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Walnut yield and quality are often affected by beetle infestations, particularly those caused by Carpophilus truncatus (Murray) (Nitidulidae) and Oryzaephilus mercator (L.) (Silvanidae). Beetle damage exposes walnuts to microbial food spoilers such as Fusarium species. Insecticides currently used for beetle control are environmentally unfriendly. This work explored a green synthesis approach for copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) in a basic medium at 30 °C by hydrolates, aqueous extracts obtained from Lippia integrifolia and Pimpinella anisum, denoted as CuO-I and CuO-A, respectively. Characterization through XRD, FT-IR, Raman, UV-visible absorbance, and AFM techniques indicated that CuO-A and CuO-I have a size ranging from 2-10 nm in height. The antifungal assay showed that both have a similar efficacy (MID=320 µg), 3-fold stronger than CuO- NPs obtained in absence of hydrolates (denoted CuO-W) (MID=960 µg), with the broadest inhibitory halos (ID=126-128 mm) observed for CuO-A. Insecticidal activity of CuO-NPs showed a concentration-dependent behavior, with CuO-I showing an effect comparable to that of diatomaceous earth. SEM images confirmed the adhesion of nanoparticles to insect surfaces, which could induce oxygen deprivation and disruption of metabolic processes. Both CuO-A and CuO-I are promising for their use in integrated pest control in walnut storage.

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The study considered the use of soil herbicides: Begin Turbo, KS; Dual Gold, KE; Euro-Lighting, VRK; Command, KE; Pivot, VK; Proponite, KE; Zenkor Ultra, KS and partially soil action: Demetra, KE, and Dialen Super, KS. We conducted a comparative assessment of the biological effectiveness of the studied herbicides against the main species of weeds present in the experimental plots, annual and perennial dicotyledonous, annual cereal weeds. The effect of soil herbicide treatments on the physiological state of plants of apple, pear, walnut, and black currant was studied. The effect of the use of the studied drugs on the yield of protected crops for three years was evaluated. The tests proved the applicability of soil herbicides in nursery, production gardens, as well as on seedlings with a closed root system. The tested products, despite the principle of their action - penetration into weeds through the soil, did not harm the protected crops, no negative effect on the growth of trees and shrubs was recorded. The study revealed no evidence that drugs had a negative impact on fruit and berry crop productivity. There are suggestions for improving the efficacy of using soil herbicides when planting fruit and berry crops.

O estudo considerou o uso dos herbicidas de solo: Begin Turbo, KS; Dual Gold, KE; Euro-Lighting, VRK; Command, KE; Pivot, VK; Proponite, KE; Zenkor Ultra, KS e ação parcial do solo: Demetra, KE e Dialen Super, KS. Realizou-se uma avaliação comparativa da eficácia biológica dos herbicidas estudados contra as principais espécies de plantas daninhas presentes nas parcelas experimentais, dicotiledôneas anuais e perenes, plantas daninhas de cereais anuais. Estudou-se o efeito de tratamentos com herbicidas de solo sobre o estado fisiológico de plantas de macieira, pera, nogueira e groselha preta. Foi avaliado o efeito do uso das drogas estudadas na produtividade de cultivos protegidos por três anos. Os testes comprovaram a aplicabilidade de herbicidas de solo em viveiros, hortas de produção, bem como em mudas com sistema radicular fechado. Os produtos testados, apesar de seus princípios de ação - penetração em ervas daninhas através do solo, não prejudicou as culturas protegidas, não foi registrado nenhum efeito negativo no crescimento de árvores e arbustos. O estudo não revelou evidências de que as drogas tenham um impacto negativo na produtividade das frutas e bagas. Existem sugestões para melhorar a eficácia do uso de herbicidas de solo ao plantar frutas e bagas.

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The English walnut (Juglans regia L.) is the second most important fruit crop of importance in Chile, with 43,700 hectares mainly in the Central Valley (www.odepa.cl, 2022). For several seasons symptoms of a branch dieback have been observed in walnut orchards with 3 to 50% of trees incidence levels. During the 2020 winter season (July) a total of 150 symptomatic spurs of 15 trees were sampled from an 8-year-old walnut cv. Chandler orchard located in Buin (33°42' S, 70° 42' W). The collected spurs showed external and internal brown necroses, starting from the tip with well-defined margins. The symptomatic tissue was cut in to small pieces (5 x 4 x 2 mm), surface disinfected by dipping in a 10% solution made from a commercial bleach solution (4,9% NaOHCl), rinsed twice in sterile water and plated on APDA (PDA Difco laboratories acidified with lactic acid (2,5 ml of 25% (vol/vol) per liter of medium). After five days at 20 °C in darkness, fast-growing, white-grey turning to black colonies were obtained, tentatively classified as a member of the Botryosphaeraceae family and two single-spore isolates (SS1, SS2) were selected for identification. Colony mycelia were first white and turned to light grey, dark grey or black, with tufts of mouse gray aerial mycelia. The pycnidia and conidia production was induced by inoculating autoclaved pine needles placed on APDA an incubation for 25 to 30 days at 20 °C in darkness. Black pycnidia solitary and globose were obtained producing hyaline, aseptate, fusiform to obovoid conidia with truncated ends with dimensions of (22.6-) 19.1 ± 1.4 (-13.3) x (6.7-) 5.5 ± 0.5 (-3.7) µm and 3.5 length/width ratio (n=100). Both isolates were identified using dichotomous keys confirming the description of Crous et al, 2006 as Neofusicoccum australe. The identification was molecularly confirmed by amplifying the nuclear ribosomal gene 5,8S (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) using the ITS1/ITS4 primers, a partial region of ß-tubulin gene (Bt2a/Bt2b), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) with TEF1-728F/TEF1-986R primers. The BLASTn search revealed 100% of identity for ITS and TEF according to sequences of N. australe reference strains MT587467.1 and MK759852.1, respectively; and over 99% for ß-tubulin compared to N. australe strain KX464929.1. The DNA sequences were submitted to the GenBank (ITS, OP142414, OP142416; BT, OP209981, OP209978; and TEF OP209979, OP209980) for SS1 and SS2 isolates, respectively, and deposited in the fungal collection of CChRGM - INIA, Chillán, Chile (RGM 3409 and 3410). Pathogenicity of both isolates was tested in 8-year-old asymtomatic English walnut cv. Chandler in the field during 2020 spring season, by cutting transversally 15 twigs of different tress and inoculating with a 5 day-old PDA plug. An equal number of wounded twigs were inoculated with a sterile PDA plug and served as control. After six months, all inoculated twigs developed the same necrotic lesions observed in field of 2.0 to 10.1 cm (SS1) and 1.9 to 10.8 cm (SS2) in length while control twigs showed only a scar without any dieback tissues. The inoculated pathogens of N. australe were recovered from the diseased tissues, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. A similar dieback of walnut was reported in Chile, which caused Diplodia mutila (Díaz et al, 2018), and N. parvum (Luna et al, 2022) while N. australe has been reported in other hosts (Auger et al, 2013, Besoain et al, 2013). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. australe associated with walnut branch dieback in Chile.

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Omega-3 rich vegetable oils, such as walnut oil, are gaining interest because of their health benefits. Synthetized homologous series of hydroxytyrosol alkyl esters (HTEs) with different alkyl chain lengths (C4-C18) were incorporated in purified walnut oil (PWO) spray-dried microparticles, designed with Capsul® (C) as encapsulating agent and sodium alginate (SA) as outer layer (PWO-C/SA). The encapsulation efficiency (>87%) and Tg of PWO-C/SA microparticles were not affected by the HTEs. The incorporation of HTE-C10 increased the melting point (185.0 ± 1.3 °C), decreasing the formation of Dimers + Polymers (1.12 ± 0.05% at day 35 of storage) and the crystallinity of the microparticles (>170 °C). The highest stability of PWO-C(HTE-C10)/SA suggests a specific location of HTE-C10 at the oil:water interface. The SA layer delayed the release of fatty acids during in vitro digestion. The incorporation of HTEs of medium chain length can be a suitable strategy to protect unsaturated oils encapsulated by spray-drying.

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Xanthomonas arboricola pv. juglandis (hereafter X. juglandis) is the etiological agent of walnut blight, the most important bacterial disease affecting walnut production worldwide. Currently, the disease is treated mainly with copper-derived compounds (e.g., CuSO4) despite the evidence of genetic resistance in these strains. Regarding the effectiveness and sustainability, the use of a bacteriophage appears to be a biocontrol alternative to reduce X. juglandis load and symptomatology of walnut blight. Here, the phages f20-Xaj, f29-Xaj, and f30-Xaj were characterized, and their effectiveness in walnut orchards against walnut blight was determined. These bacteriophages showed a specific lytic infection in X. juglandis strains isolated from Chile and France. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete genome of f20-Xaj and f30-Xaj indicates that these phages belong to the Pradovirus genus. In the field, the cocktail of these bacteriophages showed similar effectivity to CuSO4 in the reduction of incidence and severity in walnut tissue. Moreover, the bacterial load of X. juglandis was significantly reduced in the presence of bacteriophages in contrast to a CuSO4 treatment. These results show that the use of bacteriophages can be an alternative to combat the symptoms of walnut blight caused by X. juglandis.

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Tephritid fruit flies in the genus Rhagoletis bridge between predictable periods of fruit availability by becoming dormant. To cope with acyclic unpredictable events (e.g., frost, mast seeding, etc), a proportion of the population can undergo prolonged dormancy. In the case of walnut infesting Rhagoletis, host plant-derived cues such as juglone soil concentration vary seasonally in predictable patterns. Here, we examined the effects of host plant parts and derived compounds on emergence rates and dormancy duration of Rhagoletis completa (Cresson), Rhagoletis zoqui (Bush) (Diptera: Tephritidae), and associated parasitoids. Pupae of both species were exposed to walnut leaves, fruit, or fruit and leaves and compared to a control. In a second experiment, R. zoqui were exposed to 10 mg l-1 of juglone applied to pupation medium during four consecutive 4-week time periods under variable combinations of temperature and frequency of exposure. Overall, the presence of fruit resulted in greater overwintering survival of R. completa but had no effect on the duration of dormancy of either fly species. Application of juglone over two consecutive periods produced greater mortality of R. zoqui than the control. Three parasitoid species emerged from R. completa and one from R. zoqui. Duration of dormancy for parasitoids was longer than that of fly hosts. Regardless of treatment, 13.3-18.4% of R. completa pupae and 1.3-2.8% R. zoqui engaged in prolonged (>year) dormancy. Our results indicate that host plant derived cues have little or no effect on survival and duration of dormancy of walnut infesting Rhagoletis, and at the tested concentration juglone is toxic to R. zoqui pupae. Testing the effect of juglone at lower concentrations is necessary to rule out its role as an environmental cue for regulation of dormancy. So far, host plant fruiting phenology appears to play a greater role than host plant derived cues in selecting for fly eclosion times.

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Purpose: To investigate the active ingredients of walnut ointment (WO) and its mechanism in repairing wounds. Methods: The ingredients of WO were detected by gas chromatography­mass spectrometry. The effect of linoleic acid (LA) was tested by in vitro Alamar Blue (AB) reagent. Image J software, histological and immunohistochemical analysis were used to confirm the healing effect of LA in the porcine skin model. The animals were euthanized after the experiment by injection of pentobarbital sodium. Results: LA, 24% in WO, promotes keratinocytes and fibroblasts proliferation, which were 50.09% and 15.07% respectively higher than control (p < 0.05). The healing rate of the LA group (96.02% ± 2%, 98.58% ± 0.78%) was higher than the saline group (82.11% ± 3.37%, 88.72% ± 1.73%) at week 3 and week 4 (p < 0.05). The epidermal thickness of the LA was 0.16 ± 0.04 mm greater and the expression of the P63 and CK10 proteins was stronger in the LA group than the control (p < 0.05). Conclusions: LA, which is the main components in WO can promote full-thickness burning wounds (FBWs) by stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation.

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Walnut green husk (WGH) is a waste generated by the walnut (Juglans regia L.) harvest industry. It represents a natural source of polyphenols, compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, but their activity could be dependent on the ripeness stage of the raw material. In this study, the effect of the different ripeness stages-open (OH) and closed (CH) husks-on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of WGH extracts were analyzed, emphasizing the influence of the extracts in inhibiting Escherichia coli growth. The ripeness stage of WGH significantly affected the antioxidant activity of the extracts. This was attributed to the different polyphenol profiles related to the mechanical stress when the husk opened compared to the closed sample. The antimicrobial activity showed inhibition of E. coli growth. OH-extracts at 96 µg/mL caused the lowest specific growth rate (µmax = 0.003 h-1) and the greatest inhibition percentage (I = 93%) compared to CH-extract (µmax = 0.01 h-1; I = 69%). The obtained results showed the potential of the walnut green husk, principally open husk, as an economical source of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents with potential use in the food industry.

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Purified walnut oil (PWO) microparticles with Capsul® (C, encapsulating agent), sodium alginate (SA) as outer layer and ascorbic acid (AA) as oxygen scavenger were obtained by spray drying using a three-fluid nozzle. AA was incorporated in the inner infeed (PWO-C(AA)/SA), in the outer infeed (PWO-C/SA(AA)) and in both infeed (PWO-C(AA)/SA(AA)). PWO-C(AA)/SA (4.56 h) and POW-C(AA)/SA(AA) (2.60 h) microparticles showed higher induction period than POW-C/SA(AA) (1.17 h), and lower formation of triacylglycerol dimers and polymers during storage (40 °C). Therefore, AA located in the inner infeed improved the oxidative stability of encapsulated PWO by removing the residual oxygen. AA in the SA outer layer did not improve the oxidative stability of encapsulated PWO since oxygen diffusion through the microparticles was limited and/or AA weakened the SA layer structure. The specific-location of AA (inner infeed) is a strategy to obtain stable spray-dried polyunsaturated oil-based microparticles for the design of foods enriched with omega-3 fatty acids.

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Clonal rootstocks are one alternative used by the walnut industry to control damage caused by Phytophthora species, traditionally using plants grafted on susceptible Juglans regia rootstock. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 are clonal rootstocks with a degree of resistance to Phytophthora species. The resistance to pathogens in these rootstocks depends on the resistance mechanisms activated by the presence of the pathogen and subsequent development of responses in the host. In this work, we analyzed how plants of J. regia, Vlach, VX211, and RX1 responded to inoculation with Phytophthora cinnamomi or Phytophthora citrophthora isolates obtained from diseased English walnut plants from Chilean orchards. After inoculation, plants of Vlach, VX211, and RX1 showed canopy and root damage indexes that did not differ from noninoculated control plants. In contrast, plants of J. regia, which is susceptible to P. cinnamomi and P. citrophthora, died after inoculation. Vlach, VX211, and RX1 plants inoculated with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora showed greater root weight and volume and greater root growth rates than their respective controls. These results suggest that short-term carbohydrate dynamics may be related to the defense mechanisms of plants; they are immediately activated after inoculation through the production of phenolic compounds, which support the further growth and development of roots in walnut clonal rootstocks. To our knowledge, this is the first study that comprehensively characterizes vegetative and radicular growth and the dynamics of sugars and phenols in response to infection with P. cinnamomi or P. citrophthora in walnut rootstocks.

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The spatial distribution of Lycorma delicatula (White) egg masses on three species of trees were studied in Pennsylvania. Five tree-of-heaven, five black walnut, and one Siberian elm trees were felled in early spring 2019 to sample for egg masses. Each egg mass was marked for its cardinal direction, position in the tree, height above ground, and spread from the bole. A total of 214 egg masses were found on tree-of-heaven and black walnut, with 38.3, 29.4, 22.0, and 10.3% on the north, west, south, and east quadrant, respectively. No significant difference in cardinal direction was found for either species. Equal number of egg masses were found on branches and boles on tree-of-heaven. However, significantly more egg masses were found on branches (96.5%) compared to boles (3.5%) on black walnut. Egg masses were laid at 0.30-12.92 and 0.70-17.00 m above ground, with most on boles/higher branches and middle/lower branches for tree-of-heaven and black walnut, respectively. Significant effect of height above ground was found for black walnut, with more egg masses found at 4-6 m compared to 0-2, 12-14, and 14-16 m. Significant effect of spread from the bole was found for tree-of-heaven, with more egg masses found at 0-2 m compared to 2-4 and 4-6 m. The 24 egg masses on the Siberian elm were mostly found on east quadrant branches 0-2 m above ground and within 2 m from the bole. Variation in tree branching patterns and difference in egg mass distribution of other forest pests were discussed.

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The walnut husk fly Rhagoletis completa (Cresson), native to the Midwestern United States and Mexico, is invasive in California and Europe. It is one of the most important pests of walnuts in areas gathering 30% of the world production. Knowledge of life-history regulation is important for the design of management strategies. Research on dormancy has been performed on invasive populations, and not on populations at the southern extreme of its native range. Here, we examined the effect of winter length on fly and parasitoid emergence, survival, and duration of dormancy. Percent emergence was higher for chill periods at 5°C ranging from 8 to 20 wk. No or insufficient chill resulted in low emergence and a significant proportion of individuals in prolonged dormancy (>1 yr). Duration of dormancy was longer for pupae at constant temperatures and a 4-wk chill period than longer winter durations. Dormancy was longer for Mexican than that reported for U.S. populations, suggesting the existence of a latitudinal cline where populations at southern latitudes have evolved slower metabolic rates. Three parasitoid species were found associated with R. completa (Aganaspis alujai (Wharton and Ovruski) (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), Diachasmimorpha juglandis Muesebeck, and Diachasmimorpha mellea Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Results suggest that rearing of R. completa is possible by subjecting pupae to chill periods between 8 and 20 wk. Overwintering mortality of flies and A. alujai could be further reduced above 5°C. Our findings can contribute for the accurate development of predictive models on invasion potential, development, fly and parasitoid rearing, and biological control.

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BACKGROUND: Juglone is a naphthoquinone currently obtained by chemical synthesis with biological activities including antitumor activity. Additionally, juglone is present in the green husk of walnut, which suggests evaluating the effect of GH extracts on carcinogenic cell lines. RESULTS: Walnut green husk ethanolic extract was obtained as 169.1 mg juglone/100 g Green Husk and antioxidant activity (ORAC) of 44,920 µmol Trolox Equivalent/100 g DW Green Husk. At 1 µM juglone in HL-60 cell culture, green husk extract showed an antiproliferative effect, but pure juglone did not; under these conditions, normal fibroblast cells were not affected. A dose-dependent effect on mitochondrial membrane potential loss was observed. Apoptosis of HL-60 was detected at 10 µM juglone. Despite high ORAC values, neither purified juglone nor the extract showed protective effects on HL-60 cells under oxidative conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Green husk extract generates an antiproliferative effect in HL-60 cells, which is related to an induction of the early stages of apoptosis and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The normal cells were not affected when juglone is present at concentrations of 1 µM, while at higher concentrations, there is loss of viability of both cancerous and healthy cells.

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As proteínas de transferência lipídica (LTPs) são pan-alergênios responsáveis pela reatividade cruzada entre frutos, vegetais e polens. A Pru p 3 (LTP presente no pêssego) é reconhecida como marcador de gravidade na alergia alimentar. A romã e a noz são frutos relatados como causas de reações alérgicas devido à existência de LTPs. Reportamos o caso de um adolescente admitido por urticária e edema labial após ingestão de romã, com história prévia semelhante após ingestão de noz. Os testes cutâneos revelaram positividade para extratos comerciais de noz e para a polpa de romã, e foram negativos para gramíneas e pêssego. Apresentava um doseamento de imunoglobulina E (IgE) total de 87,2 UI/mL e IgE específicas (sIgE) para noz e avelã positivas. O doseamento de sIgE pelo método ISAC (immuno-solid-phase allergen chip) revelou positividade para os alergênios da avelã (Cor a 8), do pêssego (Pru p 3) e da noz (Jug r 3). Não havia história de reação alérgica à ingestão de pêssego. O caso questiona a relevância da sensibilização ao Pru p 3 em doentes não alérgicos ao pêssego, e se este será o único marcador de reação cruzada com a romã.

Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are pan-allergens that are responsible for cross-reactivity between fruits, vegetables, and pollen. Pru p 3, the LTP present in the peach, is recognized as a marker of severity in food allergy. Pomegranate and walnut have been reported to be involved in allergic reactions due to the existence of LTPs. We report the case of a teenager admitted with rash and swollen lips after the ingestion of pomegranate, and reporting a similar reaction in the past after ingesting walnut. Skin tests showed positive results for commercial extracts of walnut and pomegranate pulp, and were negative for grass and peach. The total immunoglobulin E (IgE) was 87.2 IU/mL and specific IgE (sIgE) testing for walnut and hazelnut was positive. sIgE determination using the ISAC method (immuno-solid-phase allergen chip) was positive for hazelnut (Cor A 8), peach (Pru p 3) and walnut (Jug r3). There was no history of allergic reaction after the ingestion of peach. The present case questions the relevance of Pru p 3 in patients who are not allergic to peach, and whether this is the only cross-reactive marker with pomegranate.

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Proteins from Juglans regia L. were isolated. Then, proteins were hydrolyzed with different enzymes. Antiproliferative activity of proteins and of the protein hydrolysates of J. regia L. were evaluated using the sulforhodamine B method. Glutelin and prolamin proteins presented a high antiproliferative activity against cancer cells PC-3 (prostate) and K-562 (leukemia) with values of 43.9 and 84.4 µg/mL, respectively. The highest inhibitory effect observed was 50% at 0.25 µg/mL concentration in gastrointestinal digestion with pepsin and corolase pp in a dose-dependent manner against cancer cell UACC62 (melanoma). Pepsin hydrolysate showed inhibitory effects against cancer cell UACC62 (melanoma) with a concentration of 71.0 µg/mL. The effects were studied in a dose-dependent manner. The hydrolysate obtained with neutrase enzyme presented inhibitory effects against cancer cell UACC62 (melanoma) at a concentration of 25 µg/mL. Neither proteins nor protein hydrolysates presented cytotoxicity against normal cell assay VERO (epithelial).

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The aim of this paper was to compare two kinds of adsorbents (walnut shell and polymeric resins) in terms of their efficiency to remove oil from water, since walnut shell losses weight during the process requiring interruption, while polymeric resins do not. Polymeric resins based on glycidyl methacrylate and divinylbenzene (GMA-DVB) and styrene and divinylbenzene (STY-DVB) were synthesized and characterized. All adsorbents were tested by continuous flow process, eluting 3,000 bed volumes of synthetic oily water, and the oil content was monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy. Although the walnut shell presented high efficiency (∼94%), STY-DVB was even better (∼100%) besides presenting better mechanical resistance. Moreover, polymeric resins, mainly when based on GMA, can be chemically modified to remove specific contaminants still remaining in water after conventional treatment.

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The optimal physical, chemical and nutritional properties of natural lipids depend on the structure and composition of triacylglycerols. However, they are not always mutually compatible. Lipid modification is a good way to give them specific functionalities, increase their oxidative stability, or improve their nutritional value. As such, chemical and enzymatic interesterification may be used to modify them and produce structured lipids. In accordance, the aim of this study is to compare chemical and enzymatic interesterification of binary blends of fully hydrogenated soybean oil and walnut oil, using sodium methoxide or Lipozyme TL IM, respectively, to produce a fat base with adequate nutritional and physical characteristics. Three different mass ratios of fully hydrogenated soybean oil and walnut oil blends (20:80, 40:60 and 60:40) were interesterified and evaluated. Total interesterification was determined by the stabilization of the solid fat content. Chemical reaction of the 20:80 blend was completed in 10 min and of the 40:60 and 60:40 blends in 15 min. Enzymatically interesterified blends were stabilized in 120 min at all of the mass ratios. Complete interesterification significantly reduced the solid fat content of the blends at any composition. Chemical and enzymatically interesterified fully hydrogenated blend of soybean and walnut oil at mass ratio of 40:60 showed the plastic curve of an all-purpose- -type shortening rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a high linolenic acid (C18:3n3) content and with zero trans-fatty acids.

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Diabetes leads to reproductive dysfunctions by producing free radicals. It seems that using walnut can be effective in the damage induced by diabetes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of walnut consumption on sex hormones in diabetic Wistar male rats induced by STZ (streptozotocin). Diabetes animals were induced by STZ (60 mg/kg). Rats were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=6), including normal diet and healthy (Sham), Diabetic by normal diet (control) and diabetic by 6, 9 and 12% walnut in their diet (experimental groups), and were examined for 6 weeks. Body weight, blood glucose (3 times), and sex hormones (testosterone, FSH and LH) were measured. Overall, in terms of the mean index, there was a significant difference in the percentage of weight changes between the groups (p<0.001). Blood glucose (3 times) significantly increased in experimental and control groups in comparison with sham group (p<0.001). FSH concentration significantly decreased in control group (p<0.05) and testosterone hormone decreased in experimental and control groups compared to sham group (p<0.05). Oral administration of walnut seems to prevent severe weight loss in the experimental models of diabetic rats and exerts appropriate and useful changes in blood glucose level as well as positive effects on the secretion of sex hormones.

La diabetes conduce a disfunciones reproductivas mediante la producción de radicales libres. Parece que el uso del nogal puede ser eficaz para contrarestar el daño inducido por la diabetes. El objetivo fue evaluar los efectos del consumo de nueces sobre las hormonas sexuales en ratas Wistar macho diabéticas, inducidas por estreptozotocina (STZ). La diabetes en los animales fue inducida por STZ (60 mg/kg). Los animales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 5 grupos (n= 6 ): saludable con dieta normal (Sham), diabéticos con dieta normal (control) y diabéticos con consumo de nogal en 6, 9 y 12% en su dieta (grupos experimentales), quienes se examinaron durante 6 semanas, donde se midieron el peso corporal, glucosa en la sangre (3 veces) y hormonas sexuales (testosterona , FSH y LH). En general, en términos del índice promedio, hubo una diferencia significativa en el porcentaje de cambios de peso entre los grupos (p<0,001). La glucosa en sangre aumentó significativamente en los grupos experimentales y de control en comparación con el grupo Sham (p<0,001). La concentración de FSH se redujo significativamente en el grupo control (p<0,05); la testosterona disminuyó en los grupos experimentales y control en comparación con el grupo sham (p<0,05). La administración oral de nogal parece prevenir la pérdida severa de peso en los modelos experimentales de ratas diabéticas y ejerce cambios apropiados y útiles en el nivel de glucosa en la sangre, así como efectos positivos sobre la secreción de hormonas sexuales.

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BACKGROUND: Food allergies (FAs) affect 2-4% of school-aged children in developed countries and strongly impact their quality of life. The prevalence of FA in Chile remains unknown. METHODS: Cross-sectional survey study of 488 parents of school-aged children from Santiago who were asked to complete a FA screening questionnaire. Parents who reported symptoms suggestive of FA were contacted to answer a second in-depth questionnaire to determine immediate hypersensitivity FA prevalence and clinical characteristics of school-aged Chilean children. RESULTS: A total of 455 parents answered the screening questionnaire: 13% reported recurrent symptoms to a particular food and 6% reported FA. Forty-three screening questionnaires (9%) were found to be suggestive of FA. Parents of 40 children answered the second questionnaire; 25 were considered by authors to have FA. FA rate was 5.5% (95% CI: 3.6-7.9). Foods reported to frequently cause FA included walnut, peanut, egg, chocolate, avocado, and banana. Children with FA had more asthma (20% vs. 7%, P<0.02) and atopic dermatitis (32% vs. 13%, P<0.01) by report. The parents of children with FA did not report anaphylaxis, but 48% had history compatible with anaphylaxis. Of 13 children who sought medical attention, 70% were diagnosed with FA; none were advised to acquire an epinephrine autoinjector. CONCLUSION: Up to 5.5% of school-aged Chilean children may suffer from FA, most frequently to walnut and peanut. It is critical to raise awareness in Chile regarding FA and recognition of anaphylaxis, and promote epinephrine autoinjectors in affected children.

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RESUMEN

The proximate composition of eleven walnut (Juglans regia L.) genotypes (28 ŞK 010, 28 ŞK 055, 28 ŞK 041, 28 ŞK 601, 28 ŞK 925, 28 ŞK 028, 28 ŞK 118, 28 ŞK 350, 28 ŞK 930, 28 ŞK 850, 28 ŞK 036) and three walnut cultivars (Şebin, Bilecik, Kaman 1) produced in Turkey were determined. The oil content of the samples ranged from 61.32 to 69.35%, corresponding to an energy value of approximately 710 kcal per 100 g of kernel. The protein content ranged from 10.58 to 18.19%, and the carbohydrate composition was between 9.05 and 18.92%. The ash content ranged from 1.53 to 1.99%, and the moisture content of the kernels was between 1.91 and 4.48% the oleic acid content of the oils ranged from 17.90 to 33.35% of the total fatty acids. The linoleic acid content ranged from 43.15 to 60.20%. The linolenic acid content ranged from 9.98 to 13.00%. The palmitic acid content was between 5.21 and 8.40%. Stearic acid ranged from 2.36 to 4.25%. Potassium was the major mineral in all the samples, ranging from 359.73 to 482.97 mg/100 g. Calcium was the next most abundant mineral, ranging from 109.45 to 335.97 mg/100 g, followed by magnesium, ranging from 126.01 to 165.15 mg/100 g.