RESUMEN

Background: Maladaptive trauma appraisal plays an important role in the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). While studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of exposure and cognitive treatments for PTSD symptomatology, the effect of such treatments on specific trauma appraisals is still not well understood.Objective: The study investigated the effect of an exposure and a cognitive restructuring internet-based treatment on specific trauma appraisals in Arabic-speaking participants with PTSD.Method: 334 participants received either an exposure (n = 167) or a cognitive restructuring (n = 167) internet-based treatment. PTSD symptom severity (PCL-5) and specific trauma appraisals (TAQ) were assessed at pre- and post-treatment. Changes in specific trauma appraisals within and between the two treatments were analyzed using multi-group change modelling. Associations between changes in PTSD symptom severity and changes in trauma appraisals were evaluated using Pearson product-moment correlation. For both treatments, participants with versus without reliable improvement were compared regarding changes in specific trauma appraisals using Welch tests. Analyses were performed on 100 multiple imputed datasets.Results: Both treatments yielded significant changes in shame, self-blame, fear, anger, and alienation (all ps < .001). Changes in betrayal were only significant in the cognitive restructuring treatment (p < .001). There was no evidence of differences between treatments for any specific trauma appraisal. Changes in PTSD symptom severity were significantly associated with changes in trauma appraisals (all ps < .001). In both treatments, participants who experienced reliable improvement in PTSD symptom severity showed significantly larger pre- to post-treatment changes in specific trauma appraisals compared to those without reliable improvement. Again, differences in betrayal were only significant in the cognitive restructuring treatment.Conclusions: The findings indicate that both treatments are effective in reducing trauma appraisals in Arabic-speaking people with PTSD. Changes in trauma appraisal seem to be associated with changes in PTSD symptomatology.Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register identifier: DRKS00010245.

Exposure and cognitive restructuring treatment in Arabic-speaking individuals with PTSD yield significant changes in shame, self-blame, fear, anger, and alienation.Changes in PTSD symptoms are positively associated with changes in specific trauma appraisals.There is no evidence of differences between both treatments for any specific trauma appraisal.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Victims of physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse commonly experience defense responses that result in feelings of guilt and shame. Although trauma-focused interventions are effective in treating post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms, the presence of trauma-related shame and guilt can potentially hinder the process of disclosure during treatment, thus diminishing their overall effectiveness. It is hypothesized that providing psychoeducation about common defense responses will reduce feelings of shame and guilt, thereby increasing receptivity to trauma-focused treatment.Objective: This paper describes the rationale, study design, and methods of the BLAME-LESS study. The effects of a brief online psychoeducation program will be compared with a waiting-list control group. The intervention aims to reduce feelings of trauma-related shame and guilt that adolescents experience regarding their own defense responses during and after physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse.Methods: Adolescents (12 - 18 years old) with a history of physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse who suffer from trauma-related feelings of shame and guilt can participate in the study. The study follows a two-arm RCT that includes 34 participants. The primary outcomes includes trauma-related feelings of shame and guilt. The secondary outcomes includes PTSD symptoms, anxiety and depression symptoms, traumatic cognitions, readiness to disclose details of memories of the trauma, and motivation to engage in trauma-focused therapy. Assessments take place after screening, at baseline, two weeks after allocation to the intervention or waiting-list, and, only for the waiting-list participants, seven weeks after allocation to the intervention.Conclusions: There is a need for treatment approaches that target trauma-related feelings of shame and guilt. A recently developed brief online psychoeducation program on defense responses during and after trauma offers victims of physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse a free and accessible way to obtain reliable and valid information. The proposed RCT will evaluate the effectiveness of this online psychoeducation program.Trial Registration: Request is pending.

Some defense responses to physical/sexual violence or sexual abuse, such as tonic immobility and appeasement behaviour, are common but unknown and raise feelings of shame and guilt.BLAME-LESS (In Dutch: On(t)schuldig) is a newly developed online psychoeducation programme that aims to reduce feelings of trauma-related shame and guilt. This programme includes explanatory animations, in-depth interviews with experts and victims, and written information accompanied by case reports.The proposed study examines the effectiveness of the brief online psychoeducation programme BLAME-LESS in a well-controlled study.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Trauma-related guilt and shame are crucial for the development and maintenance of PTSD (posttraumatic stress disorder). We developed an intervention combining cognitive techniques with loving-kindness meditations (C-METTA) that specifically target these emotions. C-METTA is an intervention of six weekly individual treatment sessions followed by a four-week practice phase.Objective: This study examined C-METTA in a proof-of-concept study within a randomized wait-list controlled trial.Method: We randomly assigned 32 trauma-exposed patients with a DSM-5 diagnosis to C-METTA or a wait-list condition (WL). Primary outcomes were clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (CAPS-5) and trauma-related guilt and shame. Secondary outcomes included psychopathology, self-criticism, well-being, and self-compassion. Outcomes were assessed before the intervention phase and after the practice phase.Results: Mixed-design analyses showed greater reductions in C-METTA versus WL in clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (d = -1.09), guilt (d = -2.85), shame (d = -2.14), psychopathology and self-criticism.Conclusion: Our findings support positive outcomes of C-METTA and might contribute to improved care for patients with stress-related disorders. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00023470).

C-METTA is an intervention that addresses trauma-related guilt and shame and combines cognitive interventions with loving-kindness meditations.A proof-of-concept study was conducted examining C-METTA in a wait-list randomized controlled trialC-METTA led to reductions in trauma-related guilt and shame and PTSD symptoms.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Body compassion is a protective factor in the field of eating disorders (ED) that has been associated with higher body appreciation and lower body shame. However, more studies are needed in order to disentangle the protective role of compassion in regard to the risk of ED. The study’s aims were to (1) analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish adaptation of the Body Compassion Scale (BCS) and (2) determine whether body appreciation and body shame were mediators in the relationship between body compassion and the risk of ED. Method: 288 women (range: 18-40 years old; M = 24.65 ± 5.02) from the general Spanish population completed online questionnaires. Results: The Spanish adaptation of the BCS was reliable and valid. Results of a serial and parallel mediation model confirmed the protective role of body compassion and body appreciation on body shame and the risk of ED, accounting for 68.88% of the variance. Conclusions: Findings indicate that women who present higher body compassion tend to show higher body appreciation, which in turn leads to lower internal body shame and lower risk of ED. These results support the need to develop a positive and compassionate relationship with one’s body, in order to prevent ED.(AU)

Antecedentes: La compasión hacia el cuerpo (CC) es un factor protector en el campo de los trastornos alimentarios (TA) que se ha asociado con una mayor apreciación y una menor vergüenza corporales. Sin embargo, se necesitan más estudios para desentrañar el papel protector de la CC en el riesgo de TA. Los objetivos fueron examinar (1) las propiedades psicométricas de la adaptación española de la Escala de Compasión hacia el cuerpo y (2) si la apreciación y la vergüenza corporales eran mediadoras entre la CC y el riesgo de TA. Método: 288 mujeres (rango: 18-40 años; M = 24.65 ± 5.02) de la población general española cumplimentaron cuestionarios online. Resultados: La escala era fiable y válida. Un modelo de mediación serial-paralelo confirmó el papel protector de la CC y la apreciación corporal sobre la vergüenza corporal y el riesgo de TA, explicando el 68,88% de la varianza. Conclusiones: Los resultados indican que las mujeres que presentan mayor CC tienden a mostrar mayor apreciación corporal, lo que conduce a una menor vergüenza corporal interna y un menor riesgo de TA. Estos resultados apoyan la necesidad de promover una relación positiva y compasiva con el cuerpo con el fin de prevenir TA.(AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Abstract: In recent years, the number of men suffering from an Eating Disorder (ED) has increased. However, very few studies on ED have been conducted in samples of men. This paper aims to shed some light on this issue by exploring the following questions in a sample of adult men: 1) to analyse the relationships between body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions and ED symptomatology and, 2) to study the differences between a group of men who are at risk of developing an ED and another group of men who are not at risk of developing an ED in body and appearance-related self-conscious emotions. A total of 207 Spanish or Latin American men aged 18-50 years participated. Men who were at risk of developing an ED had more body shame and body guilt than those who were not at risk. However, no statistically significant differences were found between the two groups in body pride. These findings show that, unlike in women, body pride does not seem to play as important a role in these disorders as body shame or body guilt.

Resumen: En los últimos años, ha aumentado el número de hombres que padecen un Trastorno de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA). Sin embargo, apenas se han realizado estudios sobre TCA con muestras de hombres. Este trabajo pretende arrojar algo de luz a este respecto, explorando las siguientes cuestiones en una muestra de hombres adultos: 1) analizar las relaciones entre las emociones autoconscientes asociadas al cuerpo y a la apariencia y la sintomatología de TCA y, 2) estudiar las diferencias entre un grupo de hombres que están en riesgo de desarrollar un TCA y otro grupo de hombres que no presentan dicho riesgo en las emociones autoconscientes asociadas al cuerpo y a la apariencia. Participaron 207 hombres de entre 18 y 50 años de nacionalidad española o latinoamericana. Los hombres que estaban en riesgo de desarrollar un TCA presentaron más vergüenza corporal y culpa corporal que aquellos que no tenían dicho riesgo. Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos grupos en el orgullo corporal. Estos hallazgos muestran que, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en mujeres, el orgullo corporal no parece desempeñar un papel tan relevante en estos trastornos como el que tienen la vergüenza corporal o la culpa corporal.

RESUMEN

En la psiquiatría actual tenemos mucho interés en dilucidar las semejanzas y las diferencias existentes entre las experiencias psicóticas y las experiencias disociativas, y en especial las dinámicas patogénicas que dan lugar a unas y a otras, y los abordajes terapéuticos más eficaces en cada caso. Desde el punto de vista de la identidad plural, estas dos experiencias constituyen las dos grandes crisis biográficas funcionales que dan lugar a la fragmentación de la identidad, con la pérdida de su unidad y continuidad, además de su autonomía y autoestima. Ambas se diferencian por los mecanismos de represión y disociación que están en el origen de las mismas. Ahora bien, cualquier enfoque o hipótesis con la que tratemos de entender estos dos tipos de experiencias no debe limitarse a comprenderlas en sus representaciones actuales y en las claves que hoy llamaríamos “científicas”, porque experiencias de este tipo han existido a lo largo de la historia de la humanidad reconceptualizadas de forma distinta, en otras claves culturales, espirituales, religiosas o morales. (AU)

In current psychiatry, there is a great interest in elucidating the existing similarities and differences between psychotic experiences and dissociative ones; especially, the pathogenic dynamics that give rise to both of them, as well as the most effective therapeutic approaches in each case. From the point of view of plural identity, these two experiences make up the two great functional biographic crises that give rise to identity fragmentation, with the loss of their unity and continuity, in addition to the loss of their autonomy and self-esteem. Both of them are differentiated by the repression and dissociation mechanisms that exist in their origin. That said, any approach or hypothesis that we may use to try to understand these two types of experiences should not be limited to understanding them in their current representations and with the keys that we currently call “scientific”, because experiences of this type have existed throughout the history of humanity, reconceptualized differently in other cultural, spiritual, religious or moral keys. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Guilt and Shame, two core self-related emotions, often emerge following trauma and play an important role in the development and maintenance of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Importantly, Guilt and Shame exhibit specific focal and non-specific global impacts of trauma on self-perception, respectively.Objective and Methods: Integrating psychological theories with neuroscientific knowledge, we suggest a scheme of two diverging clinical phenotypes of PTSD, associated with distinct self-related processes and differential functionality of relevant neural networks.Proposal: The Guilt-driven phenotype is characterized by preoccupation with negative self-attributes of one's actions in the traumatic event. It involves altered functionality of both the salience network (SN) and the default-mode network (DMN), associated with heightened interoceptive signalling and ruminative introspection which may lead to hyperarousal and intrusive symptoms, respectively. On the contrary, the Shame-driven phenotype is characterized by global, identity-related negative self-attributions. It involves altered functionality of both the SN and the DMN, associated with blunted interoceptive signalling and diminished introspection which may result in withdrawal and anhedonia symptoms together with dissociative experiences, respectively.Conclusion: The proposed PTSD phenotypes may inform neuropsychological therapeutic interventions (e.g. self-focused psychotherapy and neuromodulation) aiming to restore the function of large-scale self-related neural processing.

Guilt and Shame are two self-related emotions that often emerge following traumatic events and may contribute to the clinical profile of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).Our framework suggests Guilt and Sham driven phenotypes of post-traumatic psychopathology, associated with two self-processing deficiencies related to specific action or global identity, respectively.The proposed phenotypes may inform neuropsychological treatments aiming to restore dysfunctional neural networks, later to be evident in alleviating Guilt and Shame and improving clinical outcomes.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Suicide-loss survivors (SLSs) are recognised as an at-risk population for several psychiatric complications, including complicated grief (CG) and depression (SI). However, whereas shame is known as one of the characteristics of this population, knowledge about possible psychological processes which may moderate the contribution of shame levels to CG and depression in the aftermath of suicide loss is sparse. This study examines the role of self-disclosure - the inclination to share personal information with others - as a possible moderator of the associations of shame with CG and shame with depression over time.Method: Participants were 152 suicide-loss survivors, aged 18-70, who completed questionnaires tapping CG and depression at three time points (T1- index measurement, T2-two years after T1. and T3-four years after T1) and questionnaires tapping shame and SD at T3.Results: Hierarchical regression analyses showed that shame significantly and positively contributed to CG at T3 and to depression at T3, beyond the CG/depression trajectories. Notably, two significant interactions were found: Self-disclosure moderated the contribution of shame to CG at T3 and to depression at T3. At lower self-disclosure levels, shame's contribution to CG and depression was higher.Conclusion: The study's findings highlight shame as a significant facilitator of CG and depression in the aftermath of suicide loss. Moreover, the role of interpersonal interaction on SLSs' distress levels and grieving process was underscored, as this interaction may serve as a buffer against the deleterious sequelae of the suicide of a loved one.

Shame significantly and positively contributed to CG and depression at trajectories.Self-disclosure moderated the contribution of shame to CG and depression at T3 beyond their natural trajectories.Interpersonal activities may serve as a buffer against the deleterious effects of suicide in the family.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Moral injury is an emerging concept that captures the psychosocial consequences of involvement in and exposure to morally transgressive events. In the past decade, research on moral injury has grown exponentially. In this special collection we review papers on moral injury published in the European Journal of Psychotraumatology from its inception until December 2022, that have a primary focus on moral injury as evidenced by the words 'moral injury' in the title or abstract. We included 19 papers on quantitative (n = 9) and qualitative (n = 5) studies of different populations including (former) military personnel (n = 9), healthcare workers (n = 4) and refugees (n = 2). Most papers (n = 15) focused on the occurrence of potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs), moral injury and associated factors, while four papers primarily concerned treatment. Together, the papers offer a fascinating overview of aspects of moral injury in different populations. Research is clearly widening from military personnel to other populations such as healthcare workers and refugees. Focal points included the impact of PMIEs involving children, the association of PMIEs and personal childhood victimisation, the prevalence of betrayal trauma, and the relationship between moral injury and empathy. As for treatment, points of interest included new treatment initiatives as well as findings that PMIE exposure does not impede help-seeking behaviour and response to PTSD treatment. We further discuss the wide range of phenomena that fall under moral injury definitions, the limited diversity of the moral injury literature, and the clinical utility of the moral injury construct. From conceptualisation to clinical utility and treatment, the concept of moral injury matures. Whether or not moral injury becomes a formal diagnosis, the need to examine tailored interventions to alleviate moral injury is clear.

Moral injury is increasingly studied outside military populations, such as in healthcare workers and refugees.Among the most impactful potentially morally injurious experiences (PMIEs) are those involving children, but betrayal trauma may be the most prevalent type of PMIE.There is a need for tailored, evidence-based interventions to alleviate moral injury.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O mito de Tântalo como referencial primordial da conferência da outorga. Concessão de Outorga como atributo do Arquétipo do Pai. Os sofrimentos do tutelado e comprometimentos severos da psique decorrentes da negação ou da perda da outorga. Reações psíquicas, em função da perda da outorga como: vergonha, sentimento de culpa. A vergonha de se saber incompetente. E a humilhação por ser ridículo. Os fundamentos simbólicos da emergência da depressão. Pai-Narciso, aquele que não outorga. Pais com estruturas patriarcais rigidamente defensivas. Os conflitos de filhos de casais cindidos, em que um confere a outorga e o outro a nega. A possibilidade de saída resiliente com a automobilização da outorga. Correlações simbólicas entre os castigos de Tântalo e a grandiosidade da outorga.

The myth of Tantalus as a primary reference for the granting conference. Granting of Bestowal (the act of conferring an honor or presenting a gift) as an attribute of the Father Archetype. Sufferings of the ward and severe impairments of the psyche resulting from the denial or loss of the bestowal. Psychic reactions, due to the loss of the grant, such as: shame, feeling of guilt. The shame of being incompetent. And the humiliation for being ridiculous. The symbolic foundations of the emergence of depression. Father-Narcissus, the one who does not bestow. Parents with rigidly defensive patriarchal structures. The conflicts of children of split couples in which one grants and the other denies it. The possibility of a resilient exit with the automobilization of the grant. Symbolic correlations between Tantalus' punishments and the grandiosity of the bestowal.

El mito de Tántalo como referencia principal para la conferencia de concesión. Otorgamiento como un atributo del Arquetipo del Padre Los sufrimientos del pupilo y los severos impedimentos de la psique resultantes de la negación o pérdida del otorgamiento. Reacciones psíquicas, por la pérdida de la beca, tales como: vergüenza, sentimiento de culpa. La vergüenza de ser incompetente. Y la humillación por hacer el ridículo. Los fundamentos simbólicos de la aparición de la depresión. Padre-Narciso, el que no da. Padres con estructuras patriarcales rígidamente defensivas. Los conflictos de hijos de parejas escindidas en los que uno lo concede y el otro lo niega. La posibilidad de una salida resiliente con la automovilización de la subvención. Correlaciones simbólicas entre los castigos de Tántalo y la grandiosidad del otorgamiento

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Background: Guilt and shame regulate basic human processes such as social cognition and relations. Both emotions are also involved in the aetiology and maintenance of trauma-related mental disorders such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, a concise scale that adequately captures these constructs is currently lacking, impeding research efforts to understand them more thoroughly.Objective: To this end, we developed the eight-item Guilt and Shame Questionnaire (GSQ-8) in English, German, and Dutch.Method: We examined the reliability and validity of the GSQ-8 in a clinical sample of adults seeking treatment for childhood-trauma-related posttraumatic stress disorder (n = 209), a sample of adults who had suffered at least one traumatic life event reporting different levels of PTSD symptoms (n = 556), and a non-clinical sample of adults (n = 156).Results: Theory-driven confirmatory factor analyses confirmed two correlated latent factors guilt and shame with four items for each factor. Across all samples, two-factor models yielded better model fit than one-factor solutions. Measurement invariance across the three samples, gender, and Dutch and German language was mostly established. Guilt and shame composite scores were associated with PTSD symptoms, depressive symptoms, life satisfaction, mental health-related quality of life, and self-blame, thus supporting scale validity. Importantly, both subscales predicted PTSD symptoms, depression, life satisfaction, and mental health-related quality of life over and above cognitions of self-blame.Conclusions: The GSQ-8 is a parsimonious, reliable, and valid tool to assess guilt and shame in clinical, sub-clinical, and non-clinical populations, allowing applications across a broad range of research questions.

We present the 8-item Guilt and Shame Questionnaire (GSQ-8), a parsimonious tool to assess guilt and shame.We found strong psychometric properties of the GSQ-8 across three samples and different languages.The GSQ-8 can be reliably used to assess shame and guilt in clinical and non-clinical work.

RESUMEN

Resumo: A teoria da objetificação propõe que as experiências de objetificação sexual vivenciadas pelas mulheres levam à auto-objetificação: uma preocupação excessiva e prejudicial com a própria aparência em detrimento dos estados e competências corporais. A pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as propriedades psicométricas de uma escala de auto-objetificação corporal para universitárias brasileiras. A amostra foi composta por 400 mulheres, com idades entre 17 e 53 anos (M = 21,65; DP = 5,46), sendo a maioria graduandas do curso de psicologia (49%, n = 196). Análises fatoriais exploratórias (AFE) e confirmatórias (AFC) foram realizadas para verificar a estrutura do modelo. Os resultados suportaram uma estrutura com 13 itens e duas dimensões: Vigilância corporal e Vergonha Corporal, mostrando bons indicadores para validade e confiabilidade interna. Não houve diferenças significativas entre graduandas em psicologia e estudantes de outros cursos. Discute-se futuras aplicações do instrumento e possibilidades frente a investigação da auto-objetificação em contextos variados.

Abstract: The objectification theory proposes that experiences of sexualization lead to self-objectification in women: a harmful concern for their appearance at the expense of body states and skills. The research aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Body Objectification Consciousness Scale for female Brazilian university students. The sample was composed by 400 women, aged between 17 and 53 years old (M = 21.65; SD = 5.46), the majority of them were undergraduate psychology students (49%, n = 196). Exploratory (AFE) and confirmatory (AFC) factor analyzes were performed to verify the model's structure. The results supported a structure with 13 items and two dimensions: Body Surveillance and Body Shame, showing good indicators for internal validity and reliability. There were no significant differences between undergraduate psychology students and students from other courses. Future applications of the instrument and possibilities regarding the investigation of self-objectification in different contexts are discussed.

Resumen: La teoría de la objetivación propone que las experiencias de objetivación sexual vividas por las mujeres conducen a la auto-objetivación: una preocupación excesiva y dañina por su apariencia a expensas de los estados y competencias corporales. La investigación tuvo como objetivo investigar las propiedades psicométricas de una escala de auto-objetivación corporal en una muestra de estudiantes universitarias brasileñas. Participaron 400 mujeres, de entre 17 y 53 años (M = 21.65; DT = 5.46), la mayoría egresadas de la carrera de psicología (49%, n = 196). Se realizaron análisis factoriales exploratorios (AFE) y confirmatorios (AFC) para verificar la estructura del modelo. Los resultados apoyaron un modelo con 13 ítems y dos dimensiones: Vigilancia corporal y Vergüenza corporal, mostrando buenos indicadores de validez interna y confiabilidad. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los estudiantes de psicología y los estudiantes de otros cursos. Se discuten futuras aplicaciones del instrumento y posibilidades en la investigación de la auto-objetivación en diferentes contextos.

RESUMEN

Partiendo de la conceptualización de los problemas afectivos derivados del contacto (PADC) estudiamos su influencia en el aprendizaje de Rugby, Balonmano y Voleibol. El trabajo, desarrollado en el contexto universitario (n=16), se aborda dentro del paradigma cualitativo, mediante el análisis de contenido y con el apoyo de estrategias cuantitativas, siguiendo los Métodos Mixtos. El estudio prospectivo de los datos permitió describir la realidad a estudiar y el refinamiento de la metodología, centrada en el método de análisis de diarios con entrevista sobre los diarios, con el apoyo de herramientas informáticas de análisis cualitativo (Nvivo). Los resultados muestran la existencia de PADC y su influencia negativa en el aprendizaje de tareas motrices de los deportes estudiados. Las emociones que suscitan la aparición de estos problemas están fundamentalmente relacionadas con el miedo, aunque también con la ansiedad y/o la vergüenza. Además, se describen cuáles son los tipos de contactos que generan esos problemas. Igualmente, se concretan 29 factores que podrían ser valorados para disminuir la aparición de los PADC en procesos de enseñanza-aprendizaje de tareas motrices que impliquen contacto. La importancia de cada uno de estos factores varía en función del tipo de contacto que requiera la tarea motriz. (AU)

From the conceptualization of emotional problems related to contact (EPRC), we study its influence in the learning of Rugby, Handball and Volleyball. This research, developed at the university sphere (n=16), is framed within qualitative framework through the analysis of content assisted with quantitative strategies (Mixed Methods). The prospective study of the data allowed the description of the reality in study and the refinement in methodology. So, the method focused on the analysis of diaries with interviews about them with the support of computer tools of qualitative analysis (NVivo). The results show the existence of EPRC and its negative influence in the learning of motor tasks of the aforementioned sports. The emotions that facilitate the appearance of these problems are fundamentally related to fear, but also to anxiety or shame. In addition, the types of contacts that generate these problems are described. Furthermore, there were specified 29 factors that could be considerated to decrease the appearance of EPRCs in contact motor tasks teaching-learning processes. The importance of each of these factors varies depending on the type of contact that the motor task requires. (AU)

Partindo da conceituação de problemas afetivos derivados do contacto (PADC), estudamos sua influência na aprendizagem de Rugby, Handebol e Voleibol. O trabalho, desenvolvido no contexto universitário (n=16), é abordado dentro do paradigma qualitativo, através do método de análise de conteúdo e com o apoio de estratégias quantitativas, seguindo os Métodos Mistos. O estudo prospetivo dos dados permitiu descrever a realidadea ser estudada e o aprimoramento da metodologia, centrada no método de análise de diários com entrevista sobre os diários, com o apoio duma ferramenta computacional de análise qualitativa (Nvivo). Os resultados mostram a existência do PADC e sua influência negativa naaprendizagem de tarefas motoras dos desportos observados. As emoções produtoras desses problemas estão fundamentalmente relacionadas ao medo, mas também à ansiedade ou vergonha. Além disso, são descritos os tipos de contactos que geram esses problemas. Da mesma forma, foram especificados 29 fatores que poderiam ser avaliados para diminuir a aparência dos PADCs nos processos de ensino-aprendizagem de tarefas motoras que envolvem contacto. A importância de cada um desses fatores varia de acordo com o tipo de contacto que a tarefa motora exige. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Resumo O artigo surge da inquietação de psicanalistas diante do sucesso ou fracasso dos movimentos sociais como resposta à atual crise institucional, política e social. Destacamos o dilema epistemológico e político presente na indagação que percorreu o movimento de Maio de 1968: as estruturas descem ou não para a rua? O caminho adotado é examinar os efeitos do movimento e cotejá-los com as concepções teóricas de Lacan. O saldo que obtemos desse balanço crítico foi considerar Maio de 1968 como um acontecimento que nos lembra de que é possível estruturar uma nova forma de política. Nomear a vergonha dos excessos nos laços sociais de nosso tempo pode conferir dignidade ao significante e produzir um ponto de basta pela dimensão da ética e da singularidade. Tal posição produz giro discursivo, incitado pela coragem de ter uma idéia e a possibilidade de reinvenção do laço social por sucessivas subversões e revoluções.

Abstract Our article results from the concern of psychoanalysts about the success or failure of social movements as a response to the current institutional, political and social crisis. We emphasize the epistemological and political dilemma present in the question that went through the May 1968 movement: after all, do structures reflect on the streets or not? To answer this question, we examined the effects of the movement a posteriori and compared them with Lacan's theoretical work. Based on this critical balance, we consider May 68 as a reminder that structuring a new form of politics is possible. Naming the shame of excesses in the social ties of our time may confer dignity to the signifier and produce a sufficient point by the dimension of ethics and uniqueness. Such a position produces a discursive twist, incited by the courage to have an idea and the possibility of reinventing the social bond by successive subversions and revolutions.

Résumé L'article découle de la préocupation des psychanalystes face au succès ou à l'échec des mouvements sociaux en réponse à la crise institutionnelle, politique et sociale actuelle. Nous soulignons le dilemme épistémologique et politique dans la question qui a traversé le mouvement de mai 1968: enfin, les structures descendent ou non dans la rue? La voie adoptée consiste à examiner les effets du mouvement a posteriori et à les comparer avec les conceptions théoriques de Lacan. Le résultat que nous obtenons de ce bilan critique a été de considérer mai 1968 comme un événement qui nous rappelle qu'il est possible de structurer une nouvelle politique. Nommer la honte des excès dans les liens sociaux de notre temps peut donner de la dignité au signifiant et produire un point de suffisance pour la dimension de l'éthique et de singularité. Une telle position produit un tournant discursif, encouragé par le courage d'avoir une idée et la possibilité de réinventer le lien social par des subversions et des révolutions successives.

Resumen El artículo surge de la inquietud de psicoanalistas frente al éxito o fracaso de los movimientos sociales como una respuesta a la actual crisis institucional, política y social. Se destaca el dilema epistemológico y político presente en la indagación que recorrió el movimiento de Mayo del 68: ¿las estructuras descienden o no a la calle? Para ello, se examinan los efectos del movimiento bajo la luz de las concepciones teóricas de Lacan. De ese balance crítico se considera el Mayo del 68 como un acontecimiento que recuerda que es posible estructurar una nueva forma de política. Al nombrar la vergüenza de los excesos en los lazos sociales de nuestro tiempo se puede conferir dignidad al significante y producir un basta por medio de la dimensión de la ética y de la singularidad. Esto produce un giro discursivo, incitado por el coraje de tener una idea y la posibilidad de reinventar el lazo social por sucesivas subversiones y revoluciones.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

This paper describes a case study of a 60-year-old Peruvian refugee in some detail, focusing on the importance of building emotional resilience in a patient in Spanish in order to create a space for learning the English language - the patient did not speak English after 20 years of living in Britain. The work was carried out with an interpreter and some of the literature on working with interpreters is referred to. The paper also briefly outlines the refugee journey in broad terms, which is a journey from the culturally known to the culturally unknown. The question of how well the literature on resilience, which sits firmly within a Western developmental perspective, can be applied to refugees, most of whom come from group and family-based cultures dominated by ideas of honour and shame, is discussed. The paper also touches on the importance of the receiving country enabling or not, as the case may be, a transitional space for refugees who have lost their home and are seeking to find a safe haven in a strange culture.

Cet article est une étude de cas détaillée d'un homme péruvien de 60 ans, réfugié. L'étude met l'accent sur l'importance de construire en espagnol une résilience émotionnelle, afin de créer un espace pour que le patient apprenne l'anglais - le patient ne parle pas l'anglais après 20 ans de vie en Grande Bretagne. Le travail s'est fait avec la participation d'un interprète, et une partie des écrits concernant le travail avec interprète est examinée. L'article s'appuie aussi brièvement sur d'autre cas cliniques, et aborde de manière générale le voyage du réfugié: un voyage allant du culturellement connu au culturellement inconnu. L'article soulève la question de comment les travaux sur la résilience, qui s'inscrivent clairement dans une perspective développementale occidentale, peuvent s'appliquer aux réfugiés, dont la plupart viennent de cultures de groupe et de cultures familiales dominées par l'idée d'honneur et de honte. L'article aborde brièvement l'impact important de l'attitude du pays d'accueil, selon qu'il offre ou non un espace transitionnel pour les réfugiés qui ont perdu leur « chez eux ¼ (home) et qui recherchent un havre de sécurité dans une culture qui ne leur est pas familière.

El presente trabajo describe en detalle, un estudio de caso de un refugiado Peruano de 60 años, haciendo foco en la importancia de construir resiliencia emocional en el paciente, en idioma Español, para poder crear un espacio para el aprendizaje del idioma Inglés - el paciente no hablaba inglés luego de 20 años de vivir en Gran Bretaña. El trabajo fue llevado a cabo con un intérprete y se discute cierta literatura sobre el trabajar con intérpretes. El artículo se basa también en otros estudios de caso, así como también en la discusión del viaje del refugiado en sentido amplio, el cual es un viaje desde lo conocido cultural hacia lo desconocido cultural. Se discute el modo en que la literatura sobre resiliencia, basada en una perspectiva desarrollista Occidental, puede aplicarse a refugiados, la mayoría de quienes provienen de familias y grupos culturales dominados por ideas de honor y vergüenza. El trabajo también plantea la importancia de que el país receptor posibilite o no, como puede ser el presente caso, un espacio transicional para refugiados que han perdido sus hogares y buscan un refugio seguro en una cultura extraña.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Originally presented at the Journal's one day conference entitled 'Displacement: Contemporary Traumatic Experience' held in London in November 2019, this paper expands on the author's theory of the implicit psychological organizing gestalt, an associated pattern of psychic functions which operate in an integrated way to simultaneously structure and organize our experience of self-cohesion and self-continuity. The gestalt, which implicitly links the formation of psychic skin, body image, cultural skin and both personal and cultural identity with place, functions as an emergent non-conscious permanent presence or background 'constant'. It develops over time and emerges out of embodied emotional experiencing with the total environment - both human and non-human. The author argues that it is the rupture of this gestalt and the disorganizing consequences of its loss which underlies the experience of displacement trauma. If disruptions in the formation of the gestalt and/or its later rupture remain unrecognized and unrepresented then the absence creates a void which can be intergenerationally transmitted. Case material is presented which describes this and which highlights the ways in which the gestalt can contribute to our understanding of collective displacement anxiety, cultural trauma and cultural complexes.

Cet article a été présenté initialement à la conférence du Journal intitulée « Le Déplacement: Une expérience traumatique contemporaine ¼ qui s'est tenue à Londres en novembre 2019. Il développe la théorie de l'auteur d'une gestalt implicite d'organisation psychologique, un schéma associé de fonctions psychiques qui opère de manière intégrée pour simultanément structurer et organiser notre expérience de cohésion de soi et de continuité de soi. Cette gestalt, qui relie implicitement la formation de la peau psychique, de l'image du corps, de la peau culturelle et de l'identité personnelle et culturelle avec le lieu, fonctionne comme une présence permanente, non-consciente et émergente, une « constante ¼ de fond: elle se développe au fil du temps et émerge à partir de l'expérience émotionnelle incarnée avec l'environnement total - humain et non-humain. L'auteur soutient que c'est la rupture de cette gestalt et les conséquences perturbantes de sa perte qui sous-tendent l'expérience du traumatisme de déplacement. Si des perturbations dans sa formation et/ou sa rupture ultérieure restent non-reconnues et non-représentées, alors l'absence crée un vide qui peut être transmis d'une génération à l'autre. L'article présente du matériel clinique décrivant ceci. Ce matériel souligne les façons dont cette gestalt peut contribuer à notre compréhension de l'angoisse collective de déplacement et du traumatisme culturel.

Presentado inicialmente en la Conferencia del Journal, titulada 'Desplazamiento: Experiencia Traumática Contemporánea' llevada a cabo en Londres, en Noviembre 2019, el presente trabajo amplía - sobre la base de la teoría de la autora sobre la Gestalt de organización psicológica implícita - un patrón asociado de funciones psíquicas, las cuales operan en un modo integrado para estructurar simultáneamente nuestra experiencia de auto-continuidad y auto-cohesión. La Gestalt, la cual implícitamente vincula la formación de la piel psíquica, la imagen corporal, la piel cultural y la identidad personal y cultural, con el lugar, funciona como una presencia permanente, emergente, no-consciente o un 'constante' contexto: se desarrolla a través del tiempo y emerge a partir de la experiencia emocional corporizada con la totalidad del medio ambiente - humano y no-humano. La autora argumenta que es la ruptura de esta Gestalt y las consecuencias desorganizadoras de su pérdida, la cual subyace a la experiencia de trauma por desplazamiento. Si las interrupciones en su formación y/o ruptura permanecen sin ser reconocidas y sin representación, entonces la ausencia crea un vacío que puede transmitirse intergeneracionalmente. Se presenta material de un caso que describe y subraya los modos en los cuales la Gestalt puede contribuir a nuestra comprensión sobre la ansiedad por desplazamiento colectivo y trauma cultural.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

A hipermodernidade, com suas bases culturais fundamentadas no individualismo e nas relações de consumo, levou o homem a um completo esgotamento frente às expectativas de felicidade a ser obtida por meio da conquista de melhores desempenhos em vários aspectos da existência e em aquisições materiais. Uma vez que o indivíduo está constantemente exposto às consequências do modus vivendi do hiperconsumo, qual seja, o caráter transitório do sucesso que provoca o sentimento de fracasso, são observadas sequelas emocionais que podem se desdobrar em fenômenos psicopatológicos contemporâneos, sendo alguns destes destacados no artigo. O objetivo deste trabalho é apontar como a força do imperativo do sucesso pode intensificar sentimentos como humilhação, vergonha e inveja, assim como sugerir a Gestalt-terapia como oportunidade de libertação da opressora ideologia da superação de si, por ser, pelo encontro dialógico, um instrumento na sustentação da dignidade do sujeito diante das desconfirmações a que é constantemente submetido. (AU)

Hypermodernity, with its cultural foundations based on individualism and consumer relations, led human beings to a complete exhaustion in face of the expectations of happiness to be obtained through the achievement of better performances in various aspects of existence and in material acquisitions. Since the individual is constantly exposed to the consequences of the hyperconsumption modus vivendi, that is, the transitory character of success that causes the feeling of failure, emotional sequelae can be observed that may unfold into contemporary psychopathological phenomena, some of which are highlighted in the article. The aim of this paper is to point out how the strength of the success imperative can intensify feelings such as humiliation, shame, and envy, as well as suggest Gestalt-therapy as an opportunity for liberation from the oppressive ideology of self-overcoming, because, through the dialogical encounter, it is an instrument for sustaining the dignity of the subject in the face of the disconfirmations to which he/she is constantly exposed. (AU)

La hipomordenidad, con su bases culturales fundamentadas en el individualismo y en las relaciones de consumo, ha llevado al hombre a un agotamiento completo ante las expectativas de felicidad a ser obtenida por medio de la conquista de mejores desempeños en diversos aspectos de la existencia y en las adquisiciones materiales. Una vez que el indivíduo está constantemente expuesto a las consecuencias del modus vivendi del hiperconsumo, culquiera que sea, el carácter transitorio del suceso que provoca el sentimiento de fracaso, son observadas secuelas emocionales que pueden desplegarse en los fenómenos psicopatológicos contemporáneos, algunos de los cuales se destacan en el artículo. El objetivo de este trabajo es señalar cómo la fuerza del imperativo del suceso puede intensificar sentimientos como humillación, vergüenza y envidia, así como sugerir que la terapia Gestalt como una oportunidad de liberación de la ideologia opresiva de superación personal, por ser, a través del encuentro dialógico, un instrumento para sostener la dignidad del sujeto frente a las desconfirmaciones a las que está constantemente sometido. (AU)

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Abstract Unjustified aggression is a problem that exists in schools and represents an obstacle for achieving the goals pursued by education. The goal of this article is to explain how shame, empathy, coping style and school safety discriminate between defensive and reinforcing observers in the face of a hypothetical situation of school bullying. 505 students from public, technical and federal secondary schools of the State of Sonora with ages ranging from 12 to 17 years participated in this study. Of this sample 131 were considered defenders and 374 reinforcers. The results show that the recognition of shame, affective empathy, confrontative coping and school safety explain up to 71.4% the differences between the defensive observers and the reinforcers. It is concluded that the variables considered as predictors can differentiate between the types of observers and represent a valuable contribution in the analysis of bullying as a group process.

Resumo A agressão injustificada é um problema que está presente nas escolas e representa um obstáculo para atingir as finalidades que a educação persegue. O objetivo deste artigo é explicar como a vergonha, a empatia, o tipo de enfrentamento e a segurança escolar discriminam entre observadores defensores y reforçadores perante uma situação hipotética de assédio escolar. Participaram 505 estudantes de secundária de escolas públicas, técnicas e federais do Estado de Sonora com idades que vão desde os 12 até os 17 anos. Deste modo, 131 foram considerados defensores e 374 reforçadores. Os resultados mostram que o reconhecimento da vergonha, a empatia afetiva, o enfrentamento revalorativo e a segurança escolar explicam até em 71.4% as diferenças entre os observadores defensores e os reforçadores. Conclui-se que las variáveis consideradas como preditoras servem para diferenciar entre os tipos de observadores e significam uma contribuição valiosa na análise do assédio como um processo grupal.

Resumen La agresión injustificada es un problema que está presente en las escuelas y representa un obstáculo para alcanzar los fines que la educación persigue. El objetivo de este artículo es explicar cómo la vergüenza, la empatía, el estilo de enfrentamiento y la seguridad escolar discriminan entre observadores defensores y reforzadores ante una situación hipotética de acoso escolar. Participaron 505 estudiantes de secundarias públicas, técnicas y federales del Estado de Sonora con edades que van de los 12 a los 17 años. De esta muestra 131 fueron considerados defensores y 374 reforzadores. Los resultados demuestran que el reconocimiento de la vergüenza, la empatía afectiva, el enfrentamiento revalorativo y la seguridad escolar explican hasta el 71.4% las diferencias entre los observadores defensores y los reforzadores. Se concluye que las variables consideradas como predictoras sirven para diferenciar entre los tipos de observadores y significan un aporte valioso en el análisis del acoso como un proceso grupal.

RESUMEN

O objetivo desta revisão narrativa foi abordar o conceito de lesões psicológicas no contexto do esporte, a partir de modelos teóricos e formas de intervenção; ainda, foi dado um enfoque ao medo e a vergonha. Para isso, focou-se na caracterização das lesões psicológicas no espor-te, traçando paralelos entre medo e vergonha e as demais ocorrências vivenciadas pelos atle-tas. Assim, pode-se concluir que o medo e a vergonha são causadores de muitas dores psíqui-cas, merecendo cuidados e atenção por parte dos dirigentes e profissionais do esporte.

The purpose of this narrative review was to approach the concept of psychological injuries in the context of sports, theoretical models and intervention forms; still has been given a focus on fear and shame. For this, it focused on the characterization of the psychological injuries in the sport, drawing parallels between fear and shame and the other occurrences experienced by the athletes. Thus, one can conclude that fear and shame cause many psychic pains, deserving care and attention on the part of the leaders and professionals of the sport.

El objetivo de esta revisión narrativa fue abordar el concepto de lesiones psicológicas en el contexto del deporte, modelos teóricos y formas de intervención; se ha dado un enfoque al miedo yla vergüenza. Para ello, se enfocó, en la caracterización de las lesiones psicológicas en el deporte, trazando paralelos entre miedo y vergüenza y las demás ocurrencias vivencia-das por los atletas. Así, se puede concluir que el miedo y la vergüenza son causantes de muchos dolores psíquicos, mereciendo atención y atención por parte de los dirigentes y profesio-nales del deporte.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Se planteó como objetivo describir el estigma familiar percibido por los cuidadores primarios de personas con enfermedad mental, para lo que empleamos como metodología un estudio de tipo exploratorio descriptivo, basado en la fenomenología eidética, en donde se describió de forma detallada la experiencia de vida frente al estigma de la enfermedad mental percibida por el cuidador primario, buscamos revelar, describir e interpretar el fenómeno. Fueron entrevistados en profundidad 14 cuidadores primarios de pacientes con la técnica de punto donde se presentó la saturación de datos cualitativos, fueron analizados estableciendo categorías y subcategorías que permitieron identificar claros patrones de estigma el estigma experimentado y el estigma por asociación, el estudio se desarrolló en una Institución Prestadora de Servicios de Salud mental. Podemos concluir que se logran identificar claros patrones de estigma asociados a una condición mental, estos patrones son percibidos por el cuidador principal del paciente con dicha alteración; esto abre la puerta a nuevas preguntas relacionadas con los alcances que tiene el rechazo social que sufren las familias y pacientes que adolecen alteraciones mentales; por lo tanto esta problemática deberá ser objeto para continuar con investigaciones de este fenómeno.

The objective was to describe the family stigma perceived by the primary caregivers of people with mental illness, for which we used as a methodology a descriptive exploratory study, based on the eidetic phenomenology, where the life experience was described in detail. To the stigma of mental illness perceived by the primary caregiver, we seek to reveal, describe and interpret the phenomenon. Fourteen primary caregivers of patients were interviewed in depth with the point technique where the saturation of qualitative data was presented, they were analyzed establishing categories and subcategories that allowed to identify clear patterns of stigma, stigma experienced and stigma by association, the study was developed in a Institution that provides mental health services. We can conclude that it is possible to identify clear stigma patterns associated with a mental condition, these patterns are perceived by the main caregiver of the patient with said alteration; this opens the door to new questions related to the scope of the social rejection suffered by families and patients who suffer from mental disorders; therefore, this problem should be the object to continue with investigations of this phenomenon.

Asunto(s)