RESUMEN
Microplastic (MP) pollution is a critical environmental challenge worldwide, however limited research is reported in remote lakes of Pakistan. This study assessed MPs (>5 mm) prevalence, distribution and risk perspective in water and sediment of eight remote and high-altitude lakes (>1500 m above sea level) of Gilgit Baltistan, Pakistan. The lakes exhibited an average abundance of 152.6 ± 104.6 to 12.1 ± 7 MP/kg of dry sediments and 2 ± 0.9 to 17.1 ± 17.2 MP/L of surface water. MPs <200 µm dominated in both matrices. Surface water predominantly contained polyester and polypropylene, while polypropylene and polyethylene dominated in sediments. The gradient of elevation did not show any pronounced impact on the fiber loading or MP count in both matrices. Backward air mass trajectory revealed that air masses vastly travelled from western-Asia, Arabian sea and Bay of Bengal with an average transmission distance of 2500-3500 km (500 m a.s.l) that can be a potential deposition MP source in the area. Pollution Load Index of the lakes were >1 exhibiting pollution. All other lakes except Batura and Borith manifested a moderate hazard index. Naltar lake along with aforementioned two lakes also manifested high polymer toxicity. Further research should emphasize understanding the mechanisms and biotic interactions in high-mountain ecosystems.
RESUMEN
The digestibility of energy and nutrients in fiber-rich diets depends greatly on the fiber source but most data are from studies with growing pigs. The purpose of this study was to investigate the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of nutrients in different fiber-rich diets and to quantify whole-body metabolism and utilization of energy and nitrogen (N) in gestating sows. Four fiber-rich diets based on sugar beet pulp (SBP), soy hulls (SH), palm kernel expellers (PKE), or a mixed fiber (MF) were formulated, with an average daily intake of total fiber (TF) of 471, 507, 651, and 437 g/d, respectively. A total of 48 multiparous sows were stratified by body weight at mating (day 0) and assigned to one of the four diets throughout gestation. Body weight and backfat were measured, and body pools of fat and protein were estimated using the deuterium oxide dilution technique at days 0, 30, and 60. On days 30 and 60, urine and fecal grab samples were obtained. On days 15 and 45, heart rate was measured to estimate total heat production. The ATTD of nutrients differed across treatments (P < 0.001), while in vivo organic matter digestibility deviated with up to ±3.3% units from in vitro enzyme digestibility of organic matter. The ATTD of energy was highly negatively correlated with intake of lignin (P < 0.001), while ATTD of N was highest (negatively) correlated (P < 0.001) with intake of insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). The ATTD of all nutrients except NSP was lowest in PKE-fed sows and highest, except for N, in sows fed the SBP diet. The ATTD of N was highest in the MF-fed sows and ATTD of NSP was lowest in the MF-fed sows. Sows lost most energy as heat (53% to 72% of gross energy intake), followed by energy in feces (15% to 17%), urine (3% to 4%), and methane (0.5% to 0.9%). Energy for maintenance accounted for the majority of the heat production and the total energy retention was lowest and highest in the SBP- and PKE-fed sows, with a retention of 3.3 and 13.3 MJ/d, respectively (P < 0.001). Sows lost most N through urine, the lowest and highest N loss (relative to intake) was observed in SH- and SBP-fed sows (50% to 63%, respectively), while 14% to 26% was retained as body protein. In conclusion, the fiber-rich diets were utilized efficiently by gestating sows with respect to energy with ATTD values above 82% in all four fiber-rich diets, whereas the high TF content in the diets compromised the N utilization in gestating sows.
How much energy and nutrients a pig can use from the feed depends greatly on the feed ingredients, feed level, and the physiological stage of the animal. Fibers are of great interest because they can improve health and welfare of pigs and co-products from the food and agriculture industries are among the most interesting. The ability to degrade different fiber sources and utilize energy and nutrients are poorly understood in gestating sows, but highly important when formulating the feed composition. The hypothesis was that sugar beet pulp was superior to the other three fiber-rich sources investigated: soy hulls, palm kernel expellers, or a mix of fibers, with respect to intake and utilization of energy and nutrients. We did not find sugar beet pulp to be particularly superior with respect to energy (fermentation or utilization), whereas utilization of nitrogen was highest for sugar beet pulp but compromised in the three other diets depending on fiber sources.
Asunto(s)
Digestión , Nitrógeno , Porcinos , Animales , Femenino , Digestión/fisiología , Nitrógeno/metabolismo , Nutrientes/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Ingestión de Energía , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fibras de la Dieta/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los AnimalesRESUMEN
ABSTRACT: Arrowroot is a plant abundant in starch content, and because it does not possess gluten proteins in its composition, its utilization is of great interest in the production of food for people who are intolerant to these proteins. The substitution of gluten involves the use of thickening agents, such as pre-gelatinized starches or flours, which can be obtained by physical processes. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical and technological characteristics of arrowroot flour (AFU) modified by ultrasound, in the functioning of intensity and time, and modified by low humidity heat treatment (LHHT) as a function of temperature and time. Besides characterizing AFU and AFLHHT, we aimed their future application in products without gluten. All independent variables affected (P<0.05) water absorption index (WAI) and water solubility index (WSI) at 28 °C; WSI was at 80 °C, peak viscosity, final viscosity, setback and enthalpy of gelatinization (ΔH). The selected AFU was processed in 15 min at an ultrasound intensity of 43.5%, while AFLHHT was at 105 °C for 15 min. Neither of them presented significant differences in relation to their proximal composition. It is concluded that the modification of AF by both methods is feasible, and it is possible to predict its use in the formulation of foods without gluten, due to their physicochemical and technological characteristics which are more appropriate than those of AF.
RESUMO: A araruta é uma planta que apresenta conteúdo abundante de amido, e por não apresentar as proteínas do glúten em sua composição desperta o interesse da sua utilização na produção de alimentos para pessoas intolerantes a essas proteínas. A substituição do glúten envolve a utilização de agentes espessantes, como amidos ou farinhas pré-gelatinizados, que podem ser obtidos por meio de processos físicos. Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as características físico-químicas e tecnológicas da farinha de araruta (FA), FA modificada por ultrassom (FAU) em função da intensidade e tempo, e FA modificada por tratamento térmico de baixa umidade (FATTBU) em função da temperatura e tempo, além de caracterizar FAU e FATTBU selecionadas, visando sua futura aplicação em produtos sem glúten. Todas as variáveis independentes afetaram (P<0.05): índice de absorção de água (IAA) e o índice de solubilidade em água (ISA) a 28 °C, ISA a 80 °C, viscosidade de pico, viscosidade final, tendência a retrogradação e entalpia de gelatinização (ΔH). A FAU selecionada foi processada em 15 min em intensidade do ultrassom de 43,5%, enquanto FATTBU a 105 ºC por 15 min. Ambas não apresentaram diferenças significativas em relação à composição proximal. A modificação da FA tanto por ultrassom como por tratamento térmico com baixa umidade é viável, e é possível prever a sua utilização na formulação de alimentos sem glúten, devido as suas características físico-químicas serem mais apropriadas que a da FA.
RESUMEN
Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) incidence is among the most rapidly increasing of any cancer type in the U.S., and prognosis is poor. Prevalence of the potential precursor lesion, Barrett's esophagus (BE), is also increasing. Candidates for safe and effective risk reduction strategies are needed, potentially including dietary components. In this qualitative review, we summarize recently published epidemiologic studies, in context of earlier work, on dietary intake and BE-EA outcomes. Potential cohort study/intervention trial candidates which could be increased to reduce BE-EA development include intake of: (1) fruits and vegetables; vegetables; fruit (EA only); (2) ß-carotene and vitamins C and E; (3) folate (EA only); and (4) total fiber (EA only). Also, (5) red and processed meat intake could be targeted for dietary reduction/omission to reduce EA development. Few dietary constituents have been evaluated among EA patients to examine associations with mortality, thus interventions conducted among EA patients are premature.