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BACKGROUND: Pickering emulsions are a kind of emulsion stabilized by solid particles. These particles generate a physical or mechanical barrier that provides long-term stability to emulsion. Cellulose nanofibers are effective Pickering emulsifiers given their long length, high flexibility and entanglement capability. In this work, soybean hull insoluble polysaccharides (HIPS) were used as source of cellulose nanofibers by using a combination of chemical and mechanical treatment. The chemical composition, morphology, flow behavior, water holding capacity (WHC) and emulsifying properties of the nanofibers were studied. RESULTS: Nanofibers with diameters between 35 and 110 nm were obtained. The WHC increased significantly after the mechanical treatment, and the rheological behavior of the nanofibers was typical of cellulosic materials. Nanofibers were effective emulsifiers in oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions formulated under acidic conditions, without the need of using any additional surfactant. Emulsions were not affected by changes in the pH of the medium (3.00-5.00), and were stable to coalescence. CONCLUSION: It is possible that cellulose nanofibers form an entangled network which acts as a mechanical steric barrier, providing stability to coalescence. These results are important for the development of effective O/W Pickering emulsifiers/stabilizers, with large applications in the food industry. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

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The objective of this study was to produce cellulose acetate (CA) from oat (OH) and soybean (SH) hulls through an eco-friendly solvent-and catalyst-free hydrothermal process, and also to compare the acetylation of cellulose by the conventional synthesis process, employing sulfuric acid as the catalyst, and acetic acid as solvent. Cellulose was extracted from OH and SH using a one-step chlorine-free process, resulting in materials with 86 and 81 % cellulose, respectively. CA samples obtained by hydrothermal process had degrees of substitution ranging from 0.95 to 1.47, and from 1.10 to 1.50, for OH and SH samples, respectively, being classified as monoacetates, while the conventional acetylation resulted in cellulose di- and triacetates. The acetylation by the hydrothermal process did not affect cellulose fibers morphology or crystallinity. CA samples obtained by the conventional process showed changes in their surface morphology, with decrease in crystallinity indexes. Viscosimetric average molar mass increased for all modified samples, with mass gain ranging from 16.26 to 519.70 %. The hydrothermal treatment proved to be a promising process for obtaining cellulose monoacetates with some advantages, including short reaction times, it is a one-step process, and lower effluents generation when compared to the conventional processes.

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Soybean is one of the greatest crops in the world, with about 348.7 million tons being produced in 2018. Soybean hull is a by-product produced during the processing of soybean to obtain flour and oil. Though not being actually exploited, it is a source of polyphenols with antioxidant activity. Here, the extraction of polyphenols from soybean hull was performed by means of an alkaline hydrolysis treatment, which was optimized by the response surface methodology. At the optimal region, a total phenolic content of 0.72 g gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of soybean hull was obtained with an antioxidant activity of 2.17 mmoles of Trolox equivalents. Polyphenols responsible for the antioxidant activities were identified by LC-MS, including phenolic acids, anthocyanins, stilbenes, and the two main isoflavones of soybean, daidzein and genistein, in their non-glycosylated form. Other alternative extraction methods based on Aspergillus oryzae fermentation and α-amylase hydrolysis are also proposed.

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We investigated the production of 2,3-butanediol by two enterobacteria isolated from an environmental consortium, Klebsiella pneumoniae BLh-1 and Pantoea agglomerans BL1, in a bioprocess using acid and enzymatic hydrolysates of soybean hull as substrates. Cultivations were carried out in orbital shaker under microaerophilic conditions, at 30°C and 37°C, for both bacteria. Both hydrolysates presented high osmotic pressures, around 2,000 mOsm/kg, with varying concentrations of glucose, xylose, and arabinose. Both bacteria were able to grow in the hydrolysates, at both temperatures, and they efficiently converted sugars into 2,3-butanediol, showing yields varying from 0.25 to 0.51 g/g of sugars and maximum 2,3-butanediol concentrations varying from 6.4 to 21.9 g/L. Other metabolic products were also obtained in lower amounts, notably ethanol, which peaked at 3.6 g/L in cultures using the enzymatic hydrolysate at 30°C. These results suggest the potential use of these recently isolated bacteria to convert lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysates into value-added products.

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Pig farming has a very strong economic importance in Brazil. The residues from this activity are applied to the soil because of their excellent characteristics as biofertilizers. The present study aimed at studying the estrone, 17ß-estradiol, and estriol natural hormones, emerging contaminants present in this type of residue that are not mentioned in the current legislation. The characterization of the pig farming effluent presented high concentrations of hormones (mg L-1). The objective was to apply the biosorbents to the removal of the hormones in batch systems directly in the manure heaps without affecting the potential of the effluent as a fertilizer. It was verified that the adsorption of hormones using the rice husk biomass in natura and soybean hull in natura, abundant alternative adsorbents, presented a good capacity of removal of hormones. The presence of the organic materials (rice husk and soybean hull) caused few alterations in the biofertilizer characteristics, demonstrating that these adsorbents present a potential of application in batch treatment systems, with possible applications related to pig farming effluents containing natural hormones.

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Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da borra de soja no comportamento ingestivo de 30 novilhos mestiços Charolês/Nelore, confinados, com 20 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 328,3 kg. Cada grupo experimental foi composto por seis animais, distribuídos nos tratamentos: 00; 30; 60; 90 e 120 g de borra de soja por 1000 g de matéria seca na dieta, os quais continham 29,0; 47,3; 66,7; 86,8 e 106,8 g de extrato etéreo, respectivamente. O aumento no nível de inclusão de borra de soja na dieta não interferiu no tempo de alimentação, ruminação e ócio (3,11; 13,33 e 7,55 h, respectivamente). As variáveis número de mastigações por bolo, tempo de mastigação por bolo, número de bolos, número de mastigações diárias e tempo de mastigação total (h/dia) (62; 58; 470; 28978 e 10,65, respectivamente) também não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos. O consumo de matéria seca foi similar, em contrapartida, o consumo de fibra detergente neutro (kg/dia) e a eficiência (g FDN/h) da referida fração apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente com aumento da inclusão de borra. A borra de soja pode ser incluída na dieta de novilhos mestiços confinados até o nível de 120 g por 1000 g de matéria seca sem que haja efeitos negativos sobre as principais variáveis relativas ao comportamento ingestivo.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean sopastock inclusion on the ingestive behavior of 30 crossbred Charolais / Nellore steers on feedlot, at 20 moths of age and with initial average weight of 328.3 kg. Each experimental group was composed by six animals, distributed into treatments: 00; 30; 60; 90 and 120 g of soybean soapstock per 1,000 g of dry mater in the diet. Each treatment contained 29.0; 47.35; 66.6; 86.8 and 106.8 g of ether extract, respectively. The increase of soybean soapstock in diet did not interfere with feeding, rumination, and idle times (3.11; 13.33 and 7.55 hours, respectively). The variables number of chews per bolus, time of chew per bolus, number of daily chews and total chew time (h/day) (62; 58; 470; 28,978 and 10.65, respectively) also were not affected by the treatments. Dry matter intake was similar among treatments; however, neutral detergent fiber intake (kg/day) and the efficiency of this fraction (g FDN/h) decreased linearly with the inclusion of soybean soapstock to diet. Therefore, the inclusion of soybean soapstock did not change the ingestive behavior of steers, and it can be used in diets of crossbred steers in feedlot up to the level of 120 g per 1000 g of dry matter.(AU)

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Este trabalho objetivou avaliar os efeitos da inclusão da borra de soja no comportamento ingestivo de 30 novilhos mestiços Charolês/Nelore, confinados, com 20 meses de idade e peso médio inicial de 328,3 kg. Cada grupo experimental foi composto por seis animais, distribuídos nos tratamentos: 00; 30; 60; 90 e 120 g de borra de soja por 1000 g de matéria seca na dieta, os quais continham 29,0; 47,3; 66,7; 86,8 e 106,8 g de extrato etéreo, respectivamente. O aumento no nível de inclusão de borra de soja na dieta não interferiu no tempo de alimentação, ruminação e ócio (3,11; 13,33 e 7,55 h, respectivamente). As variáveis número de mastigações por bolo, tempo de mastigação por bolo, número de bolos, número de mastigações diárias e tempo de mastigação total (h/dia) (62; 58; 470; 28978 e 10,65, respectivamente) também não sofreram efeito dos tratamentos. O consumo de matéria seca foi similar, em contrapartida, o consumo de fibra detergente neutro (kg/dia) e a eficiência (g FDN/h) da referida fração apresentaram comportamento linear decrescente com aumento da inclusão de borra. A borra de soja pode ser incluída na dieta de novilhos mestiços confinados até o nível de 120 g por 1000 g de matéria seca sem que haja efeitos negativos sobre as principais variáveis relativas ao comportamento ingestivo.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of soybean sopastock inclusion on the ingestive behavior of 30 crossbred Charolais / Nellore steers on feedlot, at 20 moths of age and with initial average weight of 328.3 kg. Each experimental group was composed by six animals, distributed into treatments: 00; 30; 60; 90 and 120 g of soybean soapstock per 1,000 g of dry mater in the diet. Each treatment contained 29.0; 47.35; 66.6; 86.8 and 106.8 g of ether extract, respectively. The increase of soybean soapstock in diet did not interfere with feeding, rumination, and idle times (3.11; 13.33 and 7.55 hours, respectively). The variables number of chews per bolus, time of chew per bolus, number of daily chews and total chew time (h/day) (62; 58; 470; 28,978 and 10.65, respectively) also were not affected by the treatments. Dry matter intake was similar among treatments; however, neutral detergent fiber intake (kg/day) and the efficiency of this fraction (g FDN/h) decreased linearly with the inclusion of soybean soapstock to diet. Therefore, the inclusion of soybean soapstock did not change the ingestive behavior of steers, and it can be used in diets of crossbred steers in feedlot up to the level of 120 g per 1000 g of dry matter.

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A 35 d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, soybean hulls and Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue (PESR), with Aureobasidium pullulans on nutrients digestibility and meat quality in broilers fed on conventional corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 400 1-d-old Ross broilers were allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens (25 birds per pen). Birds were fed the corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0% (CON), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls (0.5% FSBH), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls partially replaced with PESR (0.5% FSHP) and 1.0% FSHP. The broilers fed on the diet that contained fermented products had higher total tract apparent digestibility for hemicellulose than those on CON (p 0.05). Meanwhile, the birds fed on 0.5% FSHP also showed the lightest duodenum and jejunum weight among all groups. Compared with the CON, the inclusion of 1.0% FSHP in the diet significantly decreased ammonia N concentration in cecum followed by 0.5% FSHP and subsequent 0.5% FSBH group. Dietary supplementation of fermented products significantly improved WHC and increased protein content in meat as compared with the CON. Moreover, the fat content in meat decreased in the broilers that received 0.5% FSBH and 1.0% FSHP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, PESR and soybean meal, could improve the digestibility of hemicellulose and decrease the cecal ammonia N concentration; moreover, the increased WHC and protein level as well as decreased fat content in meat suggested the promising utilization of these low-cost materials as broiler feed additives.(AU)

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A 35 d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, soybean hulls and Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue (PESR), with Aureobasidium pullulans on nutrients digestibility and meat quality in broilers fed on conventional corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 400 1-d-old Ross broilers were allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens (25 birds per pen). Birds were fed the corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0% (CON), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls (0.5% FSBH), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls partially replaced with PESR (0.5% FSHP) and 1.0% FSHP. The broilers fed on the diet that contained fermented products had higher total tract apparent digestibility for hemicellulose than those on CON (p 0.05). Meanwhile, the birds fed on 0.5% FSHP also showed the lightest duodenum and jejunum weight among all groups. Compared with the CON, the inclusion of 1.0% FSHP in the diet significantly decreased ammonia N concentration in cecum followed by 0.5% FSHP and subsequent 0.5% FSBH group. Dietary supplementation of fermented products significantly improved WHC and increased protein content in meat as compared with the CON. Moreover, the fat content in meat decreased in the broilers that received 0.5% FSBH and 1.0% FSHP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, PESR and soybean meal, could improve the digestibility of hemicellulose and decrease the cecal ammonia N concentration; moreover, the increased WHC and protein level as well as decreased fat content in meat suggested the promising utilization of these low-cost materials as broiler feed additives.

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Optimized hydrolysis of lignocellulosic waste biomass is essential to achieve the liberation of sugars to be used in fermentation process. Ionic liquids (ILs), a new class of solvents, have been tested in the pretreatment of cellulosic materials to improve the subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the biomass. Optimized application of ILs on biomass is important to advance the use of this technology. In this research, we investigated the effects of using 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([bmim][Ac]) on the decomposition of soybean hull, an abundant cellulosic industrial waste. Reaction aspects of temperature, incubation time, IL concentration, and solid load were optimized before carrying out the enzymatic hydrolysis of this residue to liberate fermentable glucose. Optimal conditions were found to be 75°C, 165 min incubation time, 57% (mass fraction) of [bmim][Ac], and 12.5% solid loading. Pretreated soybean hull lost its crystallinity, which eased enzymatic hydrolysis, confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared analysis. The enzymatic hydrolysis of the biomass using an enzyme complex from Penicillium echinulatum liberated 92% of glucose from the cellulose matrix. The hydrolysate was free of any toxic compounds, such as hydroxymethylfurfural and furfural. The obtained hydrolysate was tested for fermentation using Candida shehatae HM 52.2, which was able to convert glucose to ethanol at yields of 0.31. These results suggest the possible use of ILs for the pretreatment of some lignocellulosic waste materials, avoiding the formation of toxic compounds, to be used in second-generation ethanol production and other fermentation processes. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:312-320, 2016.

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O estudo foi desenvolvido com objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade de utilização da borra de soja na terminação de novilhos confinados, com idade e peso médio inicial de 20 meses e 328,3 kg, respectivamente. Cada tratamento foi composto por seis animais experimentais, os quais receberam dieta com relação volumoso: concentrado, 40:60 (base na matéria seca), sendo o volumoso, a silagem de milho e concentrado a base de casca, farelo e borra de soja, milho, cloreto de sódio e calcário calcítico. Os novilhos foram distribuídos nos tratamentos: 00; 30; 60; 90 e 120 g de borra de soja por kg, na forma como o alimento foi oferecido, os quais continham 29,0; 47,3; 66,7; 86,8 e 106,8 g de extrato etéreo por kg de matéria seca, respectivamente. O consumo de matéria seca foi similar (P>0,05) entre os novilhos dos tratamentos estudados com média de 9,71 kg dia-1. Do mesmo modo, não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) no consumo de proteína bruta pelos animais entre os tratamentos, com média de 1,36 kg dia-1. Porém, houve diferença no consumo de extrato etéreo e fibras em detergente neutro e ácido, as quais decresceram linearmente com o aumento da inclusão de borra na ração (CEE=0,305+0,0061BS; CFDN=5,710,011BS; CFDA=3,890,008BS em kg dia-1, respectivamente). O desempenho dos novilhos foi semelhante (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, sendo o ganho médio diário de 1,542 kg, a conversão alimentar de 6,35 kg de MS kg-1 ganho de peso e o peso de abate de 457,95 kg. O uso da borra de soja até o limite de 120 g na dieta de bovinos confinados é viável.

This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using soybean dreg in finishing of confined steers, with age and initial body weight of 20 months and 328.3 kg, respectively. Each treatment consisted of six experimental animals, which were fed with forage: concentrate ratio, 40:60 (dry matter basis), being bulky corn silage and concentrate based of bark, chaff and soybean dreg, corn, sodium chloride and calcium limestone. The steers were distributed in the treatments: 00, 30, 60, 90 and 120 g of soybean dreg per kg of dry matter in the diet, which contained 29.0, 47.3, 66.7, 86.8 and 106.8 g of ether extract, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar (P> 0.05) among the studied treatments with an average of 9.71 kg day-1. Similarly, no differences were observed (P> 0.05) in crude protein intake with anaverage of 1.36 kg day-1. However, there were differences in the consumption of ether extract and neutral and acid detergent fibre, which decreased linearly with the increase in the inclusion of dreg in the diet (CEE=0,305+0,0061SD; CFDN=5.710,011SD; CFDA=3.890.008SD kg day-1, respectively). The performance of steers was similar (P>0.05) between treatments, being the average daily gain of 1.542 kg, the fed conversion of 6.35 kg DM kg-1 weight gain and slaughter weight of 457.95 kg. The use of soybean dreg until the limit of 120 g kg-1 in the diet of confined is feasible.

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O estudo foi desenvolvido com objetivo de avaliar a viabilidade de utilização da borra de soja na terminação de novilhos confinados, com idade e peso médio inicial de 20 meses e 328,3 kg, respectivamente. Cada tratamento foi composto por seis animais experimentais, os quais receberam dieta com relação volumoso: concentrado, 40:60 (base na matéria seca), sendo o volumoso, a silagem de milho e concentrado a base de casca, farelo e borra de soja, milho, cloreto de sódio e calcário calcítico. Os novilhos foram distribuídos nos tratamentos: 00; 30; 60; 90 e 120 g de borra de soja por kg, na forma como o alimento foi oferecido, os quais continham 29,0; 47,3; 66,7; 86,8 e 106,8 g de extrato etéreo por kg de matéria seca, respectivamente. O consumo de matéria seca foi similar (P>0,05) entre os novilhos dos tratamentos estudados com média de 9,71 kg dia-1. Do mesmo modo, não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) no consumo de proteína bruta pelos animais entre os tratamentos, com média de 1,36 kg dia-1. Porém, houve diferença no consumo de extrato etéreo e fibras em detergente neutro e ácido, as quais decresceram linearmente com o aumento da inclusão de borra na ração (CEE=0,305+0,0061BS; CFDN=5,710,011BS; CFDA=3,890,008BS em kg dia-1, respectivamente). O desempenho dos novilhos foi semelhante (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos, sendo o ganho médio diário de 1,542 kg, a conversão alimentar de 6,35 kg de MS kg-1 ganho de peso e o peso de abate de 457,95 kg. O uso da borra de soja até o limite de 120 g na dieta de bovinos confinados é viável.(AU)

This study was designed to evaluate the feasibility of using soybean dreg in finishing of confined steers, with age and initial body weight of 20 months and 328.3 kg, respectively. Each treatment consisted of six experimental animals, which were fed with forage: concentrate ratio, 40:60 (dry matter basis), being bulky corn silage and concentrate based of bark, chaff and soybean dreg, corn, sodium chloride and calcium limestone. The steers were distributed in the treatments: 00, 30, 60, 90 and 120 g of soybean dreg per kg of dry matter in the diet, which contained 29.0, 47.3, 66.7, 86.8 and 106.8 g of ether extract, respectively. The dry matter intake was similar (P> 0.05) among the studied treatments with an average of 9.71 kg day-1. Similarly, no differences were observed (P> 0.05) in crude protein intake with anaverage of 1.36 kg day-1. However, there were differences in the consumption of ether extract and neutral and acid detergent fibre, which decreased linearly with the increase in the inclusion of dreg in the diet (CEE=0,305+0,0061SD; CFDN=5.710,011SD; CFDA=3.890.008SD kg day-1, respectively). The performance of steers was similar (P>0.05) between treatments, being the average daily gain of 1.542 kg, the fed conversion of 6.35 kg DM kg-1 weight gain and slaughter weight of 457.95 kg. The use of soybean dreg until the limit of 120 g kg-1 in the diet of confined is feasible.(AU)

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Basidiomycetes are laccase producers used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic byproducts in fermentative processes and could be used on biofuel production or ruminant feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrations of non-protein nitrogen sources on laccase production and mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei. The fungi were grown on soybean hulls to which urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AS) or mixture of AS:U (1:1) were added to achieve carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 5, 15, 20 or 30. The average longitudinal mycelial growth was measured and laccase activity was determined by the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid. Higher C/N ratios increased mycelial growth and decreased laccase production. The highest activities were obtained with a C/N ratio of 5. P. ostreatus, L. edodes and A. blazei produced more laccase when AS, AS:U and U, respectively, were added. In addition, C/N ratios lower than 30 induced laccase syntheses, inhibited mycelial growth and were a better condition for pre-hydrolysis of plant residues.

Basidiomicetos são produtores de lacases utilizadas na hidrólise de subprodutos lignocelulósicos em processos fermentativos e pode ser utilizado na produção de biocombustíveis ou na alimentação de ruminantes. Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de fontes e concentrações de nitrogênio não-protéico na produção de lacase e no crescimento micelial de Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes e Agaricus blazei. Os fungos foram cultivados em cascas de soja com adição de uréia (U), sulfato de amônio (AS) ou AS:U (1:1) de forma a manter a relação carbono/ nitrogênio (C/N) de 5, 15, 20 ou 30. O crescimento micelial longitudinal médio foi medido, e a atividade da lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ácido 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico. O crescimento micelial foi diretamente proporcional à relação C/N, enquanto a atividade de lacase foi inversamente proporcional. Os maiores valores de atividade foram obtidos para a relação C/N de 5. As melhores fontes de N para a produção de lacase por P. ostreatus, L. edodes e A. blazei foram, respectivamente, AS, AS:U e U. Relações C/N menores que 30 induziram a síntese de lacase e inibiram o crescimento micelial, proporcionando condições ideais para a pré-hidrólise de resíduos vegetais.

RESUMEN

Basidiomycetes are laccase producers used for hydrolysis of lignocellulosic byproducts in fermentative processes and could be used on biofuel production or ruminant feeding. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrations of non-protein nitrogen sources on laccase production and mycelial growth of Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes and Agaricus blazei. The fungi were grown on soybean hulls to which urea (U), ammonium sulfate (AS) or mixture of AS:U (1:1) were added to achieve carbon/nitrogen (C/N) ratios of 5, 15, 20 or 30. The average longitudinal mycelial growth was measured and laccase activity was determined by the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid. Higher C/N ratios increased mycelial growth and decreased laccase production. The highest activities were obtained with a C/N ratio of 5. P. ostreatus, L. edodes and A. blazei produced more laccase when AS, AS:U and U, respectively, were added. In addition, C/N ratios lower than 30 induced laccase syntheses, inhibited mycelial growth and were a better condition for pre-hydrolysis of plant residues.

Basidiomicetos são produtores de lacases utilizadas na hidrólise de subprodutos lignocelulósicos em processos fermentativos e pode ser utilizado na produção de biocombustíveis ou na alimentação de ruminantes. Avaliou-se o efeito da adição de fontes e concentrações de nitrogênio não-protéico na produção de lacase e no crescimento micelial de Pleurotus ostreatus, Lentinula edodes e Agaricus blazei. Os fungos foram cultivados em cascas de soja com adição de uréia (U), sulfato de amônio (AS) ou AS:U (1:1) de forma a manter a relação carbono/ nitrogênio (C/N) de 5, 15, 20 ou 30. O crescimento micelial longitudinal médio foi medido, e a atividade da lacase foi determinada pela oxidação do ácido 2,2'-azino-bis-3-etilbenzotiazolina-6-sulfônico. O crescimento micelial foi diretamente proporcional à relação C/N, enquanto a atividade de lacase foi inversamente proporcional. Os maiores valores de atividade foram obtidos para a relação C/N de 5. As melhores fontes de N para a produção de lacase por P. ostreatus, L. edodes e A. blazei foram, respectivamente, AS, AS:U e U. Relações C/N menores que 30 induziram a síntese de lacase e inibiram o crescimento micelial, proporcionando condições ideais para a pré-hidrólise de resíduos vegetais.