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Background: Teacher commitment and performance are important factors contributing to student achievement and the quality of education. Therefore, it is critical to draw attention to this issue by identifying factors that influence these two variables.  Methods: A survey, consisted of 34 closed-ended questions, was used. The total sample comprised 2,203 teachers, including 832 men and 1,371 women. Data analysis was performed using partial least squares (PLS) structural equation modeling (SEM). Model measurement employed indicator loading, convergent and discriminant validity, Cronbach's testing, composite reliability and average variance extracted (AVE) for internal consistency. Structural model measurement employed coefficient determination (R2), effect size (F2), variant inflation factor (VIF), predictive relevance (Q2) and path analysis measures.  Results: The results of the study reveal that academic supervision has a significant positive effect on commitment (ß; 0.085, t-statistics; 3.792 and p-value 0.000), academic supervision also affects teacher performance (ß; 0.096, t-statistics; 4.416 and p-value 0.000), managerial competence affects teacher commitment (ß; 0.195, t-statistics; 8.046 and p-value 0.000), managerial competence also affects teacher performance (ß; 0.149, t-statistics; 6.561 and p-value 0.000), organizational commitment affects teacher performance (ß; 0.163, t-statistics; 7.263 and p-value 0.000), teacher empowerment affects teacher commitment (ß; 0.489, t-statistics; 22.601 and p-value 0.000), and teacher empowerment affects teacher performance (ß; 0.489, t-statistics; 22.601 and p-value 0.000). Academic supervision affects teacher commitment mediating by teacher performance (ß; 0.014, t-statistics; 3.178 and p-value of 0.001). Managerial competence affects teacher commitment with teacher performance mediation (ß; 0.032, t-statistics; 5.588 and p-value 0.000), and teacher empowerment affects teacher commitment with teacher performance mediation (ß; 0.080, t-statistics; 7.050 and p-value 0.000).  Conclusion: Academic supervision, managerial competence, and teacher empowerment significantly positively affect teacher performance directly and through teacher performance as mediating variable. Teacher empowerment is the most significant factor influencing teacher performance and commitment.

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How teachers perform and react to the world-wide pandemic and how the epidemic affects an education system may also be used as new conditions to consider the way to enhance SDG4 in developing countries. Regarding that concern, this study investigated 294 teachers' perspective on their teaching effectiveness and satisfaction during COVID-19. The findings underlined the significant roles of support from various stakeholders, school readiness toward digital transformation, and teachers' anxiety over teacher satisfaction. Notably, teachers' newly absorbed technological and pedagogical skills do elevate their teaching effectiveness but do not lead to higher satisfaction during the pandemic.

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The present study analyzes the didactic intervention in Physical Education classes during three school cycles, through participant observation applied to 12 teachers and 1,435 primary school students, taking into account the following variables: the use of time, the performance of the teacher in the teaching-learning process and the student's performance in their activities. In addition, significant differences were found between the school cycles regarding the time dedicated to the task, in the organization of materials and in attention to corrections. Significant differences were also observed by gender and by years of seniority in some sub-aspects. As a conclusion, it is affirmed that teachers in their didactic intervention dedicate very little time of motor commitment and to the task; the use of traditional methodologies persists and the students have little active participation and a sufficient change is not perceived in the teaching work through three school cycles. (AU)

El presente estudio analiza la intervención didáctica en las clases de Educación Física durante tres ciclos escolares, mediante una observación participante aplicada en 12 docentes y 1,435 alumnos de educación primaria, tomando en cuenta las variablessiguientes: el uso del tiempo, la actuación del docente en proceso enseñanza aprendizajey la actuación del alumno en sus actividades.Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los ciclos escolares respecto al tiempo dedicado a la tarea, en la organización de materialesy en atención a correcciones. Se observaron además diferencias significativas por género y por años de antigüedaden algunos subaspectos. Como conclusión, se afirma que los docentes en su intervención didáctica dedican muy poco tiempo de compromiso motor y a la tarea; persiste el uso de metodologías tradicionales y los alumnos tienen poca participación activa y no sepercibe un cambio suficiente en el trabajo docente a través de tres ciclos escolares. (AU)

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This research, divided into two studies, expanded the content validity examination of the Teacher Behavior Checklist (TBC). In Study 1, the objective was to identify the degree of relevance attributed by teachers and undergraduates to the 28 TBC items, based on what they consider to characterize an effective teacher. The participants of Study 1 were 85 teachers and 91 students from different Brazilian universities. They assessed the TBC items on a seven-point scale (ranging from "1 = totally irrelevant" to "7 = totally relevant"). Students (Mean = 5.7) and teachers (6.1) considered the TBC items to be relevant. Study 2 sought to identify the 10 most important TBC qualities based on student perceptions. The participants of Study 2 were 995 undergraduates whose choices of items corroborated results from previous TBC studies. These data encourage the use of TBC in teacher formative assessment and research on effective teaching. (AU)

Esta pesquisa, dividida em dois estudos, ampliou a investigação da validade de conteúdo do Teacher Behavior Checklist (TBC). No Estudo 1, o objetivo foi identificar o grau de relevância atribuído por professores e graduandos aos 28 itens do TBC, baseados no que consideram caracterizar um professor eficaz. Participaram 85 professores e 91 estudantes de diferentes universidades brasileiras. Eles avaliaram os itens do TBC segundo uma escala de setes pontos ("1 = totalmente irrelevante" a "7 = totalmente relevante"). Estudantes (Média = 5,7) e professores (6,1) consideraram os itens do TBC relevantes. O Estudo 2 buscou identificar quais são as 10 qualidades mais importantes do TBC segundo estudantes. Participaram 995 graduandos cujas escolhas de itens corroboraram resultados de estudos anteriores com o TBC. Esses dados incentivam o uso do TBC na avaliação formativa de professores e na pesquisa sobre ensino eficaz. (AU)

Esta encuesta, dividida en dos estudios, amplió la investigación de validez de contenido del Teacher Behavior Checklist (TBC). El estudio 1 tuvo por objetivo identificar el grado de relevancia atribuido por profesores y estudiantes a los 28 ítems del TBC, basados en lo que consideran caracterizar un profesor eficaz. Participaron 85 profesores y 91 estudiantes de diferentes universidades brasileñas. Ellos evaluaron los ítems del TBC según una escala de siete puntos ("1 = totalmente irrelevante" a "7 = totalmente relevante"). Estudiantes (Media = 5,7) y profesores (6,1) consideraron los ítems del TBC relevantes. El estudio 2 buscó identificar cuáles son las 10 cualidades más importantes del TBC según los estudiantes. Participaron 995 estudiantes cuyas elecciones de los ítems corroboraron resultados de estudios previos con el TBC. Estos datos incentivan el uso del TBC en la evaluación formativa de profesores y en la investigación sobre enseñanza eficaz. (AU)

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Abstract Performance evaluations help university teachers to improve teaching, especially when based on internationally recognized criteria. This study aimed to carry out a cross-cultural adaptation of the Teacher Behavior Checklist (TBC) for Brazilian students to evaluate their teachers (Study 1) and investigate its psychometric evidence (Study 2). In Study 1, evidence was favorable to the use of TBC for teacher evaluation by the student. In Study 2, 714 public university students participated (Average age = 24.3 years; SD = 6.85), 57.2% women. The TBC was applied collectively in the classroom. The results corroborated the two-factor model according to the instrument's original version, demonstrating an evidence of validity. Evidence of reliability has been documented (alpha = 0.92; Test-Retest = 0.75). This study presented an adequate instrument for the teacher formative evaluation and expanded Brazil's insertion in international research on effective teaching.

Resumo Avaliações de desempenho auxiliam professores universitários a aperfeiçoar o ensino, especialmente quando baseadas em critérios internacionalmente reconhecidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma adaptação transcultural do Teacher Behavior Checklist (TBC) para que discentes brasileiros avaliem seus professores (Estudo 1) e investigar suas evidências psicométricas (Estudo 2). No Estudo 1 as evidências foram favoráveis ao uso do TBC para a avaliação docente pelo discente. No Estudo 2, participaram 714 estudantes de universidade pública (Média de idade = 24,3 anos; DP = 6,85), 57,2% mulheres. O TBC foi aplicado coletivamente em sala de aula. Os resultados corroboraram o modelo de dois fatores conforme a versão original do instrumento, demonstrando uma evidência de validade. Foram documentadas evidências de fidedignidade (alpha = 0,92; Teste-Reteste = 0,75). Este estudo apresentou instrumento adequado para a avaliação formativa docente e ampliou a inserção do Brasil na investigação internacional sobre ensino eficaz.

Resumen Las evaluaciones de desempeño ayudan a que los docentes universitarios mejoren la enseñanza, sobre todo cuando se basan en criterios reconocidos internacionalmente. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo llevar a cabo una adaptación transcultural de la Teacher Behavior Checklist (TBC) para que los estudiantes brasileños evalúen a sus profesores (Estudio 1), así como investigar las evidencias psicométricas (Estudio 2). En el Estudio 1, las evidencias fueron favorables al uso de la TBC para que el estudiante evalúe al profesor. En el Estudio 2, participaron 714 estudiantes de una universidad pública (Promedio de edad = 24,3 años; DE = 6,85), siendo el 57,2% mujeres. La TBC se aplicó colectivamente en el aula. Los resultados corroboran el modelo de dos factores de acuerdo con la versión original del instrumento, lo que demuestra evidencia de validez. Se documentaron evidencias de fiabilidad (alfa = 0,92; Test-Retest = 0,75). Este estudio presentó un instrumento adecuado para evaluar a los docentes y expandió la inserción de Brasil en la investigación internacional sobre la enseñanza efectiva.

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Performance management is a key factor to enhance professional development and improve teaching quality. This process is successful only if teachers perceive it as fair, clear, and effective: namely, if it is satisfying. Carefully considering teachers' attributions in the performance appraisal process is fundamental to better clarify the relations between performance management and positive individual outcomes. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effects of perceived performance appraisal justice on teachers' well-being, in terms of job performance, job satisfaction, and life satisfaction, hypothesizing the mediation role of performance appraisal satisfaction. Data from a sample of Italian teachers were analyzed through structural equation modeling. Results confirm the mediation role of performance appraisal satisfaction. In particular, perceived performance appraisal justice was positively associated to performance appraisal satisfaction, which, in turn, was positively associated with job performance, job satisfaction, life satisfaction. Consequently, performance appraisal satisfaction totally mediated the relations between performance appraisal justice and the outcomes considered. Findings are relevant for two reasons. First, they contribute to better understanding the performance management process in educational settings - an issue requiring further attention. Second, they contribute to highlighting the importance of performance management efficacy, which is essential not only to improve individual well-being but also to enhance teaching quality.

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Introducción: con el auge de la formación de enfermeros técnicos, con nivel noveno grado, comenzaron a producirse cambios radicales en la concepción del trabajo docente-educativo y los estilos de dirección, que incidieron directamente en el desempeño profesional de los docentes, estos cambios aportaron dificultades en la calidad del proceso en la atención, de ahí la importancia de ejercer un buen desempeño docente, que exige un mayor nivel de preparación y entrega personal para el logro de una atención con calidad. Objetivo: sistematizar la definición de desempeño profesional del profesor, teniendo en consideración su relación con las condiciones actuales del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistémica que incluyó artículos originales y de revisión publicados de 2005 al 2014 con las palabras clave: desempeño, desempeño profesional y desempeño profesional del profesor, se utilizaron buscadores boléanos como ar, and y at, se identificaron y revisaron artículos, libros de textos, monografías de varias revistas y tesis doctorales actualizadas que permitió el análisis histórico lógico de la evolución de la definición. Conclusiones: la sistematización de los términos relacionados con el desempeño, permitió definir operacionalmente el desempeño profesional del profesor y, específicamente, el del profesor de enfermería, que sustentan la necesidad de incluir un abordaje profundo del desempeño dentro del proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje en la formación profesional actual(AU)

Introduction: With the rise technician training degree nurses began transformations characterized by radical changes in the concept of teaching occur ninth level - educational and leadership styles, which were directly levied on the professional performance of teachers, these changes contributed difficulties in the process quality of care, hence the importance of exercising good teacher performance that requires a higher level of preparation and personal commitment to achieving quality care. Objective: To systematize the definition of teacher professional development, taking into consideration their relationship with the current conditions of teaching and learning process. Methods: A content analysis of documents, which included original and review reports from 2005 to 2014 keywords, performance, professional performance and professional performance of the teacher is conducted articles were identified and reviewed articles, textbooks, monographs from various journals and dissertations updated allowing the logical historical analysis of the evolution of the definition. Conclusions : systematization of terms relating to the performance, to define operationally professional teacher performance and teacher professional development of Nursing, authors in the educational context have directed their research towards the search for improved teacher performance in correspondence with are numerous current educational change, but not específamente the Teacher of Technical Education and Vocational Nursing where the need for thorough approach to teacher performance is perceived(AU)

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Introducción: con el auge de la formación de enfermeros técnicos, con nivel noveno grado, comenzaron a producirse cambios radicales en la concepción del trabajo docente-educativo y los estilos de dirección, que incidieron directamente en el desempeño profesional de los docentes, estos cambios aportaron dificultades en la calidad del proceso en la atención, de ahí la importancia de ejercer un buen desempeño docente, que exige un mayor nivel de preparación y entrega personal para el logro de una atención con calidad. Objetivo: sistematizar la definición de desempeño profesional del profesor, teniendo en consideración su relación con las condiciones actuales del proceso enseñanza aprendizaje. Métodos: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistémica que incluyó artículos originales y de revisión publicados de 2005 al 2014 con las palabras clave: desempeño, desempeño profesional y desempeño profesional del profesor, se utilizaron buscadores boléanos como ar, and y at, se identificaron y revisaron artículos, libros de textos, monografías de varias revistas y tesis doctorales actualizadas que permitió el análisis histórico lógico de la evolución de la definición. Conclusiones: la sistematización de los términos relacionados con el desempeño, permitió definir operacionalmente el desempeño profesional del profesor y, específicamente, el del profesor de enfermería, que sustentan la necesidad de incluir un abordaje profundo del desempeño dentro del proceso de enseñanza - aprendizaje en la formación profesional actual(AU)

Introduction: With the rise technician training degree nurses began transformations characterized by radical changes in the concept of teaching occur ninth level - educational and leadership styles, which were directly levied on the professional performance of teachers, these changes contributed difficulties in the process quality of care, hence the importance of exercising good teacher performance that requires a higher level of preparation and personal commitment to achieving quality care. Objective: To systematize the definition of teacher professional development, taking into consideration their relationship with the current conditions of teaching and learning process. Methods: A content analysis of documents, which included original and review reports from 2005 to 2014 keywords, performance, professional performance and professional performance of the teacher is conducted articles were identified and reviewed articles, textbooks, monographs from various journals and dissertations updated allowing the logical historical analysis of the evolution of the definition. Conclusions : systematization of terms relating to the performance, to define operationally professional teacher performance and teacher professional development of Nursing, authors in the educational context have directed their research towards the search for improved teacher performance in correspondence with are numerous current educational change, but not específamente the Teacher of Technical Education and Vocational Nursing where the need for thorough approach to teacher performance is perceived(AU)

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El artículo describe las prácticas educativas de profesores chilenos en clases de comprensión de textos en educación primaria, selecciónadas del sistema de evaluación docente. Utilizando un sistema de análisis del discurso en el aula, se segmentó cada una de las tareas que fueron desplegadas en ellas. Esto permitió describir la organización de la enseñanza, identificando patrones asociados a cada fase de la lectura. Se observaron algunas diferencias de acuerdo a la calificación otorgada a los profesores, siendo los profesores calificados como "competentes" quienes organizaron de manera más coherente las actividades, incluyendo mayores acciónes de cierre. No obstante, se desempeñaron de manera similar al resto de los profesores en la fase during-reading, no logrando desplegar acciónes tendientes a supervisar la comprensión.

The article describes Chilean teacherseducational practice in primary education reading comprehension classes, selected from the Chilean teacher evaluation system. Each task deployed were segmented using a classroom discourse analysis system. This allowed to describe the organization of teaching, identifying patterns associated with each reading phase. Some differences according to the rating of teachers were observed; teachers qualified as "competent" organized activities more consistently, including more closing actions. However, they performed similarly to the rest of the teachers in the during-reading phase, failing in deploying actions to monitoring comprehension.

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O presente texto apresenta o posicionamento de B. F. Skinner sobre a atuação do professor. Embora o autor tenha refletido sistematicamente sobre a Educação e seu papel fundamental para a sociedade, e considere que a Análise do Comportamento oferece contribuições para a melhoria do ensino, ainda estão presentes na área educacional omissões e incorreções sobre seu posicionamento, quando não o simples descarte. Daí considerarmos relevante pontuar parte do que o autor tratou em Tecnologia do Ensino, obra totalmente dedicada à Educação, abordando o papel das agências educativas e, em especial, a atuação do professor. Defende-se que o autor apresenta contribuições para a melhoria da eficiência do ensino e que suas propostas não deveriam ser excluídas do debate entre os educadores e pesquisadores da Educação.(AU)

This article presents B.F.Skinner's position about teachers' actions. The author have reflected systematically about Education, and its fundamental position to society, and considers that Behavior Analysis has contributions to the teaching action, but in the educational field there are inaccuracies and omissions about the position of the author. Therefore, it is important to present at least part of the aspects treated in The Technology of Teaching, book that is totally dedicated to Education. It is argued that the author's positions contributes for a best teaching and that his proposals shouldn't be excluded from the debate between teachers and researchers of education.(AU)

En este artículo se presenta la posición de BF Skinner acerca de las acciones de los profesores. El autor ha reflejado de manera sistemática sobre la educación, y su posición fundamental para la sociedad, y considera que el análisis del comportamiento tiene contribuciones a la acción docente, pero en el campo de la educación hay inexactitudes y omisiones acerca de la posición del autor. Por lo tanto, es importante presentar al menos una parte de los aspectos tratados en la Tecnología de la Enseñanza, el libro que está totalmente dedicado a la Educación. Se argumenta que las posiciones del autor contribuyen para una mejor enseñanza y que sus propuestas no deben ser excluidas del debate entre los profesores e investigadores de la educación.(AU)

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O presente texto apresenta o posicionamento de B. F. Skinner sobre a atuação do professor. Embora o autor tenha refletido sistematicamente sobre a Educação e seu papel fundamental para a sociedade, e considere que a Análise do Comportamento oferece contribuições para a melhoria do ensino, ainda estão presentes na área educacional omissões e incorreções sobre seu posicionamento, quando não o simples descarte. Daí considerarmos relevante pontuar parte do que o autor tratou em Tecnologia do Ensino, obra totalmente dedicada à Educação, abordando o papel das agências educativas e, em especial, a atuação do professor. Defende-se que o autor apresenta contribuições para a melhoria da eficiência do ensino e que suas propostas não deveriam ser excluídas do debate entre os educadores e pesquisadores da Educação.

This article presents B.F.Skinner's position about teachers' actions. The author have reflected systematically about Education, and its fundamental position to society, and considers that Behavior Analysis has contributions to the teaching action, but in the educational field there are inaccuracies and omissions about the position of the author. Therefore, it is important to present at least part of the aspects treated in The Technology of Teaching, book that is totally dedicated to Education. It is argued that the author's positions contributes for a best teaching and that his proposals shouldn't be excluded from the debate between teachers and researchers of education.

En este artículo se presenta la posición de BF Skinner acerca de las acciones de los profesores. El autor ha reflejado de manera sistemática sobre la educación, y su posición fundamental para la sociedad, y considera que el análisis del comportamiento tiene contribuciones a la acción docente, pero en el campo de la educación hay inexactitudes y omisiones acerca de la posición del autor. Por lo tanto, es importante presentar al menos una parte de los aspectos tratados en la Tecnología de la Enseñanza, el libro que está totalmente dedicado a la Educación. Se argumenta que las posiciones del autor contribuyen para una mejor enseñanza y que sus propuestas no deben ser excluidas del debate entre los profesores e investigadores de la educación.

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