm, 1,5 y 1,7%, 180 y 190 ppm y 900 y 1200 ppm, respectivamente; y estos son utilizados de acuerdo con las recomendaciones de la respectiva ficha técnica del producto. Por otro lado, durante la visita a las plantas de beneficio y mediante la aplicación del cuestionario, se constató que las 12 plantas visitadas han implementado la desinfección química como método de intervención para el control de microorganismos patógenos, realizando su aplicación mediante dispositivos manuales, no obstante, estas prácticas no están fundamentadas científicamente. Por otro lado, se estableció que aparentemente el tipo de empresa, volumen de sacrificio y falta de recursos financieros son los factores que determinan la elección del procedimiento de descontaminación de canales. De igual manera, se evidenció la necesidad de realizar estudios para validar la efectividad del procedimiento de descontaminación en las diferentes plantas de beneficio. Conclusiones: Aunque se estableció que en las plantas de beneficio animal visitadas se implementa al menos una técnica de intervención como la desinfección química, esta elección no tiene un sustento con base a fundamentos científicos y técnicos. Estos hallazgos respaldan la necesidad de mejoras en las plantas de beneficio animal del Departamento, incluyendo mejoras al programa de vigilancia de la reducción efectiva de patógenos en la cadena cárnica.

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Leaf and fruit decoctions of Schinus areira L. from northwest Argentina were investigated here. Phenolic compounds and organic acids were analyzed by HPLC. Antioxidant capacity and α-glucosidase inhibition were determined by using in vitro tests. The general toxicity was assessed against Artemia salina nauplii. Hyperoside and 3 O-caffeoylquinic acid in leaf decoctions; gallic acid and catechin in fruit decoction were the major phenolic compounds. Malic and citric acids were the main organic acid quantified in the leaf and fruit decoctions, respectively. Fruit decoction had a relatively important content of shikimic acid, precursor of Tamiflu. Leaf decoction presents a greater richness in bioactive compounds with antiradical activity against DPPH●, O2●-and ●NO radicals. S. areira leaves and fruits had α-glucosidase inhibitory activity comparable to hyperoside and acarbose. Fruit decoction was not eco-toxic; leaf decoction showed significant eco-toxic activity and could be chosen for the search of other bioactive compounds with pharmacological activity.

Se investigaron decocciones de hojas y frutos de Schinus areira L. del noroeste de Argentina. Compuestos fenólicos y ácidos orgánicos se analizaron mediante HPLC. Capacidad antioxidante e inhibición de α-glucosidasa se determinaron in vitro. Se evaluó toxicidad general con Artemia salina. Los principales compuestos fenólicos fueron hiperósido y ácido 3 O-cafeoilquínico en hojas y ácido gálico y catequina en frutos. Los principales ácidos orgánicos cuantificados fueron málico en hojas y cítrico en frutos. Ácido shikímico, precursor del Tamiflu está presente en decocción de frutos con un contenido relativamente importante. La de hojas presenta una mayor riqueza en compuestos bioactivos con actividad antirradicalaria frente a DPPH●, O2●-y ●NO. Las hojas y frutos de S. areira tenían una actividad inhibidora de la α-glucosidasa comparable a la de hiperósido y acarbosa. La decocción de frutas no fue eco-tóxica, pero sí la de hojas que podría ser fuente de compuestos bioactivos con actividad farmacológica.

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The importance of Brazil for the International Trade of poultry products induces legislators and interested companies to pay special attention to complying with international standard quality requirements. One of these requirements is the suppression of the indiscriminate use of antibiotics in poultry, as in the strategy of their use as a growth promoter. To meet this demand, the study of short-chain organic acids becomes interesting and their review essential. As good examples for the issue described, short chain organic acids such as citric acid, fumaric acid, sorbic acid and malic acid are extremely important due to their antimicrobial qualities, accessibility, and international acceptance. In addition to the individual effect, the blend of acids, that is, the association of acids for the role of growth promoter or performance enhancer, combines acids that act synergistically, enhancing their qualities. This study aims to address the physicochemical characteristics, effects, and qualities of short-chain organic acids, as well as their associated effects, encouraging further work that fills the scientific gaps in empirical knowledge about these additives.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of two acidifiers blend (with different protection levels) on the acidification potential in vitro, apparent total tract digestibility of diet nutrients, blood metabolites, and average daily gain of nursery piglets. Two commercial acidifiers blend additives (AC1 and AC2) were evaluated. The acidification potential of the two acidifiers blend added to the diet were tested by buffering capacity and initial pH in vitro. For the evaluation of apparent digestibility of diet nutrients, blood metabolites and average daily gain, two experiments were carried out. The AC2 acidifier had a greater effect on the initial reduction in pH and a lower linear buffering rate of the diet. The use of acidifiers did not improve the nutrient digestibility of the diets and had no effect on the blood metabolite concentrations of urea, total protein, albumin, globulin, and lactate. Although the inclusion of acidifiers in the diets did not affect the apparent total tract digestibility of the diet nutrients the inclusion of the AC2 acidifier at different levels showed a negative quadratic effect on the average daily gain, with the best inclusion level being 0.26%.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de dois acidificantes (com diferentes níveis de proteção) sobre o potencial de acidificação in vitro, a digestibilidade aparente do trato total dos nutrientes da dieta, os metabólitos sanguíneos e o ganho médio diário de leitões. Foram avaliados dois acidificantes comerciais (AC1 e AC2). O potencial de acidificação dos acidificantes adicionados às dietas foi testado quanto à capacidade tamponante e ao pH inicial in vitro. Para avaliação da digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta, dos metabólitos sanguíneos e do ganho médio diário, foram realizados dois experimentos. O acidificante AC2 teve maior efeito na redução inicial do pH e menor taxa linear de tamponamento linear da dieta. O uso de acidificantes não melhorou a digestibilidade dos nutrientes das dietas e não teve efeito sobre as concentrações dos metabólitos sanguíneos de ureia, proteína total, albumina, globulina e lactato. Embora a inclusão de acidificantes nas dietas não tenha afetado a digestibilidade aparente do trato total dos nutrientes da dieta, a inclusão do acidificante AC2 em diferentes níveis apresentou efeito quadrático negativo no ganho médio diário, com o melhor nível de inclusão sendo 0,26%.

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Mild brown and black spot diseases symptoms were detected on citrus varieties, Valencia and Navel fruits during season 2018 in some citrus orchards at North Egypt. Collected diseased fruit samples revealed isolation of Alternaria alternata and Phyllosticta citricarpa (McAlpine) van der Aa. Some organic acids, salts and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were evaluated against the diseases incidents in vitro and in vivo. Complete growth inhibition was recorded for fungi tested at 2g/L of salicylic acid, Potassium dihydrogen phosphate, Tri-Sodium polyphosphate and 2.5 g/L of S. cerevisiae. All pre-harvest treated Valencia trees, inoculated fruits revealed no diseases symptoms up to 10 days of storage period. Meanwhile, S. cerevisiae and salicylic acid treatments had extended protective effect up to 20 days. Control strategy through spraying Valencia orange trees with yeast or some organic acids and salts as pre-harvest approaches should be taken in consideration especially these diseases began to occur in North region of Egypt.

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Although Brazil is one of the world's leading exporter of agricultural products, the country is highly dependent on the importation of potassic fertilizers. K-bearing silicate rocks are reported as potential solutions to reduce external K dependency. This work evaluated K extraction from silicate Verdete rock, a glauconite-bearing rock containing 10 % of K2O, by solubilization with organic acids. Firstly, Verdete rock was reacted during 3-120 h with solutions of citric or oxalic acid at 2 % (m/v) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking. Oxalic acid extracted 6.5 % of K in Verdete, while citric acid extracted 2.3 %. Another experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of various oxalic acid concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %) and differing reaction times (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) on K extraction from Verdete rock. Soluble K concentration nearly doubled with the increase of reaction time from 12 to 72 h, rising from 20 to 37 mg L-1. Increments in K extraction were obtained by increasing oxalic acid concentrations up to 6 % and above this concentration, no significant gain was observed. The X-ray diffraction data showed that K extraction resulted from the formation of oxalate-metal complexes with metals in Verdete rock.

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Poultry products may be a source of foodborne human salmonellosis. The use of alternatives to antimicrobials that are not harmful to humans may reduce the presence of Salmonella spp. in poultry production. Among the products used, organic acids stand out. In the present study, three different organic acid (OA) blends were evaluated for the control of Salmonella Heidelberg (SH) in commercial broilers. Day-old chicks (n = 114) were randomly assigned to four treatments, with three replicates of 12 birds each. Birds in treatments A and B received SCFA (0.2mL/L) and SCFA + MCFA (0.2mL/L), respectively, in the drinking water, while birds in treatment C received SCFA + MCFA in the feed (2g/Kg of feed). Birds from treatment D did not receive OAs (control group). At 8 days of age, each bird was orally inoculated with SH at 108 CFU/mL, and cloacal swabs and SH enumeration of the cecal content were performed 24-, 48-, and 72-hours post-inoculation (hpi). The results show a reduction of both SH shedding and counts in the birds fed OAs at all pi times relative to the control birds. Fecal shedding was significantly lower in the OA-treated groups compared with the control group. As for SH presence in the cecum, significant differences were detected between groups C and D at 24 and 72 hpi, and between groups B and D at 72 hpi. The results of this study indicate that the use of feeding OAs to broilers may contribute to reduce the incidence of SH in the poultry production chain, allowing better flock health management, provided an efficient biosecurity program is employed.(AU)

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Brazil is a large country with high biodiversity in its different regions. However, species of native fruits widely reported in the southern Brazil have not been properly explored so far, remaining underutilized by the food industry. This study evaluated the polyphenolic profile, as well as the composition of organic acids and sugars of the pulps of the feijoa, and the uvaia from southern brazilian highlands. The uvaia pulp showed the highest total polyphenol content and the highest antioxidant capacity by the methods used. The polyphenol (+)-catechin (6.54 mg 100g-1) was the major phenolic compound in uvaia pulp, which has not yet been reported in the literature for fruits of other regions. In addition, the feijoa pulp stood out for the presence of (-)-epicatechin (18.29 mg 100g-1). The pulps of native fruits in this study only quantified values for citric and malic acids. Malic acid (553.00 mg 100g-1) was the main acid in the uvaia pulp, and citric acid (455.60 mg 100g-1) was the main acid in the feijoa pulp. It is possible to note that the feijoa pulp showed the highest total sugar content (11.14 g 100g-1) and was the only pulp that contained sucrose. The uvaia pulp, conversely, showed fructose (3.10 g 100g-1) as the main sugar. The results obtained in this study contributed to the valuation and conservation of the species investigated, representing a promising alternative for the use of these native fruits in the development of new products.

O Brasil é um grande país e com elevada biodiversidade em suas diferentes regiões. Entretanto, espécies de frutas nativas amplamente encontradas no sul do Brasil ainda não foram devidamente exploradas, permanecendo desconhecidas e subutilizadas pela indústria de alimentos. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil fenólico, bem como a composição de ácidos orgânicos e de açúcares de polpas de feijoa (Acca sellowiana) e de uvaia (Eugenia pyriformis) provenientes do planalto sul brasileiro. A polpa de uvaia apresentou o maior teor de polifenóis totais e a maior capacidade antioxidante pelos métodos utilizados. A (+)-catequina (6.54 mg 100g-1) foi o principal composto fenólico da polpa da uvaia, o que ainda não foi relatado na literatura para frutas de outras regiões. Além disso, a polpa da feijoa se destacou pela presença de (-)-epicatequina (18.29 mg 100g-1). Dentre os ácidos orgânicos avaliados, as polpas de frutas nativas apresentaram valores para os ácidos cítrico e málico, sendo o ácido málico (553.00 mg 100g-1) o principal na polpa de uvaia, e o cítrico (455.60 mg 100g-1) na polpa de feijoa. Em relação aos açúcares, a polpa da feijoa apresentou o maior teor de açúcar total (11.14 g 100g-1) e foi a única polpa que continha sacarose. Já a polpa da uvaia apresentou a frutose (3.10 g 100g-1) como principal açúcar. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo contribuem para a valorização e conservação das espécies investigadas, representando uma alternativa promissora para a utilização dessas frutas nativas no desenvolvimento de novos produtos.

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This study was designed to determine adequate levels for sodium butyrate inclusion in pre-hatching and pre-starter feed in order to minimize the negative effects of post-hatch delayed placement on broiler chicks. Newly-hatched chicks were allotted in a completely randomized design, with five treatments, each comprising five replicates of ten birds each. Five dietetic levels of sodium butyrate (control, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100 and 0.200%) were used in the pre-starter feed offered to the chicks in the transporting box and during the pre-starter phase. Performance, yolk sac retraction, plasma glucose concentration, weight and histomorphometry of the small intestine were evaluated after 24 hours of feed access and at 7 days of age. A metabolic trial was performed when the chicks were seven to ten days of age. Supplementation of 0.1% sodium butyrate increased the development of broiler chicks' intestinal villi at seven days of age but was not able to improve performance in the pre-starter phase. Supplementation with sodium butyrate in a diet offered in the transportation box does not improve broiler performance in the pre-starter phase. Supplementation of up to 0.16% is recommended, in order to improve the metabolizability of the ether extract for broilers at seven days of age.(AU)

Objetivou-se, com este estudo, encontrar níveis adequados de inclusão de butirato de sódio em ração pós-eclosão e pré-inicial, buscando minimizar os efeitos negativos do jejum de pintos de corte. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições de 10 aves cada. Foram utilizadas cinco suplementações de butirato de sódio (controle; 0,05; 0,075; 0,100 e 0,200%) na ração pré-inicial, fornecidas aos pintos na caixa de transporte e durante a fase pré-inicial. Após 24 horas de acesso ao alimento e aos sete dias de idade, foram avaliados desempenho, retração do saco vitelino, concentração de glicose plasmática, peso e histomorfometria do intestino delgado. De sete a 10 dias de idade, realizou-se ensaio de metabolizabilidade. A suplementação de 0,10% de butirato de sódio aumentou o desenvolvimento das vilosidades intestinais dos pintos de corte aos sete dias de idade, mas não foi capaz de melhorar o desempenho na fase pré-inicial. A suplementação com butirato de sódio em dieta oferecida na caixa de transporte não melhora o desempenho dos frangos na fase pré-inicial. Recomenda-se suplementação de até 0,16%, a fim de melhorar a metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo para frangos de corte aos sete dias de idade.(AU)

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A total of 792 conventional healthy 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers chicks (mixed gender) with average body weight of 42.30±1.14 g (mean ± SD) were used in the experiment, which lasted for 35 days. Chicks were randomly allotted into one of four treatment diets, each one having 11 replicate cages with 18 birds each, being fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets. Dietary treatments were CON (basal diet with unvaccinated birds); OA = CON + 0.1% organic acids; ACB = CON + anti-coccidium vaccine; OAACV = CON + 0.1% organic acid + anti-coccidium vaccine. Significant results were observed, with improved body weight (p=0.059; 0.064; 0.034) during days 1-7, 8-21, and overall, respectively. Significant effects were also observed on the feed conversion ratio (p=0.037) through the overall experiment, with no effects on feed intake on OAACV as compared to other treatment groups. Total track digestibility of dry matter (p=0.049) improved significantly in the OAACV treatment group. Additionally, beneficial effects were observed in the OAACV treatment group, with improvements in fecal microbial population (increased lactobacillus) and reduced NH3 gas emissions. Broilers fed the OAACV treatment tended to display reduced drip loss in the meat samples analyzed on days 5 and 7 (p=0.067, 0.072). In summary, our findings revealed that dietary inclusion of organic acid supplementation with anti-coccidium had a beneficial effect on broilers affected by coccidian infection, also improving growth performance, digestibility, fecal Lactobacillus counts, and reducing NH3.

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A total of 1500 day old broiler chicks were grouped into five treatments; each treatment group further consisted of six replicates. Group A was given a control diet having antibiotics. Group B and C were offered essential oil blend at the proportion of 0.1 g/kg and organic acid at the dose rate of 1g/kg. Group D was given both essential oil 0.1 g/kg and organic acid 1g/kg in combination. Group E was offered only a basal diet without antibiotics and considered as a negative control. The trial lasted for 35 days. Results indicated that the body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) exhibited significant improvement but insignificant in the case of feed consumption. Bodyweight and FCR were better in group B, followed by C. Carcass characteristics like eviscerated weight and giblet weight were also improved in group B while dressed weight showed insignificant results. Total cholesterol and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) were unaffected by the treatments; however, increased blood glucose levels and decreased low-density lipoproteins (LDL) concentration were significantly noticed. Treatment groups have no effect on antibody titer against ND at the end of the trial. In gut morphology, significantly higher villus height was observed in group C, but villus width and crypt depth remained unaffected. In conclusion, essential oil and organic acids have improved performance, carcass parameters, serum biochemistry, gut health, and decreased bacterial count.

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The objective was to evaluate the effects of maturity at harvest and row spacing on fermentative profile, aerobic stability, and nutritional value of biomass sorghum (BRS 716) silage. The experiment was conducted using a split-plot completely randomized block design with three row spacings (45, 70, and 90 cm) and four maturities at harvest (70, 100, 130, and 160 days) and eight replications. Polyvinyl chloride silos of known weight measuring 50 cm length and 10 cm diameter were used for silage production. Dry matter and total carbohydrate contents of the silage increased linearly, whereas crude protein and ash decreased linearly with maturity at harvest. Row spacing did not influence pH, ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3 ), gas and effluent losses, and dry matter recovery of silage. The concentrations of malic, succinic, and acetic acids and ethanol responded quadratically to maturity at harvest. The levels of neutral detergent fiber, lignin, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber increased linearly with maturity at harvest. Ruminal degradation kinetics of dry matter of biomass sorghum silage was not influenced by row spacing. BRS 716 biomass sorghum should be planted at 70-cm row spacing and harvested at 160 days for silage production based on fermentative profile, dry matter losses, and nutritional characteristics.

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The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of two bacterial inoculants, 11CFT and 11C33, with different genera of lactic acid bacteria on the chemical and fermentation composition of the silage, and the temperature and pH behavior of the silage during the feed out period. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with three treatments: corn silage without inoculant (control); corn silage with 11CFT inoculant (consisting of strains of Lactobacillus buchneri and L. casei); and corn silage with 11C33 inoculant (consisting of strains of L. buchneri, L. plantarum and Enterococcus faecium). The use of both inoculants increased the concentration of lactic acid in the silage (22.42 g kg-1 for control against 36.00 and 33.33 g kg-1 for 11CFT and 11C33, respectively) and reduced aerobic dry matter losses. The silage treated with 11C33 obtained a higher concentration of acetic acid (17.44 g kg-1) and propionic acid (2.08 g kg-1). The 11CFT inoculant provided a lower concentration of ethanol, however, without differing from the silage with 11C33 (0.70 and 1.61 g kg-1, respectively). Even without variations in temperature and pH at silage unloading, the use of the 11C33 inoculant generated a higher concentration of acetic and propionic acid, providing better aerobic stability days after unloading. Both inoculants also improved the in situ ruminal digestibility of corn silage compared to control silage. They provide an increase in the content of lactic and propionic acids, which assist to reduce dry matter losses and ethanol production. There were no variations in temperature and pH at the silo unloading, however, the use of the 11C33 inoculant generated a higher concentration of acetic and propionic acids providing better aerobic stability after exposure to air.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência de dois inoculantes bacterianos, 11CFT e 11C33, com diferentes gêneros de bactérias ácido láticas sobre a composição químico-fermentativa da silagem, bem como o comportamento da temperatura e pH da silagem durante sua utilização para alimentação. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, composto por três tratamentos: silagem de milho sem inoculante (controle); silagem de milho com inoculante 11CFT (constituído por cepas de Lactobacillus buchneri e L. casei); e silagem de milho com inoculante 11C33 (constituído por cepas de L. buchneri, L. plantarum e Enterococcus faecium). A utilização de ambos inoculantes aumentou a concentração de ácido lático da silagem (22,42 g kg-1 para controle contra 36,00 e 33,33 g kg-1 para 11CFT e 11C33, respectivamente) e reduziram as perdas de matéria seca em aerobiose. A silagem tratada com 11C33 obteve maior concentração de ácido acético (17,44 g kg-1) e propiônico (2,08 g kg-1). O inoculante 11CFT proporcionou menor concentração de etanol, porém, sem diferir da silagem com 11C33 (0,70 e 1,61 g kg-1, respectivamente). Mesmo sem haver variações de temperatura e pH no momento da desensilagem, o uso do inoculante 11C33 gerou maior concentração de ácido acético e propiônico proporcionando melhor estabilidade aeróbia após a desensilagem. Ambos inoculantes também melhoraram a digestibilidade in situ da silagem de milho em comparação com a silagem controle. Eles proporcionam aumento no teor dos ácidos lático e propiônico, que auxiliaram na redução das perdas de matéria seca e produção de etanol. Não ocorreram variações de temperatura e pH logo após abertura do silo, porém, o uso do inoculante 11C33 gerou uma maior concentração de ácidos acético e propiônico proporcionando melhor estabilidade aeróbia após a exposição ao ar.(AU)

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RESUMEN

A total of 792 conventional healthy 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers chicks (mixed gender) with average body weight of 42.30±1.14 g (mean ± SD) were used in the experiment, which lasted for 35 days. Chicks were randomly allotted into one of four treatment diets, each one having 11 replicate cages with 18 birds each, being fed corn-soybean meal (SBM) based diets. Dietary treatments were CON (basal diet with unvaccinated birds); OA = CON + 0.1% organic acids; ACB = CON + anti-coccidium vaccine; OAACV = CON + 0.1% organic acid + anti-coccidium vaccine. Significant results were observed, with improved body weight (p=0.059; 0.064; 0.034) during days 1-7, 8-21, and overall, respectively. Significant effects were also observed on the feed conversion ratio (p=0.037) through the overall experiment, with no effects on feed intake on OAACV as compared to other treatment groups. Total track digestibility of dry matter (p=0.049) improved significantly in the OAACV treatment group. Additionally, beneficial effects were observed in the OAACV treatment group, with improvements in fecal microbial population (increased lactobacillus) and reduced NH3 gas emissions. Broilers fed the OAACV treatment tended to display reduced drip loss in the meat samples analyzed on days 5 and 7 (p=0.067, 0.072). In summary, our findings revealed that dietary inclusion of organic acid supplementation with anti-coccidium had a beneficial effect on broilers affected by coccidian infection, also improving growth performance, digestibility, fecal Lactobacillus counts, and reducing NH3.(AU)

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