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In this study, the interaction of the human hemoglobin with cost effective and chemically fabricated CdS quantum dots (QDs) (average sizes ≈3nm) has been investigated. The semiconductor QDs showed maximum visible absorption at 445 nm with excitonic formation and band gap of ≈ 2.88 eV along with hexagonal crystalline phase. The binding of QDs-Hb occurs through corona formation to the ground sate complex formation. The life time of the heme pocket binding and reorganization were found to be t1 = 43 min and t2 = 642 min, respectively. The emission quenching of the Hb has been indicated large energy transfer between CdS QDs and Hb with tertiary deformation of Hb. The binding thermodynamics showed highly exothermic nature. The ultrafast decay during corona formation was studied from TCSPC. The results showed that the energy transfer efficiency increases with the increase of the QDs concentration and maximum ≈71.5 % energy transfer occurs and average ultrafast lifetime varies from 5.45 ns to1.51 ns. The deformation and unfolding of the secondary structure of Hb with changes of the α-helix (≈74 % to ≈51.07 %) and ß-sheets (≈8.63 % to ≈10.25 %) have been observed from circular dichroism spectrum. The SAXS spectrum showed that the radius of gyration of CdS QDs-Hb bioconjugate increased (up to 23 ± 0.45 nm) with the increase of the concentration of QDs compare with pure Hb (11 ± 0.23 nm) and Hb becoming more unfolded.

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PURPOSE: To develop a 3D spherical EPTI (sEPTI) acquisition and a comprehensive reconstruction pipeline for rapid high-quality whole-brain submillimeter T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ and QSM quantification. METHODS: For the sEPTI acquisition, spherical k-space coverage is utilized with variable echo-spacing and maximum kx ramp-sampling to improve efficiency and signal incoherency compared to existing EPTI approaches. For reconstruction, an iterative rank-shrinking B0 estimation and odd-even high-order phase correction algorithms were incorporated into the reconstruction to better mitigate artifacts from field imperfections. A physics-informed unrolled network was utilized to boost the SNR, where 1-mm and 0.75-mm isotropic whole-brain imaging were performed in 45 and 90 s at 3 T, respectively. These protocols were validated through simulations, phantom, and in vivo experiments. Ten healthy subjects were recruited to provide sufficient data for the unrolled network. The entire pipeline was validated on additional five healthy subjects where different EPTI sampling approaches were compared. Two additional pediatric patients with epilepsy were recruited to demonstrate the generalizability of the unrolled reconstruction. RESULTS: sEPTI achieved 1.4 × $$ \times $$ faster imaging with improved image quality and quantitative map precision compared to existing EPTI approaches. The B0 update and the phase correction provide improved reconstruction performance with lower artifacts. The unrolled network boosted the SNR, achieving high-quality T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ and QSM quantification with single average data. High-quality reconstruction was also obtained in the pediatric patients using this network. CONCLUSION: sEPTI achieved whole-brain distortion-free multi-echo imaging and T 2 * $$ {\mathrm{T}}_2^{\ast } $$ and QSM quantification at 0.75 mm in 90 s which has the potential to be useful for wide clinical applications.

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Fast and efficient exciton utilization is a crucial solution and highly desirable for achieving high-performance blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). However, the rate and efficiency of exciton utilization in traditional OLEDs, which employ fully closed-shell materials as emitters, are inevitably limited by spin statistical limitations and transition prohibition. Herein, a new sensitization strategy, namely doublet-sensitized fluorescence (DSF), is proposed to realize high-performance deep-blue electroluminescence. In the DSF-OLED, a doublet-emitting cerium(III) complex, Ce-2, is utilized as sensitizer for multi-resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitter ν-DABNA. Experimental results reveal that holes and electrons predominantly recombine on Ce-2 to form doublet excitons, which subsequently transfer energy to the singlet state of ν-DABNA via exceptionally fast (over 108 s-1) and efficient (≈100%) Förster resonance energy transfer for deep-blue emission. Due to the circumvention of spin-flip in the DSF mechanism, near-unit exciton utilization efficiency and remarkably short exciton residence time of 1.36 µs are achieved in the proof-of-concept deep-blue DSF-OLED, which achieves a Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage coordinate of (0.13, 0.14), a high external quantum efficiency of 30.0%, and small efficiency roll-off of 14.7% at a luminance of 1000 cd m-2. The DSF device exhibits significantly improved operational stability compared with unsensitized reference device.

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High-energy gamma rays produced in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments are crucial for studying implosion dynamics. These gamma rays, characterized by their extremely short durations, represent the least disturbed products of fusion, preserving vital birth information. To detect such γ-rays, ultrafast radiation detectors with high time resolution are necessary. This study introduces a newly developed Cherenkov optical image screen designed for ultra-fast gamma-ray imaging. Composed of pure quartz fiber material, the imaging screen features a single fiber pixel size of 0.6 mm and a thickness of 3 cm. Theoretical investigations explore the luminous time response and efficiency of the Cherenkov optical imaging screen under gamma-ray irradiation. Experimental validation was conducted using a steady-state gamma-ray source with an average energy of 1.25 MeV. Results demonstrate that the image screen achieves a spatial resolution limit of 0.75 mm. The temporal response exhibits a full width at half maximum of less than 0.4 ns when excited by a high-energy electron beam with a single pulse duration of several picoseconds.

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In neuroimaging, there is no equivalent alternative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, image acquisitions are generally time-consuming, which may limit utilization in some cases, e.g., in patients who cannot remain motionless for long or suffer from claustrophobia, or in the event of extensive waiting times. For multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, MRI plays a major role in drug therapy decision-making. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether an ultrafast, T2-weighted (T2w), deep learning-enhanced (DL), echo-planar-imaging-based (EPI) fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequence (FLAIRUF) that has targeted neurological emergencies so far might even be an option to detect MS lesions of the brain compared to conventional FLAIR sequences. Therefore, 17 MS patients were enrolled prospectively in this exploratory study. Standard MRI protocols and ultrafast acquisitions were conducted at 3 tesla (T), including three-dimensional (3D)-FLAIR, turbo/fast spin-echo (TSE)-FLAIR, and FLAIRUF. Inflammatory lesions were grouped by size and location. Lesion conspicuity and image quality were rated on an ordinal five-point Likert scale, and lesion detection rates were calculated. Statistical analyses were performed to compare results. Altogether, 568 different lesions were found. Data indicated no significant differences in lesion detection (sensitivity and positive predictive value [PPV]) between FLAIRUF and axially reconstructed 3D-FLAIR (lesion size ≥3 mm × ≥2 mm) and no differences in sensitivity between FLAIRUF and TSE-FLAIR (lesion size ≥3 mm total). Lesion conspicuity in FLAIRUF was similar in all brain regions except for superior conspicuity in the occipital lobe and inferior conspicuity in the central brain regions. Further findings include location-dependent limitations of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) as well as artifacts such as spatial distortions in FLAIRUF. In conclusion, FLAIRUF could potentially be an expedient alternative to conventional methods for brain imaging in MS patients since the acquisition can be performed in a fraction of time while maintaining good image quality.

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Artificial photocatalytic energy conversion is a very interesting strategy to solve energy crises and environmental problems by directly collecting solar energy, but low photocatalytic conversion efficiency is a bottleneck that restricts the practical application of photocatalytic reactions. The key issue is that the photo-generated charge separation process spans a huge spatio-temporal scale from femtoseconds to seconds, and involves complex physical processes from microscopic atoms to macroscopic materials. Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying electron transfer paths in photogenerated carrier dynamics of photocatalysts. By extracting the attenuation characteristics of the spectra, the quenching path and lifetimes of carriers can be simulated on femtosecond and picosecond time scales. This paper introduces the principle of transient absorption, typical dynamic processes and the application of femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy in photocatalysis, and summarizes the bottlenecks faced by ultrafast spectroscopy in photocatalytic applications, as well as future research directions and solutions. This will provide inspiration for understanding the charge transfer mechanism of photocatalytic processes.

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The COVID-19 epidemic and its continuous spread pose a serious threat to public health. Coronavirus strains known as SARS-CoV-2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) variants have undergone genomic changes. The severity of the symptoms, the efficiency of vaccinations, and the transmission capacity of the virus can be impacted by these alterations. Point-of-care diagnostic assays can identify particular genetic or protein sequences that are exclusive to each variety. Currently, ultrafast, responsive, and accurate antibody detection faces several challenges. Here, we outline the fabrication, implementation, and sensing performance benchmarking of an ultrafast (5 s) and inexpensive (0.15 USD) assay with label-free sensing of SARS-CoV-2 S (Spike)/N (Nucleocapsid) protein and other variants in real patient samples. A label-free DNA aptameric capacitive bio-sensing device was used to detect SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our novel, cutting-edge bio-sensing device contains a Wooden quoits conformation structural aptamer (WQCSA)-based inter-digitated capacitor electronic (WQCSA-IDCE) system. WQCSA-aptamer was used as a switch-turn on response to achieve ultrasensitivity in the variable area of the SARS-CoV-2. The molecular beacon (MB) method was also used to measure the fluorescently colored SARS-CoV-2 S/N protein. These sensors can be used with several types of label-free DNA aptamers to act as rapid, affordable, and label-free biosensors for a variety of critical acute respiratory virus syndrome disorders.

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Over the past few decades, remarkable breakthroughs and progress have been achieved in ultrafast laser processing technology. Notably, the remarkable high-aspect-ratio processing capabilities of ultrafast lasers have garnered significant attention to meet the stringent performance and structural requirements of materials in specific applications. Consequently, high-aspect-ratio microstructure processing relying on nonlinear effects constitutes an indispensable aspect of this field. In the paper, we review the new features and physical mechanisms underlying ultrafast laser processing technology. It delves into the principles and research achievements of ultrafast laser-based high-aspect-ratio microstructure processing, with a particular emphasis on two pivotal technologies: filamentation processing and Bessel-like beam processing. Furthermore, the current challenges and future prospects for achieving both high precision and high aspect ratios simultaneously are discussed, aiming to provide insights and directions for the further advancement of high-aspect-ratio processing.

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2D sliding ferroelectric semiconductors have greatly expanded the ferroelectrics family with the flexibility of bandgap and material properties, which hold great promise for ultrathin device applications that combine ferroelectrics with optoelectronics. Besides the induced different resistance states for non-volatile memories, the switchable ferroelectric polarizations can also modulate the photogenerated carriers for potentially ultrafast optoelectronic devices. Here, it is demonstrated that the room temperature sliding ferroelectricity can be used for ultrafast switchable photovoltaic response in ε-InSe layers. By first-principles calculations and experimental characterizations, it is revealed that the ferroelectricity with out-of-plane (OOP) polarization only exists in even layer ε-InSe. The ferroelectricity is also demonstrated in ε-InSe-based vertical devices, which exhibit high on-off ratios (≈104) and non-volatile storage capabilities. Moreover, the OOP ferroelectricity enables an ultrafast (≈3 ps) bulk photovoltaic response in the near-infrared band, rendering it a promising material for self-powered reconfigurable and ultrafast photodetector. This work reveals the essential role of ferroelectric polarization on the photogenerated carrier dynamics and paves the way for hybrid multifunctional ferroelectric and optoelectronic devices.

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Metal hexacyanoferrates (MHCFs) with adjustable composition and open framework structures have been considered as intriguing cathode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). Exploiting MHCFs with ultrafast and durable sodium storage capability as well as comparable capacity is always a goal that many investigators pursue, but remains challenging. Herein, simultaneous tailoring of chemical composition and morphology configuration is carried out to design a hollow monoclinic high-entropy MHCF (HMHE-HCF) assembled by nanocubes for the first time to realize the objective. The "cocktail effect" of high-entropy construction, rich sodium content of monoclinic phase, and unique hollow structure endow HMHE-HCF cathode with fast reaction kinetics and energetically stable performance during continuous charging/discharging processes. As a result, the HMHE-HCF cathode demonstrates superior rate performance up to an ultra-high rate of 100 C (71.1% retention to 0.1 C), and remarkable cycling stability with a capacity retention of 77.8% over 25,000 cycles at 100 C, outperforming most reported sodium-ion cathodes. Further, the HMHE-HCF//hard carbon full-cell delivers capacities of 99.0 and 82.3 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C and 10 C, respectively, and retains 98.1% of the initial capacity after 1,600 cycles at 5C, demonstrating its potential application for sodium-ion storage.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have been increasingly recognized as a promising candidate for the next-generation energy-storage systems. This is primarily because LSBs demonstrate an unparalleled theoretical capacity and energy density far exceeding conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, the sluggish redox kinetics and formidable dissolution of polysulfides lead to poor sulfur utilization, serious polarization issues, and cyclic instability. Herein, sulfiphilic few-layer MoSSe nanoflake decorated on graphene (MoSSe@graphene), a two-dimensional and catalytically active hetero-structure composite, was prepared through a facile microwave method, which was used as a conceptually new sulfur host and served as an interfacial kinetic accelerator for LSBs. Specifically, this sulfiphilic MoSSe nanoflake not only strongly interacts with soluble polysulfides but also dynamically promotes polysulfide redox reactions. In addition, the 2D graphene nanosheets can provide an extra physical barrier to mitigate the diffusion of lithium polysulfides and enable much more uniform sulfur distribution, thus dramatically inhibiting polysulfides shuttling meanwhile accelerating sulfur conversion reactions. As a result, the cells with MoSSe@graphene nanohybrid achieved a superior rate performance (1091 mAh/g at 1C) and an ultralow decaying rate of 0.040 % per cycle after 1000 cycles at 1C.

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Current stage of proteomic research in the field of biology, medicine, development of new drugs, population screening, or personalized approaches to therapy dictates the need to analyze large sets of samples within the reasonable experimental time. Until recently, mass spectrometry measurements in proteomics were characterized as unique in identifying and quantifying cellular protein composition, but low throughput, requiring many hours to analyze a single sample. This was in conflict with the dynamics of changes in biological systems at the whole cellular proteome level upon the influence of external and internal factors. Thus, low speed of the whole proteome analysis has become the main factor limiting developments in functional proteomics, where it is necessary to annotate intracellular processes not only in a wide range of conditions, but also over a long period of time. Enormous level of heterogeneity of tissue cells or tumors, even of the same type, dictates the need to analyze biological systems at the level of individual cells. These studies involve obtaining molecular characteristics for tens, if not hundreds of thousands of individual cells, including their whole proteome profiles. Development of mass spectrometry technologies providing high resolution and mass measurement accuracy, predictive chromatography, new methods for peptide separation by ion mobility and processing of proteomic data based on artificial intelligence algorithms have opened a way for significant, if not radical, increase in the throughput of whole proteome analysis and led to implementation of the novel concept of ultrafast proteomics. Work done just in the last few years has demonstrated the proteome-wide analysis throughput of several hundred samples per day at a depth of several thousand proteins, levels unimaginable three or four years ago. The review examines background of these developments, as well as modern methods and approaches that implement ultrafast analysis of the entire proteome.

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Fine-grain copper (Cu) films (grain size: 100.36 nm) with a near-atomic-scale surface (0.39 nm) were electroplated. Without advanced post-surface treatment, Cu-Cu direct bonding can be achieved with present-day fine-grain Cu films at 130℃ in air ambient with a minimum pressure of 1 MPa. The instantaneous growth rate on the first day is 164.29 nm d-1. Also, the average growth rate (∆R/∆t) is evaluated by the present experimental results: (i) 218.185 nm d-1 for the first-day period and (ii) 105.58 nm d-1 during the first 14-day period. Ultrafast grain growth and near-atomic-scale surface facilitate grain boundary motion across the bonding interface, which is the key to achieve Cu-Cu direct bonding at 130℃ in air ambient.

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BACKGROUND: Prediction of histologic prognostic markers is important for determining management strategy and predicting prognosis. PURPOSE: To identify important features of ultrafast and conventional dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) that can predict histopathologic prognostic markers in patients with breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Preoperative MRI scans of 158 consecutive women (mean age = 54.0 years; age range = 29-86 years) with 163 breast cancers between February 2021 and August 2022 were retrospectively reviewed. Inter-observer agreements for ultrafast MRI parameters were analyzed by two radiologists. The qualitative and quantitative MRI parameters were correlated with histopathologic prognostic markers including molecular subtypes and histologic invasiveness. RESULTS: Inter-observer agreements for ultrafast MRI parameters were excellent (intraclass correlation coefficients of area under the kinetic curve [AUC], maximum slope [MS], maximum enhancement [ME], and slope = 0.987, 0.844, 0.822, and 0.760, respectively). Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) were significantly associated with rim enhancement (odds ratio [OR] = 9.4, P = 0.003) and peritumoral edema (OR = 17.9, P = 0.002), compared to luminal cancers. Invasive cancers were associated with lesion type-mass, increased delayed washout, angiovolume, ME, slope, MS, and AUC, compared to in situ cancers. In regression analysis, the combination of MS (>46.2%/s) (OR = 5.7, P = 0.046) and delayed washout (>17.5%) (OR = 17.6, P = 0.01), and that of AUC (>27,410.3) (OR = 9.6, P = 0.04), delayed washout (>17.5%) (OR = 8.9, P = 0.009), and lesion-type mass (OR = 4.6, P = 0.04) were predictive of histologic invasiveness. CONCLUSION: Conventional DCE-MRI with ultrafast imaging can provide useful information for predicting histologic underestimation and aggressive molecular subtype. MS and AUC on ultrafast MRI can be potential imaging markers for predicting histologic upgrade from DCIS to invasive cancer with high reliability.

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Despite recent advancement in 3D molecule conformation generation driven by diffusion models, its high computational cost in iterative diffusion/denoising process limits its application. Here, an equivariant consistency model (EC-Conf) was proposed as a fast diffusion method for low-energy conformation generation. In EC-Conf, a modified SE (3)-equivariant transformer model was directly used to encode the Cartesian molecular conformations and a highly efficient consistency diffusion process was carried out to generate molecular conformations. It was demonstrated that, with only one sampling step, it can already achieve comparable quality to other diffusion-based models running with thousands denoising steps. Its performance can be further improved with a few more sampling iterations. The performance of EC-Conf is evaluated on both GEOM-QM9 and GEOM-Drugs sets. Our results demonstrate that the efficiency of EC-Conf for learning the distribution of low energy molecular conformation is at least two magnitudes higher than current SOTA diffusion models and could potentially become a useful tool for conformation generation and sampling. SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS: In this work, we proposed an equivariant consistency model that significantly improves the efficiency of conformation generation in diffusion-based models while maintaining high structural quality. This method serves as a general framework and can be further extended to more complex structure generation and prediction tasks, including those involving proteins, in future steps.

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Rapid DNA detection is a long-pursuing goal in molecular detection, especially in combating infectious diseases. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is a robust and prevailing DNA detection method in pathogen detection, which has been drawing broad interest in improving its performance. Herein, we reported a new strategy and developed a new LAMP variant named TLAMP with a superior amplification rate. In this strategy, the turn-back loop primers (TLPs) were devised by ingeniously extending the 5' end of the original loop primer, which conferred the new role of being the inner primer for TLPs while retaining its original function as the loop primer. In theory, based on the bifunctional TLPs, a total of eight basic dumbbell-like structures and four cyclic amplification pathways were produced to significantly enhance the amplification efficiency of TLAMP. With the enhancing effect of TLPs, TLAMP exhibited a significantly reduced amplification-to-result time compared to the conventional six-primer LAMP (typically 1 h), enabling rapid DNA detection within 20 min. Furthermore, TLAMP proved to be about 10 min faster than the fast LAMP variants reported so far, while still presenting comparable sensitivity and higher repeatability. Finally, TLAMP successfully achieved an ultrafast diagnosis of Monkeypox virus (MPXV), capable of detecting as few as 10 copies (0.67copies/µL) of pseudovirus within 20 min using real-time fluorescence assay or within 30 min using a colorimetric assay, suggesting that the proposed TLAMP offers a sensitive, specific, reliable, and, most importantly, ultrafast DNA detection method when facing the challenges posed by infectious diseases.

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The ultrafast-laser-matter interactions enable "top-down" laser surface structuring, especially for materials difficult to process, with "bottom-up" self-organizing features. The subwavelength scenarios of laser-induced structuring are improved in defects and long-range order by applying positive/negative feedbacks. It is still hardly reported for supra-wavelength laser structuring more associated with complicated thermo/hydro-dynamics. For the first time to the knowledge, the near-field-regulated ultrafast-laser lithography of self-arrayed supra-wavelength micro/nano-pores directly on ultra-hard metallic glass is developed here. The plasmonic hot spots on pre-structures, as the positive feedback, clamped the lateral geometries (i.e., position, size). Simultaneously, it drilled and self-organized into micro/nano-pore arrays by photo-dynamic plasma ablation and Marangoni removal confined under specific femtosecond-laser irradiation, as the negative feedback. The mechanisms and finite element modeling of the multi-physical transduction (based on the two-temperature model), the far-field/near-field coupling, and the polarization dependence during laser-matter interactions are studied. Large-area micro/nano-pore arrays (centimeter scale or larger)  are manufactured with tunable periods (1-5 µm) and geometries (e.g., diameters of 500 nm-6 µm using 343, 515, and 1030 lasers, respectively). Consequently, the mid/far-infrared reflectivity at 2.5-6.5 µm iss decreased from ≈80% to ≈5%. The universality of multi-physical coupling and near-field enhancements makes this approach widely applicable, or even irreplaceable, in various applications.

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With the emergence of ultrafast X-ray sources, interest in following fast processes in small molecules and macromolecules has increased. Most of the current research into ultrafast structural dynamics of macromolecules uses X-ray free-electron lasers. In parallel, small-scale laboratory-based laser-driven ultrafast X-ray sources are emerging. Continuous development of these sources is underway, and as a result many exciting applications are being reported. However, because of their low flux, such sources are not commonly used to study the structural dynamics of macromolecules. This article examines the feasibility of time-resolved powder diffraction of macromolecular microcrystals using a laboratory-scale laser-driven ultrafast X-ray source.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the relationship between kinetic parameters of ultrafast dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in breast cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by an institutional review board and included 76 women (median age: 60) with 76 surgically proven breast cancers who underwent DCE MRI including ultrafast sequence. Based on the TILs level, we classified the patients into the low-TILs (< 10%) group and the high-TILs (≥ 10%) group. Maximum slope (MS) and time to enhancement (TTE) derived from ultrafast DCE sequence were correlated in each TILs group. The percentages of six kinetic patterns (fast, medium, and slow from the early phase, washout, plateau, and persistent from the delayed phase) derived from the conventional DCE sequence were also correlated in each TILs group. RESULTS: Of the 76 breast cancers, 57 were in the low-TILs group and 19 comprised the high-TILs group. The median MS in the high-TILs group (32.4%/sec) was significantly higher than that in the low-TILs group (23.68%/s) (p = 0.037). In a receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for differentiating between the high- and low-TILs group was 0.661. The TTE in the high-TILs group was significantly shorter than that in the low-TILs group (p = 0.012). In the ROC analysis, the AUC was 0.685. There were no significant differences between the percentages of the six kinetic patterns from the conventional DCE sequence and the TILs level (p = 0.075-0.876). CONCLUSION: Compared to the low-TILs group, the high-TILs group had higher MS and shorter TTE.

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The exponential growth of data in the big data era has made it imperative to improve the data storage density and calculation speed. Therefore, the development of a multibit memory with an ultrafast operational speed is of great significance. In this work, a floating-gate (FG) memory based on the ReS2/h-BN/graphene van der Waals heterostructure is reported. The device exhibits ultrafast and multilevel nonvolatile memory characteristics, notably featuring an exceptionally large memory window of 113.36 V, a substantial erasing/programming current ratio of 107, an ultrafast operational speed of 30 ns, outstanding endurance exceeding 1000 cycles, and retention performance exceeding 1100 s. Furthermore, the device exhibits both electrically and optically tunable multilevel nonvolatile memory behavior. By controlling the voltage and light pulse parameters, the device achieves an electrical memory state of 130 levels (>7 bits) and an optical memory state of 45 levels (>5 bits).