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The debranning process, at an industrial scale, was applied to grains of two wheat cultivars to determine its effect on Fusarium mycotoxin content and antioxidant activity. Grain samples from the BRS Marcante and BRS Reponte wheat cultivars, naturally contaminated by Fusarium, were used in the study. The dry wheat samples were processed on the polisher once or twice and evaluated by hardness index, chemical composition (moisture, protein, and ash), deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZON) levels, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity. In the BRS Marcante cultivar, the debranning process only slightly reduced the DON and ZON contents in whole-wheat flours compared with the previous cleaning treatment (no-debranned). In the BRS Reponte cultivar, the DON concentration decreased by 36% at a debranning ratio of 5%, obtained by polishing, compared with prior cleaning treatment (no-debranned). In addition, the polishing reduced the ZON level by 56% compared with the cleaned wheat. The debranning process did not reduce the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, debranning is a suitable technology to obtain safer and healthier food by minimizing the mycotoxin content and retaining antioxidant capacity.

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Research background: Controlled sprouting promotes physiological and biochemical changes in whole grains, improves their nutritional value and offers technological advantages for breadmaking as an alternative to traditional whole grains. The aim of this study is to find sprouting conditions for the grains of Klein Valor wheat variety (Triticum aestivum L.) that would increase the nutritional value without significantly affecting the gluten proteins, which are essential in wholegrain baked goods. Experimental approach: The chemical and nutritional composition, enzymatic activity and pasting properties of the suspensions of unsprouted and sprouted whole-wheat flour were evaluated. Results and conclusions: This bioprocess allowed us to obtain sprouted whole-wheat flour with different degrees of modification in its chemical composition. Sprouting at 25 °C resulted in an observable increase in enzymatic activity and metabolic processes, particularly α-amylases, which significantly affect the starch matrix and the associated pasting properties. Additionally, there was a smaller but still notable effect on the structure of the cell walls and the protein matrix due to the activation of endoxylanases and proteases. In contrast, sprouting at 15 and 20 °C for 24 h allowed for better process control as it resulted in nutritional improvements such as a higher content of free amino acid groups, free phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, as well as a lower content of phytates. In addition, it provided techno-functional advantages due to the moderate activation of α-amylase and xylanase. A moderate decrease in peak viscosity of sprouted whole-wheat flour suspensions was observed compared to the control flour, while protein degradation was not significantly prolonged. Novelty and scientific contribution: Sprouted whole-wheat flour obtained under milder sprouting conditions with moderate enzymatic activity could be a promising and interesting ingredient for wholegrain baked goods with improved nutritional values and techno-functional properties. This approach could avoid the use of conventional flour improvers and thus have a positive impact on consumer acceptance and enable the labelling of the product with a clean label.

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Introducción. Los cereales tienen aminoácidos limitantes y mezclarlos con harinas de origen marino presentan un mejor equilibrio en éstos mejorando la composición nutricional en productos de panificación, principalmente de proteína y aminoácidos. Objetivo. Desarrollar panes tipo "baguette" sustituyendo parcialente harina de trigo (HT) por harina de calamar (HC) y evaluar su calidad física, química y sensorial. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizó la técnica de masa esponja incorporando 7,5, 10 y 12,5 % de HC. Análisis físicos: tiempo de amasado, peso y fermentación de la masa, volumen específico, peso de los panes (g), % pérdida humedad y color de miga; análisis químicos: humedad, proteína cruda, cenizas, extracto etéreo, fibra cruda, carbohidratos, aminoácidos indispensables y energía bruta y evaluación sensorial: textura, olor, color y sabor. Resultados. Las propiedades físicas no presentaron diferencias (p>0,05), pero sí (p<0,05) para las variables de color en todos los panes, al igual que en los análisis químicos y perfil de aminoácidos (p<0,05), incrementándose la proteína (15,63 % pan con 7,5 % de HC hasta 23,27 % pan con 12,5 % de HC) y mismo comportamiento de aminoácidos indispensables conforme aumentó la inclusión de HC. Los resultados de la evaluación sensorial fueron similares (p>0,05) para 7,5 % de HC (me gusta), para 10,0 y 12,5 % fue indiferente. Conclusiones. La inclusión de HC (7,5 %) en baguette logró un aumento de proteínas y aminoácidos esenciales mejorando la calidad nutricional, con buena aceptación de acuerdo con la prueba de carácter exploratorio con consumidores que se empleó(AU)

Introduction. Cereals have limiting amino acids and mixing them with flours of marine origin could provide a better balance in these improving the nutritional composition in bakery products, mainly protein and amino acids. Objective. To develop and evaluate the physical, chemical, and sensory quality of three white breads of baguette type by partially substitution of wheat flour (HT) with squid flour (HC). Materials and methods. The sponge dough technique was used incorporating 7,5, 10,0 and 12,5 % of HC. Physical analysis: kneading time, dough weight, dough fermentation, specific volume, bread weight (g), % loss of moisture and crumb color; chemical analysis: moisture, crude protein, ash, ether extract, crude fiber, carbohydrates, indispensable amino acids and sensory evaluation: texture, odor, color, and flavor. Results. Physical properties did not show differences (p>0.05), differences (p<0.05) for color variables in all breads as well as in chemical analysis and amino acid profile (p<0.05), the protein show an increase (15,63 % for bread with HT to 23,27 % for bread with 12.5 % of HC) and the same behavior for indispensable amino acids, that increase as inclusion of HC increases. The results of the sensory evaluation were similar (p>0.05) in control and 7,5 % of HC (I like it), for 10 and 12,5% it was indifferent. Conclusions. The inclusion of squid flour (7,5 %) in the preparation of baguette bread achieved an increase of proteins and essential amino acids that improved the nutritional quality of this food, which also presented a good acceptance according to an exploratory test with consumers(AU)

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Almost all the dehydrated cassava puree is pregelatinized cassava starch (PCS). Its potential application in food would add variety. But food characteristics vary depending on the raw materials used. We examined how the structure of snacks changed when PCS was used instead of flour in terms of porosity, instrumental textural parameters, and acoustic parameters and compare them to commercial crackers. The volume of air was unaffected by the substitution. However, substitution did reduce thickness and alter the number, size, and wall firmness of pores, as well as their distribution and shape, which raise the values of firmness, fracturability, hardness, and fragility, though not linearly. The partial substitutions and the control did not exhibit any appreciable differences in the acoustic parameters. The total replacement sample was noisier and maintained a wide variety of sounds. The PCS vitreous state is primarily responsible for structure changes, but other elements, such as processing conditions, contribute to differences in comparison to the commercial samples. The porosity of commercial samples was lower than that of the elaborated samples. Texturally, it led to lower fracturability and greater fragility (less mm until fracture and fewer force peaks). The elaborated samples were all louder than the commercials. Although sensory analysis is required to classify a food as crunchy, the physicochemical changes caused by the substitution and their impact on the structure's behavior were established. Each textural parameter cannot determine whether the food is crunchy, crispy, or friable on its own; an analysis that incorporates all the characteristics is required. Supplement Material. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: This study demonstrates that pregelatinized cassava flour can be used to partially or completely replace wheat flour in baked snacks. Although textural differences were noted, these alterations were acceptable for products with a similar market niche. These findings might be used in the food business, notably by companies aiming to offer baked snack choices that are not made with standard wheat flour.

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Background: Food fortification and micronutrient supplementation are public health strategies to improve micronutrient status in Guatemala; their population effectiveness has not been evaluated in recent years. Objective: We evaluated trends in food fortification, micronutrient supplementation, anemia, and iron deficiency among nonpregnant women aged 15-49 y [women of reproductive age (WRA)] and children 6-59 aged mo [preschool age children (PSC)]. Method: Nationally representative serial cross-sectional surveys were used to assess changes in hemoglobin, anemia, ferritin, iron deficiency, iron deficiency anemia, and self-reported consumption of fortifiable foods and micronutrient supplements during 2008/2009, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017/2018, and 2018/2019. Predictors of hemoglobin and ferritin were assessed using generalized linear mixed models adjusted for survey year as random effects, and the consumption of fortifiable foods, supplements, and other potential confounders were fixed effects. Results: Multiple micronutrient powder consumption among PSC during the previous 3 mo was 53.3% (95% CI: 49.4, 57.2) in 2013 and 33.6% (28.8, 38.4) in 2018/2019. Anemia among PSC was 11.3% (8.0, 14.5) in 2008/2009 and 6.1% (3.6, 8.6) in 2018/2019. Anemia among WRA was 10.7% (7.2, 14.2) in 2008/2009 and 3.9% (2.7, 5.2) in 2018/2019. Iron deficiency among PSC was 15.5% (12.1, 19.0) in 2008/2009 and 10.9% (7.4, 14.5) in 2016 (lowest), but 17.1 (13.3, 21.0) in 2017/2018 (highest). Iron deficiency among WRA was 14.9% (11.6, 18.2) in 2008/2009, 13.8% (11.8, 15.8) in 2013 (lowest), and 18.9% (16.3, 21.6) in 2017/2018 (highest). Wheat flour/bread consumption was positively associated with hemoglobin among PSC, and sugar consumption was positively associated with hemoglobin among WRA. The reported consumption of fortifiable foods was not associated with ferritin among PSC or WRA. Conclusions: Guatemala has implemented multiple food fortification strategies, and anemia has declined. Increases in iron deficiency in 2017-2019 warrant further attention. Secular trends toward poverty alleviation, education, and development might be responsible for changes not explained by the micronutrient interventions evaluated.

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INTRODUCTION: Wheat flour enrichment is a public health strategy recommended to prevent micronutrient deficiencies, including iron deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine iron content in enriched wheat flour and flour products and their contribution to nutritional recommendations for children. POPULATION AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study based on the total diet study method. Enriched wheat flour (as per Law no. 25630) and the most frequently consumed flour products were analyzed. Products were selected using a questionnaire on the frequency of food intake and a 24-hour recall interview with the parents of children aged 6 months to 7 years. Food iron levels were determined based on atomic absorption spectrometry and their contribution to the estimated average requirement was assessed. RESULTS: Enriched flour and flour products showed the expected iron amount, except for French bread and breadcrumbs. The contribution of studied products to iron requirements was 7 % in children aged 6 months to 1 year, 81 % in those aged 1-3 years, and 45 % in those older than 4 years. CONCLUSIONS: Except for French bread and breadcrumbs, studied flour and flour products showed the expected enrichment level. The consumption of this type of food does not provide significant amounts of iron to infants, but it does to children older than 1 year.

Introducción. El enriquecimiento de la harina de trigo es una de las estrategias de salud pública recomendadas para prevenir las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre ellos el hierro. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el contenido de hierro en harina de trigo enriquecida y sus derivados, y la contribución de estos a las recomendaciones nutricionales en niños. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, basado en la metodología de estudio de dieta total. Se analizaron la harina de trigo enriquecida (según la ley 25630) y sus derivados más consumidos. Para seleccionar los alimentos, se realizó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo y recordatorio de 24 horas a los padres de niños con edades entre 6 meses y 7 años. Se determinó la concentración de hierro en los alimentos mediante absorción atómica y se evaluó su contribución al requerimiento promedio estimado. Resultados. La harina enriquecida y sus derivados tuvieron la cantidad de hierro esperada, excepto el pan francés y el pan rallado. La contribución a los requerimientos de hierro de los alimentos evaluados fue el 7 % en niños de 6 meses a 1 año, el 81 % en el grupo de 1 a 3 años y el 45 % en los mayores de 4 años. Conclusiones. Excepto el pan francés y el pan rallado, las harinas y sus derivados analizados presentaron el nivel de enriquecimiento esperado. El consumo de estos alimentos no aporta cantidades significativas de hierro en los lactantes, pero sí en los niños mayores de 1 año.

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Color is an importantaspect when formulating products, as the consumer will evaluate this aspect in the first instance. There is a growing interest in non-wheat producing regions to replace it with local sources of starches. However, the substitution of wheat flour affects characteristics such as texture, flavor, and color of the intermediate and final products. The objective of this work was to determine if the variation of the baking time allows reducing the color difference that the replacement of flour generates by dehydrated cassava puree (DCP). For that, four replacement levels were evaluated using the CIE-L * a * b * and CIE-L * C * H * methodology. The browning index and total color difference (ΔE) between samples with different replacement levels and between different stages of production were also evaluated. It was proved that the decrease in the baking time allowed the development of a similar coloring between snacks made with DCP and those made without substitution. Also, moisture values of less than 5% (dry basis) were obtained in the snacks. The browning index increased with the proportion of DCP in flour and doughs, but not in baked snacks. The pregelatinization of starches could be a mechanism to improve the quality of products with substitutions of wheat flour. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Color is a critical attribute of foods in consumer acceptance. The accelerated color development that pregelatinized cassava starch produces in the appearance of baked goods can be useful for food development. A quick color development can mean shorter exposure time to heat, which is important for some products with heat-sensitive components. Also, it is interesting to note that the cassava dehydrated puree is a gluten-free product.

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Photoacoustic spectroscopy is applied to evaluate the impact of Moringa at different concentrations (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10%) on the elaboration, sanity, texture, and color of wheat bread. It was found that: i) Photoacoustic signal amplitude values of bread significantly increase from 37 to 90% when moringa powder concentration raises from 1.25% to 10%, at 300 nm wavelength. ii) Comparing the photoacoustic signal values at 300, 330, and 370 nm wavelengths, produced by the different bread types, there were statistically significant differences. iii) The sanitary quality of bread mixed with a 2.5% of moringa is relatively higher than the ones obtained for other concentrations, such that the number of fungal colonies were reduced by 99% in comparison with the control bread without moringa, after six days of storage. Moringa at 2.5% of concentration could thus improve the sanitary quality of wheat bread. iv) The addition of moringa for making bread slows down its textural changes (hardness, elasticity, cohesiveness, resilience, and chewiness) during storage. v) Finally, the highest correlation between the photoacoustic amplitude and the moringa concentration occurs at the wavelengths of 300 and 330 nm, which could be related to significant changes in the content of flavonoids and phenolic acids.

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Introducción. El enriquecimiento de la harina de trigo es una de las estrategias de salud pública recomendadas para prevenir las deficiencias de micronutrientes, entre ellos el hierro. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el contenido de hierro en harina de trigo enriquecida y sus derivados, y la contribución de estos a las recomendaciones nutricionales en niños. Población y métodos. Estudio observacional, analítico, de corte transversal, basado en la metodología de estudio de dieta total. Se analizaron la harina de trigo enriquecida (según la ley 25630) y sus derivados más consumidos. Para seleccionar los alimentos, se realizó un cuestionario de frecuencia de consumo y recordatorio de 24 horas a los padres de niños con edades entre 6 meses y 7 años. Se determinó la concentración de hierro en los alimentos mediante absorción atómica y se evaluó su contribución al requerimiento promedio estimado. Resultados. La harina enriquecida y sus derivados tuvieron la cantidad de hierro esperada, excepto el pan francés y el pan rallado. La contribución a los requerimientos de hierro de los alimentos evaluados fue el 7 % en niños de 6 meses a 1 año, el 81 % en el grupo de 1 a 3 años y el 45 % en los mayores de 4 años. Conclusiones. Excepto el pan francés y el pan rallado, las harinas y sus derivados analizados presentaron el nivel de enriquecimiento esperado. El consumo de estos alimentos no aporta cantidades significativas de hierro en los lactantes, pero sí en los niños mayores de 1 año.

Introduction. Wheat flour enrichment is a public health strategy recommended to prevent micronutrient deficiencies, including iron deficiency. The objective of this study was to determine iron content in enriched wheat flour and flour products and their contribution to nutritional recommendations for children. Population and methods. Observational, analytical, cross-sectional study based on the total diet study method. Enriched wheat flour (as per Law no. 25630) and the most frequently consumed flour products were analyzed. Products were selected using a questionnaire on the frequency of food intake and a 24-hour recall interview with the parents of children aged 6 months to 7 years. Food iron levels were determined based on atomic absorption spectrometry and their contribution to the estimated average requirement was assessed. Results. Enriched flour and flour products showed the expected iron amount, except for French bread and breadcrumbs. The contribution of studied products to iron requirements was 7 % in children aged 6 months to 1 year, 81 % in those aged 1-3 years, and 45 % in those older than 4 years. Conclusions. Except for French bread and breadcrumbs, studied flour and flour products showed the expected enrichment level. The consumption of this type of food does not provide significant amounts of iron to infants, but it does to children older than 1 year.

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Bacillus cereus is a human pathogenic bacterium that produces emetic and diarrheal foodborne diseases. This study evaluated the genetic and toxigenic diversity in B. cereus group isolates from powdered foods collected in public educational institutions, bakeries and powdered food companies located in Medellín, Colombia. B. cereus was detected in 35 of 305 (11%) powdered food samples and 52 B. cereus were isolated. The presence of ten toxin genes, hblCDAB, nheABC, cytK2, entFM and cesB, was evaluated in the isolates by multiplex PCR. The nheABC operon was found in all isolates (100%), hblCDAB in 22 (42%), hblCDA in 8 (15%) and hblCD in 3 (6%); the cytK2 gene was detected in 32 isolates (62%) and entFM in 32 (62%). Notably, the cesB gene was not detected. According to the presence of toxin genes, fifteen profiles were identified. The predominant toxigenic profile contained all toxin genes but cesB. A large genetic diversity was observed by GTG5 fingerprinting with 46 isolates grouped in seven clusters and the remaining six clustering individually. There was no relationship between toxigenic profiles and genetic clusters, but some genetic clusters seemed to be related to particular powdered food types. In general, the results evidenced high genetic and enterotoxigenic diversity among the B. cereus group isolates.

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The aims of this work were to assess the influence of the physicochemical composition of whole flour from soft and hard wheat genotypes on cookie and bread properties, as well as the ability of the prediction tests to estimate the whole meal flour end-use. Flours from hard and soft wheat genotypes proved to have different chemical composition and particle size distribution. Flours from hard wheat had lower particle average size and dietary fiber content, and higher lipid and wet gluten contents than flours from soft wheat. Particle size distribution, water absorption capacity and chemical composition of whole flours strongly influenced bread and cookie making performance. Considering prediction tests, flours from different wheat types were successfully discriminated using SDS-SI, SRC lac, and GI. However, rather weak correlations were found between the prediction test and the cookie and bread quality parameters. The prediction test, standardized for refined flours, showed a poor performance when whole flours were used. Nevertheless, grain texture and whole flour physicochemical properties did affect bread and cookie quality parameters, thus classical prediction tests should be modified in order to estimate the end-use performance of whole flours. Moreover, a standardization of the milling process should be considered.

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The effects of the dry heat treatment (DHT) temperature (20, 50, 100, 150, 200 °C) on the structure of wheat flour and on the texture and in vitro starch digestibility of breads were investigated. X-ray diffraction and FTIR showed that increasing temperatures produced reduction of the hydrated starch structures, increased crystallinity and molecular order of starch chains, and had important effects on the gluten secondary structure. High treatment temperatures produced significant reductions in rapidly digestible starch (RDS) (53.21% at 20 °C, 22.24% at 200 °C), and the slowly digestible starch fraction tended to increase (26.12% at 20 °C, 31.48% at 200 °C). On the other hand, bread hardness showed a significant increase from 11.25 N at 20 °C to 49.53 N at 200 °C, the latter value being similar to that reported for bread crusts. Principal component analysis results showed that the flour and bread characteristics were drastically changed by the DHT, with 100 °C representing a critical temperature. Below 100 °C, breads showed textural characteristics close to that of the control bread, with reduced RDS fractions, while at temperatures above 100 °C, hardness was boosted.

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The pro-health action of germinated lentils could be useful to be added with wheat flour in the production of box bread. In this work, we spectroscopically evaluate the germinated and non-germinated lentils, and use them at the concentrations of 5 and 10% for the production of box bread. The chemical and physical tests of the bread and its determination of phenolic acids and flavonoids (by HPLC) were also performed. As well as the evaluation of the quality of flour and dough used to produce the bread and the acceptance of the germinated lentil bread with a population of 20 people with diabetes or with diabetic relatives It is shown that: (1) The amplitude of photoacoustic signal obtained by photoacoustic spectroscopy is modified as a function of the percentage of germinated lentil (GL) flour (0, 5 or 10%) add to the bread; being higher the photoacoustic amplitude to higher concentration of GL in the absorption band of 300-425 nm, which is related to higher content of phenols and flavonoids. (2) The contents of phenolic acids (Sinapinic, ß- resorcylic, Chlorogenic and Ferulic) and flavonoids (Quercetin and Isorhamnetin) tended to increase in the germinated lentil bread with 10% concentration of germinated lentil flour with respect to the control bread (0% GL). (3) The addition of germinated lentils flour to 5 and 10% into wheat flour to produce bread with higher hardness and less cohesiveness than bread based on wheat flour only. The Falling number indicate that there is no significant difference between the control sample and the 5% GL flour, while in the 10% GL flour there was a reduction of 21 s, with respect to the control. The effect of the germinated lentil flour percentage on the pasting properties of the flours was significant between the control and 10% GL flour. In general, the quality of the dough and flour are modified due to the addition of germinates lentils, and this affectation increases with the increase in the concentration of GL. (4) The bread added with germinated lentil has sensory acceptance with a group of people with diabetes and/or diabetic relatives in their attributes in general. The obtained results thus support the production of wheat bread with mixed germinated lentils flour, as a nutraceutical option for human consumption.

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Background: Colombia's mandatory wheat flour fortification program has yet to be evaluated. Objective: Examine associations between consumption of fortified wheat flour and low serum fer¬ritin (LSF) and anemia prevalence. Materials and Methods: A secondary analysis of the 2005 national nutrition survey (ENSIN) was completed for 3988 children 2-4 y, 5669 children 5-12 y and 2053 nonpregnant women 13-49 y. The relationship between consumption (quartiles) of wheat flour containing food (WFCF) and LSF and anemia was examined using chi-square analyses and logistic regression models. Results: In adjusted models, controlling for socio-economic status, intake of animal-origin foods, and supplement use in the last 24 hours, a correlation was found between WFCF and anemia in the preschool aged group, when comparing the quartile of highest WFCF consumption with the lowest quartile (OR: 0.7, 95 % CI: 0.6-0.9). The prevalence of LSF was similar across all quartiles of WFCF consumption in all age groups. The highest prevalence of anemia was observed in the lowest WFCF consumption quartiles in all age groups, but was not significantly different in non-pregnant women 13-49 y. No association between WFCF and LSF was observed in adjusted or unadjusted models. Conclusions: In Colombia, consumption of wheat flour containing foods is associated with lower levels of anemia in pre-school aged children.

Antecedentes: la fortificación obligatoria de harina de trigo en Colombia no se ha evaluado. Objetivo: examinar las asociaciones entre el consumo de harina y ferritina sérica baja (BSF) y la prevalencia de anemia. Materiales y métodos: se completó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situación Nutricional de 2005 (ENSIN) para 3988 niños de 2-4 años, 5669 escolares de 5-12 años y 2053 mujeres no embarazadas de 13-49 años. Se examinó la relación entre el consumo (cuartiles) de alimentos que contenían harina (ACHT) y la BSF y la anemia mediante análisis de ji al cuadrado y modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: en modelos ajustados, controlando por el estado socioeconómico, alimentos de origen animal y la ingesta de suplementos en las 24 horas anteriores, existía relación entre ACHT y la anemia en los preescolares, al comparar el cuartil más alto del consumo de ACHT con el cuartil más bajo (OR: 0,7; IC 95 %: 0,6-0,9). No se observó asociación entre ACHT y BFS en modelos ajustados. Conclusiones: en Colombia, el consumo de alimentos que contienen harina de trigo se asocia con niveles más bajos de anemia en preescolares.

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Suitable conditions of temperature and humidity are required to maintain wheat grains quality, but during processing and storage, the grains can be exposed to adverse environmental conditions and presence of infectious fungi. Fusarium graminearum, the main causal agent of Fusarium head blight on wheat, affects crop yields and grain quality by alteration of their biochemical components and mycotoxin contamination, which reduces the possibilities of wheat end use and compromises food safety. Lipid degradation by hydrolytic, oxidative and microbial deterioration is the predominant cause of the loss of sensory acceptability, nutritional value and baking quality. The aim of this research was to determine the influence of adverse environmental conditions -as the increasing moisture - on lipid patterns of whole wheat flours contaminated with F. graminearum in relation to the infection degree. In vitro cultures of F. graminearum were carried out on wheat grains under different degrees of relative humidity (11, 50, 75 and 100%) throughout 45 days of incubation at 28 °C. The fungal biomass measured by q-PCR increased proportionally with the humidity. A decrease in the signals of saturated (palmitic and estearic) and unsaturated (oleic, linoleic and linolenic) fatty acids, analyzed as fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) by GC-MS, was observed in relation with the humidity and infection degree. The degradation rate of the lipids was high during the first 15 days of incubation, reaching the fatty acids content, values around 20-40% of those found in the control. From that moment on, the rate of degradation was slower or even null. It was observed that in all treatments, the linolenic acid reached the highest degradation ratio in comparison with the other fatty acids, which may be caused by the action of lipoxygenases. The lipase activity and the content of deoxynivalenol were also determinate on the flours. The lipase activity increased until day 25 of incubation reaching twice the initial value. The deoxynivalenol content also increased along incubation while fatty acids decreased. Our results demonstrated that the magnitude in the signal of fatty acids in whole wheat flours varied in relation to the degree of humidity and fungal infection of the grains from which they were obtained. Otherwise, lipids and their oxidation products are related with the pathogenesis and production of mycotoxins. These observations highlight the importance of an adequate manipulation of wheat grains on the processing chain to prevent quality changes and mycotoxins contamination.

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The role of raw plantain flour (RPF) and its citric acid (CA)-esterified counterpart (EPF) on the carbohydrate nutritional properties of cookies was investigated. Cookies were elaborated with commercial wheat flour (CWF), RPF, EPF, or a CWF-EPF blend, and assessed for composition, starch digestibility, texture and sensory properties. EPF-cookie showed the lowest digestible starch (DS) content and estimated glycemic index (pGI) (25.0% and 59.3, respectively). Cookies made with CWF-EPF exhibited the highest indigestible fraction values attributed to the synergistic presence of the RS from EPF and the protein and non-starch polysaccharides from CWF. All RPF containing cookies exhibited lower hardness than CWF-cookie. Although the use of RPF decreased consumer's acceptability compared to CWF-cookie, the cookies with EPF showed sensory characteristics of 52-65% compared with the CWF-cookie (100%). This study shows CA esterification of plantain flour as a successful strategy to manufacture cookies with low DS and pGI.

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BACKGROUND: Endo-1,4-ß-xylanases have marked hydrolytic activity towards arabinoxylans. Xylanases (xynA) produced by the anaerobic fungus Orpinomyces sp. strain PC-2 have been shown to be superior in specific activity, which strongly suggests their applicability in the bakery industry for the processing of whole-wheat flour containing xylans. In the present study, two xylanases from this source, the small wild-type xylanase SWT and the small mutant xylanase SM2 (V108A, A199T), were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, characterized, tested for their ability to hydrolyze whole-wheat flour and applied in dough processing. RESULTS: Both purified SM2 and SWT showed high specific activity against oat spelt xylan and wheat arabinoxylan, exhibiting maximum activity at pH 3-7 and 60 °C. SM2 was more thermostable than SWT, which suggests that the mutations enhanced its stability. Both SWT and SM2 were able to hydrolyze whole-wheat flour, and evaluation of their applicability in dough processing by the sponge method indicated that use of these enzymes increased dough volume by 60% and reduced texture hardness by more than 50%, while gumminess and chewiness were reduced by 40%. CONCLUSION: The recombinant xylanases showed potential for application in bakery processing and can improve techno-functional properties in sponges. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.

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BACKGROUND: Colombia's mandatory wheat flour fortification program has yet to be evaluated. OBJECTIVE: Examine associations between consumption of fortified wheat flour and low serum ferritin (LSF) and anemia prevalence. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis of the 2005 national nutrition survey (ENSIN) was completed for 3988 children 2-4 y, 5669 children 5-12 y and 2053 non-pregnant women 13-49 y. The relationship between consumption (quartiles) of wheat flour containing food (WFCF) and LSF and anemia was examined using chi-square analyses and logistic regression models. RESULTS: In unadjusted analyses, the prevalence of LSF was similar across all quartiles of WFCF consumption in all age groups. The highest prevalence of anemia was observed in the lowest WFCF consumption quartiles in all age groups, but was not significantly different in non-pregnant women 13-49 y. In adjusted models this relationship between WFCF and anemia remained for children 2-4 y when comparing the highest WFCF intake quartile with the lowest quartile (OR: 0.7, 95 % Cl: 0.6-0.9). No association between WFCF and LSF was observed in adjusted (or unadjusted) models. CONCLUSIONS: In Colombia, consumption of wheat flour containing foods is associated with lower levels of anemia in pre-school children.

ANTECEDENTES: la fortificación obligatoria de harina de trigo en Colombia no se ha evaluado. OBJETIVO: examinar las asociaciones entre el consumo de harina y ferritina sérica baja (BSF) y la prevalencia de anemia. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: se completó un análisis secundario de la Encuesta Nacional de la Situacion Nutricional de 2005 (ENSIN) para 3988 niños de 2­4 años, 5669 escolares de 5­12 años y 2053 mujeres no embarazadas de 13­49 años, Se examino la relacion entre el consumo (cuartiles) de alimentos que contenían harina (ACHT) y la BSF y la anemia mediante análisis de ji al cuadrado y modelos ae regresión logística. RESULTADOS: en modelos ajustados, controlando por el estado socioeconomico, alimentos de origen animal y la ingesta de suplementos en las 24 horas anteriores, existía relacion entre ACHT y la anemia en los preescolares. al comparar el cuartil más alto del consumo de ACHT con el cuartil más bajo (OR: 0.7: IC 95 %: 0,6­0,9). No se observó asociación entre ACHT y BFS en modelos ajustados. CONCLUSIONES: en Colombia, el consumo de alimentos que contienen harina de trigo se asocia con niveles más bajos de anemia en preescolares.

RESUMEN

Algarroba flour is used to supplement lysine-limiting systems such as wheat flour due to its amino acidic composition. The effects of adding up to 30% of this flour to wheat flour (W-A30) on dough characteristics and breadmaking performance were studied. Dough rheology was tested by farinograph, oscillatory rheometry and texture profile analyses. Molecular mobility was evaluated by nuclear magnetic resonance, and thermal properties were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and viscoamylograph studies. Besides, different bread quality parameters were evaluated. Incorporation of algarroba flour resulted into increase in water absorption, development time and degree of softening, and decrease in stability of wheat flour, leading to softer, less adhesive and elastic dough, although at intermediate replacement levels cohesiveness improved. At the molecular level, a reduction of water activity and limited proton motion were observed in W-A30 samples, suggesting that protons were highly bound to the dough matrix. Dough samples with algarroba flour showed lower G' and G″ values than the control, although with the formation of a more elastic structure for W-A30. In addition, algarroba flour produced a protective effect on starch granule disruption and interfered with amylose-amylose association during cooling. The specific volume of breads decreased with the increase in algarroba level, W-A30 reaching the highest decrease (15%). Bread crumbs with algarroba flour exhibited higher values of hardness and resilience. The use of algarroba flour resulted in lower quality when compared to the control. However, algarroba flour at 20% level can be added to wheat flour to obtain bakery products of similar technological quality and with improved nutritional components.

RESUMEN

A fim de se agregar valor ao resíduo farelo de trigo gerado em indústrias do setor alimentício avaliou-se, no presente trabalho, o potencial deste subproduto como substrato para produção de enzima xilanase no cultivo em estado sólido, utilizando consórcios fúngicos bem como os fungos Aspergillus oryzae CCT nº 0975 (ATCC9362) e Trichoderma reesei CCT nº 2768 - QM 9414. Para tanto utilizou-se o farelo de trigo, não lavado e não autoclavado, como fonte de carbono e energia na fermentação em estado sólido pelo fungo Aspergillus oryzae que apresentou maior produção do percentual de proteína nas 72 horas de cultivo. Depois de realizado um Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional (DCCR) - planejamento fatorial 2 3, com três repetições no ponto central e seis pontos axiais - partiu-se para otimização dos fatores que foram considerados significativos no processo: umidade, pH e granulometria. Os fatores foram considerados significativos pela ANOVA com o nível de 95% de confiança e com o resultado otimizado de atividade enzimática de (1.84 ± 0.01) UI/ mL utilizando pH 3,3, granulometria de 900,0 µm e umidade de 40%. O caldo enzimático obtido foi considerado eficiente na modificação de tipificação de farinhas de trigo pelo estudo dos parâmetros reológicos do falling number e alveografia sendo estável por cerca de 3 meses.(AU)

This study aimed to find alternatives for wheat bran disposal destination generated in food industry sector, thus contributing to the reduction of the resultant impact of residue deposition in the environment. The potential of the wheat bran as a substrate for xylanase production by solid state fermentation using fungal consortiums as well as Aspergillus oryzae (ATCC9362) and Trichoderma reesei (2768) was valued. The use of non-washed and non-autoclaved wheat bran as carbon and energy source in solid-state fermentation by A. oryzaefungus showed greater percentage of produced protein after 72 h of cultivation. The use of a central composite rotatable design (CCRD), 2 3 factorial planning with three repetitions at the central point as well as six axial points, coupled with Surface Response Methodology (SRM) allowed to assay the influence of humidity, pH, and grain size (independent variables or factors) on the xylanase activity (dependent variable or response) as well as to optimize the best conditions for the enzyme production. The results showed that all factors and their combinations were significant at 95% confidence level. The optimized xylanase activity was (1.84 ± 0.01) UI/mL, obtained at 40% humidity and pH 3.3 with a grain size of 900.0 µm. The produced broth was stable for 3 months and approximately had 50% of the initial xylanase activity at 4°C. SDS-PAGE assay showed that xylanase has 30 kDa molar mass. The obtained enzymatic broth was efficient to modify wheat flours as shown by the falling number rheologic parameters and alveography assay.(AU)

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