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Appropriate soluble carbohydrate (SCHO)-to-NDF ratios in the diet are essential for rumen health. The effects of different SCHO-to-NDF ratios (1.0, 1.5, and 2.0) on rumen barrier function and inflammation in Dumont lambs (n = 18, 6 replicates per treatment) was investigated. The SCHO:NDF ratio was altered by replacing the forage (Leynus chinensis) with corn grain. With an increase in the proportion of SCHO, the final body weight (FBW), average daily gain (ADG), soluble carbohydrate intake (SCHOI), and LPS level increased; and the neutral detergent fiber intake (NDFI), ruminal papillae height, papillae area, and pH decreased (p < 0.05, plin < 0.05). The medium CHO:NDF group had increased claudin-1 mRNA (p < 0.05, plin = 0.005, pquad = 0.003) and protein (p < 0.05, pquad < 0.001) levels; the high CHO:NDF group had increased occludin mRNA and protein (p < 0.05, plin = 0.001) levels. The level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was significantly greater in the medium CHO:NDF group than in the high CHO:NDF group (p < 0.05, pquad < 0.001). With an increase in the ratio of SCHO, the mRNA level and concentration of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß, IL-6, and TNF-α linearly increased (p < 0.05, plin < 0.05), and those in the high CHO:NDF group were significantly greater than those in the low CHO:NDF group. The levels of phosphorylated p65 (plin = 0.003), IκB-α (plin < 0.001), and JNK (plin = 0.001) increased linearly, and those in the high CHO:NDF group were significantly greater than those in the other two groups (p < 0.05). Therefore, when the SCHO-to-NDF ratio was increased to 1.5, the rumen epithelium was not affected, but when the ratio was increased to 2.0, NF-κB and MAPK were activated in the rumen epithelium, leading to impaired barrier function and inflammation. The suitable NFC:NDF ratio for the short-term fattening of Dumont lambs was found to be 1.50.
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BACKGROUND: Currently, organic farming has become a feasible approach for the production of high-quality fruits. To evaluate the response of fruit quality and mineral nutrition contents of Hayward Kiwifruit affected by different organic and inorganic fertilizers, the present study was conducted in Citrus and Subtropical Fruits Research Center, Iran, in 2017-2021, as a randomized block design with three replications. The studied treatments were organic fertilizers (cow, vermicompost and Azolla) and chemical fertilizers. After 4 years of fertilization, the fruit's nutritional elements content and some fruit bioactive compounds were evaluated after 3 months of cold storage and then analyzed by the principal component analysis (PCA) method. RESULTS: The use of organic amendments boosted the calcium, phosphorus, potassium and iron content of the kiwifruits compared to chemical fertilizers. The highest fruit potassium and phosphorus content were recorded in the cow manure treatment. The lowest amount of nitrate and the highest calcium, zinc, copper and manganese accumulation were recorded in the fruits treated with vermicompost. In addition to mineral nutrients, the dry matter, total soluble solids, total phenolic and antioxidant capacity of kiwifruit were improved by the application of vermicompost amendment compared to the other fertilizer sources. However, the highest fruit vitamin C and total soluble carbohydrates were measured in the cow manure treatment. The PCA results of the fruit quality indices indicated that fertilization treatments were ranked as vermicompost (1.88) > cow manure (1.63) = chemical (1.60) > Azolla (1.54). CONCLUSION: It is concluded that the application of 40 kg of vermicompost or 40 kg of cow manure in the next rank in Hayward kiwifruit orchards in March (growth stage beginning of bud swelling) may be a more suitable approach for improving the nutritional quality of the fruit. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Actinidia , Fertilizantes , Frutas , Valor Nutritivo , Fertilizantes/análisis , Actinidia/química , Actinidia/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/química , Frutas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Frutas/metabolismo , Irán , Fósforo/análisis , Agricultura Orgánica/métodos , Bovinos , Animales , Estiércol/análisis , Potasio/análisis , Potasio/metabolismoRESUMEN
The nutritional value of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] for animals is influenced by soluble carbohydrates, such as sucrose and stachyose. Although sucrose is nutritionally desirable, stachyose is an antinutrient causing diarrhea and flatulence in non-ruminant animals. We conducted a genome-wide association study of 220 soybean accessions using 21,317 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the SoySNP50K iSelect Beadchip data to identify significant SNPs associated with sucrose and stachyose content. Seven significant SNPs were identified for sucrose content across chromosomes (Chrs.) 2, 8, 12, 17, and 20, while thirteen significant SNPs were identified for stachyose content across Chrs. 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 15. Among those significant SNPs, three sucrose-related SNPs on Chrs. 8 and 17 were novel, while twelve stachyose-related SNPs on Chrs. 2, 5, 8, 9, 10, 13, 14, and 15 were novel. Based on Phytozome, STRING, and GO annotation, 17 and 24 candidate genes for sucrose and stachyose content, respectively, were highly associated with the carbohydrate metabolic pathway. Among these, the publicly available RNA-seq Atlas database highlighted four candidate genes associated with sucrose (Glyma.08g361200 and Glyma.17g258100) and stachyose (Glyma.05g025300 and Glyma.13g077900) content, which had higher gene expression levels in developing seed and multiple parts of the soybean plant. The results of this study will extend knowledge of the molecular mechanism and genetic basis underlying sucrose and stachyose content in soybean seed. Furthermore, the novel candidate genes and SNPs can be valuable genetic resources that soybean breeders may utilize to modify carbohydrate profiles for animal and human usage.
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Fructan 1-exohydrolase (1-FEH) is one of the major enzymes in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) remobilisation for grains in wheat. We investigated the functional role of 1-FEH w1, w2, and w3 isoforms in WSC remobilisation under post-anthesis water deficit using mutation lines derived from the Australian wheat variety Chara. F1 seeds, developed by backcrossing the 1-FEH w1, w2, and w3 mutation lines with Chara, were genotyped using the Infinium 90K SNP iSelect platform to characterise the mutated region. Putative deletions were identified in FEH mutation lines encompassing the FEH genomic regions. Mapping analysis demonstrated that mutations affected significantly longer regions than the target FEH gene regions. Functional roles of the non-target genes were carried out utilising bioinformatics and confirmed that the non-target genes were unlikely to confound the effects considered to be due to the influence of 1-FEH gene functions. Glasshouse experiments revealed that the 1-FEH w3 mutation line had a slower degradation and remobilisation of fructans than the 1-FEH w2 and w1 mutation lines and Chara, which reduced grain filling and grain yield. Thus, 1-FEH w3 plays a vital role in reducing yield loss under drought. This insight into the distinct role of the 1-FEH isoforms provides new gene targets for water-deficit-tolerant wheat breeding.
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Increased diet fermentability may decrease ruminal pH and fiber digestibility, and increase the flow of trans fatty acids (FA) to the lower tract ultimately leading to milk fat depression. We recently showed that feeding super-conditioned corn, a new method of corn processing (95°C for 6 min in super-conditioner) for ruminants has potential to the reduction in milk fat yield caused by changes in ruminal pH and increased trans FA in milk fat. Supplementing yeast culture (YC) and replacing starch with sugar sources in diet can counteract the negative effects of high fermentable diets by improving ruminal pH and milk fat output. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding beet liquid molasses (LM) and YC on intake and total-tract digestibility of nutrients, milk yield and composition, ruminal fermentation, milk FA profile, and plasma concentrations of glucose, nonesterified FA, ß-hydroxybutyric acid, and urea N in early-lactation dairy cows fed high-starch diets containing super-conditioned corn. Twelve primiparous and 18 multiparous Holstein cows (mean ± SD; 67 ± 12 d in milk and 42 ± 2.1 kg of milk at the beginning of the experiment) were blocked by parity, pre-experimental milk yield, and DIM. Cows were used in a randomized complete block design experiment with 14 d as covariate period and 37 d for the experimental period. The following dietary treatments were fed as total mixed rations: (1) control diet (CTRL = no YC or LM supplementation), (2) LM supplementation at 5% of the diet dry matter (MOL diet), and (3) CTRL supplemented with 10 g/d of YC (YST diet). Diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Intake of nutrients and apparent total-tract digestibility of crude protein and starch did not change across treatments. In contrast, cows fed the YST diet had the greatest apparent total-tract digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fiber. Compared with the CTRL diet, yield of 4% FCM increased by 2.4 and 1.8 kg in cows fed MOL or YST, respectively. The ruminal molar proportions of acetate and butyrate increased in cows fed the YST or MOL diets, respectively, but the proportion of ruminal propionate was not affected by treatments. Milk fat concentration increased by supplementing both LM and YC and the milk yield of total trans-18:1 dropped by 45% and 18% relative to CTRL with MOL or YST diets, respectively. While the MOL diet increased the milk proportion and yield of de novo FA, no treatment effects were observed for the proportion and yield of preformed FA in the milk fat. Apart from ß-hydroxybutyric acid concentration in plasma, which was greatest in cows fed MOL, remaining blood metabolites were not affected by treatments. Overall, MOL and YST diets increased 4% FCM and milk fat concentration and reduced the proportion of total trans-18:1 FA in milk fat in cows fed a concentrate based on super-conditioned corn. These responses were associated with increased ruminal pH and the molar proportions of acetate and butyrate with feeding the MOL and YST diets.
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Zea mays , Femenino , Embarazo , Bovinos , Animales , Leche , Ácido 3-Hidroxibutírico , Melaza , Nutrientes , Butiratos , LactanciaRESUMEN
Effectively reduce antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in ectopic fermentation system (EFS) is essential for practical production. In this study, three experiments were performed to explore how to remove ARGs in EFS effectively. Results demonstrated that ARGs were easily enriched in rice-husk-sawdust padding; simultaneous addition of laccase and cellulase suppressed the ARGs, mainly by increasing soluble carbohydrate concentration and promoting humic acid concentration; addition of corn stalks into rice-husk-sawdust decreased the abundance of ARGs by improving the carbon source structure and enhancing cellulase activity. In conclusion, the present study provides a guidance to reduce the threat of ARGs in EFS, which paved a potential pathway to safely utilize manure resources.
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Antibacterianos , Celulasas , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Genes Bacterianos , Carbono , Fermentación , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , EstiércolRESUMEN
Increasing water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content in white clover is important for improving nutritional quality and reducing environmental impacts from pastoral agriculture. Elucidation of genes responsible for foliar WSC variation would enhance genetic improvement by enabling molecular breeding approaches. The aim of the present study was to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with variation in foliar WSC in white clover. A set of 935 white clover individuals, randomly sampled from five breeding pools selectively bred for divergent (low or high) WSC content, were assessed with 14,743 genotyping-by-sequencing SNPs, using three outlier detection methods: PCAdapt, BayeScan and KGD-FST. These analyses identified 33 SNPs as discriminating between high and low WSC populations and putatively under selection. One SNP was located in the intron of ERD6-like 4, a gene coding for a sugar transporter located on the vacuole membrane. A genome-wide association study using a subset of 605 white clover individuals and 5,757 SNPs, identified a further 12 SNPs, one of which was associated with a starch biosynthesis gene, glucose-1-phosphate adenylyltransferase, glgC. Our results provide insight into genomic regions underlying WSC accumulation in white clover, identify candidate genomic regions for further functional validation studies, and reveal valuable information for marker-assisted or genomic selection in white clover.
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The effects of foliar spray of methyl jasmonate (MJ; 0, 50 and 100 µM) on phytochemical changes and nutritional balance of two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars ['Sultana' (as moderately salt-tolerant) and 'Rishbaba' (as a least salt-tolerant)] were evaluated under different saline conditions (NaCl; 0 and 75 mM). To explore optimum concentration of MJ treatment, grapevine plants were sprayed with MJ twice a day at 12-h intervals during the second week of salinity stress. The results showed that foliar spray of MJ especially at 100 µM was effective in alleviating deleterious effects of NaCl-induced salinity stress on both cultivars. The MJ at 50 and 100 µM significantly decreased ion leakage and production of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide, but increased photosynthetic pigments, soluble carbohydrate, proline, and total phenol and flavonoid contents, especially in 'Sultana' compared with 'Rishbaba'. Moreover, application of 100 µM MJ was associated with enhanced the activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase, resulting in greater leaf cell biomembranes stability in vines under saline condition compared with control plants (no treatment). The MJ was also associated with decreased accumulation of sodium and chlorine in leaves, but increased leaf minerals and trace elements compared with control vines. These findings suggest that foliar application of MJ, especially at 100 µM, might be useful to reduce negative effects of salinity stress in vineyards and nurseries.
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Tolerancia a la Sal , Vitis , Acetatos , Antioxidantes , Ciclopentanos , Oxilipinas , Salinidad , Estrés SalinoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: Two series of experiments were conducted to determine how the incremental levels of sodium metabisulfite (SMB)-treated fruit and vegetable discards (FVD) in diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows affect their performance and health. METHODS: In Exp. 1, 36 Hanwoo heifers were stratified by age (13.3±0.83 mo) and initial body weight (305±19.7 kg), and divided randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 10%, or 20% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 110 d, including 20 d of adaptation. In Exp. 2, 24 multiparous Hanwoo cows were divided into three groups based on age (48.2±2.81 mo) and initial body condition score (2.64±0.33). Cows in each block were assigned randomly to one of three diets containing 0%, 11%, or 22% SMB-treated FVD (as-fed basis). The experiment lasted 80 d, including a 20-d adaptation period. In both experiments, SMB-treated FVD was used as a replacement for wet brewers grain in total mixed ration (TMR). RESULTS: Growing heifers exhibited no differences in their daily feed intake (6.58±0.61 kg/d dry matter [DM]), average daily gain (0.60±0.07 kg/d), and body condition score when they consumed the incremental levels of SMB-treated FVD. Although most blood metabolites were unaffected by treatments, blood urea-N and ß-hydroxybutyrate levels decreased linearly as the SMB-treated FVD level increased in TMR. Similar to Exp. 1, minor differences were found in daily feed intake (8.27±0.72 kg DM/d) and body condition score of Hanwoo cows. Most blood metabolites remained unaffected by treatments, but blood urea-N decreased as the SMB-treated FVD level in TMR increased. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that SMB-treated FVD could be safely incorporated into the diet of Hanwoo heifers and cows, potentially improving N-use efficiency in the body while not impairing performance or health.
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Equine peripheral caries (PC) can cause significant dental pathology and appears to be increasing in prevalence and recognition in many areas [1, 2]. Previous studies have identified risk factors for the condition including the feeding of oaten hay [3]. It was hypothesized that this may be due to the higher water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) or "sugar" content of the hay. A randomized control trial involving 30 horses on three properties was completed. The horses were randomly assigned to two groups: high WSC (H-WSC) or low WSC (L-WSC) oaten hay and were then sedated and intraoral photographs and endoscopy were performed for baseline levels. They were maintained on this assigned hay source for three months when they were again sedated, examined, and photographs and endoscopic videos recorded. Horses with significant PC were then changed to meadow hay (previously shown to be lower risk for PC [3]) for seven months and re-examined to assess for recovery. Images and videos were anonymized and graded for PC, and the PC grades of the teeth before and after intervention were compared using a Fisher exact test. Thirteen horses fed L-WSC hay and 15 fed H-WSC hay completed the study. Of horses fed the H-WSC oaten hay, 60% deteriorated and of horses on L-WSC oaten hay, 53.8% improved in PC grade over the trial, however, the difference was not statistically significant (P = .274). All three horses available for recheck after changing to meadow hay improved.
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Caries Dental , Enfermedades de los Caballos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Avena , Carbohidratos , Caries Dental/veterinaria , Dieta/veterinaria , Caballos , AguaRESUMEN
Improving plant net photosynthetic rates and accelerating water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation play an important role in increasing the carbon sources for yield formation of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Understanding and quantify the contribution of these traits to grain yield can provide a pathway towards increasing the yield potential of wheat. The objective of this study was to identify kernel weight gap for improving grain yield in 15 winter wheat genotypes grown in Shandong Province, China. A cluster analysis was conducted to classify the 15 wheat genotypes into high yielding (HY) and low yielding (LY) groups based on their performance in grain yield, harvest index, photosynthetic rate, kernels per square meter, and spikes per square meter from two years of field testing. While the grain yield was significantly higher in the HY group, its thousand kernel weight (TKW) was 8.8% lower than that of the LY group (p < 0.05). A structural equation model revealed that 83% of the total variation in grain yield for the HY group could be mainly explained by TKW, the flag leaf photosynthesis rate at the grain filling stage (Pn75), and flag leaf water-soluble carbohydrate content (WSC) at grain filling stage. Their effect values on yield were 0.579, 0.759, and 0.444, respectively. Our results suggest that increase of flag leaf photosynthesis and WSC could improve the TKW, and thus benefit for developing high yielding wheat cultivars.
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BACKGROUND: Equine peripheral caries can cause significant morbidity and can have considerable welfare implications. Recent research suggests that diets with high water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content are associated with high risk of peripheral caries. Previous work has indicated that the condition may be treatable if the inciting cause is removed and the damaged tooth allowed to erupt out, being replaced by the unaffected tooth previously under the gingival margin. OBJECTIVES: To see whether the peripheral caries process can be ceased if oaten hay (typically high WSC) is removed from the diet and replaced with a non-cereal hay (typically lower WSC). STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective blinded longitudinal study. METHODS: Forty-two cases with peripheral caries that were on oaten hay were asked if they would change the hay type from oaten hay to a non-cereal hay or straw (meadow, Rhodes hay, lucerne hay or barley straw). Photographs were taken at the time and then again at subsequent visits. The photographs were anonymised, randomised and scored by six equine veterinary dentists using the Jackson et al. 'Peripheral Caries Grading System' grading scale. RESULTS: At follow-up, 69.0% of cases were marked as inactive, compared with 47.6% of cases at baseline (OR: 2.45, 95%CI: 1.12-5.36, P = .02). Significantly lower grades of peripheral caries were observed in the gingival, middle and occlusive third of the molars (triadan 9-11's) at follow-up compared with baseline. However, significant improvements were not observed in the premolars (triadan 6-8's). MAIN LIMITATIONS: This is a review of clinical records, not a prospective study. As such, other changes in the diet and management were not recorded, and there was no control group. CONCLUSIONS: Recommending clients change their horse's diet from oaten hay (high WSC) to a typically lower WSC hay was associated with significant improvements in equine peripheral caries located in the molars.
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Avena , Susceptibilidad a Caries Dentarias , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Caballos , Estudios Longitudinales , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
In plant tissues, sugar levels are determined by the balance between sugar import, export, and sugar synthesis. So far, water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) dynamics have not been investigated in a diurnal context in wheat stems as compared to the dynamics in flag leaves during the terminal phases of grain filling. Here, we filled this research gap and tested the hypothesis that WSC dynamics interlink with gene expression of TaSUT1. The main stems and flag leaves of two genotypes, Westonia and Kauz, were sampled at four hourly intervals over a 24 h period at six developmental stages from heading to 28 DAA (days after anthesis). The total levels of WSC and WSC components were measured, and TaSUT1 gene expression was quantified at 21 DAA. On average, the total WSC and fructan levels in the stems were double those in the flag leaves. In both cultivars, diurnal patterns in the total WSC and sucrose were detected in leaves across all developmental stages, but not for the fructans 6-kestose and bifurcose. However, in stems, diurnal patterns of the total WSC and fructan were only found at anthesis in Kauz. The different levels of WSC and WSC components between Westonia and Kauz are likely associated with leaf chlorophyll levels and fructan degradation, especially 6-kestose degradation. High correlation between levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in leaves indicated that TaSUT1 expression is likely to be influenced by the level of sucrose in leaves, and the combination of high levels of TaSUT1 expression and sucrose in Kauz may contribute to its high grain yield under well-watered conditions.
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Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/genética , Proteínas de Transporte de Monosacáridos/genética , Hojas de la Planta/metabolismo , Sacarosa/metabolismo , Triticum , Metabolismo de los Hidratos de Carbono/efectos de los fármacos , Carbohidratos/química , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiología , Deshidratación/genética , Deshidratación/metabolismo , Sequías , Grano Comestible/efectos de los fármacos , Grano Comestible/genética , Grano Comestible/metabolismo , Regulación del Desarrollo de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación de la Expresión Génica de las Plantas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas de Transporte de Monosacáridos/metabolismo , Hojas de la Planta/efectos de los fármacos , Hojas de la Planta/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Semillas/efectos de los fármacos , Semillas/genética , Semillas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Semillas/metabolismo , Solubilidad , Triticum/efectos de los fármacos , Triticum/genética , Triticum/crecimiento & desarrollo , Triticum/metabolismo , Agua/química , Agua/farmacologíaRESUMEN
An excess of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) can present a risk for horses prone to pasture-associated laminitis or some other metabolic conditions. Determining WSC concentrations in commonly grazed cool-season grasses, at different times of day and under different fertilization treatments, can help optimize grazing times and management strategies. The goals of this study were to develop a near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibration curve for WSC and to apply it to four cool-season grass species. Tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass, orchardgrass, and perennial ryegrass (10 cultivars) were sampled every two to four weeks from plots with or without added nitrogen, in the morning and afternoon. WSCs were quantified colorimetrically for a sample subset, and these values were used to develop an NIRS calibration predicting WSC concentrations with 90% accuracy. An interaction of species, nitrogen treatment, time of day, and harvest date influenced WSC concentrations in 10 harvests (P = .040). A modest positive relationship was observed between photosynthetically active radiation and WSC concentration when morning and afternoon samples were included (r = 0.503; P = .024). On nine harvest dates, perennial ryegrass or tall fescue were highest in WSC. High-WSC cultivars included "Aberzest" and "Calibra" perennial ryegrass, "Ginger" Kentucky bluegrass, and "Bronson" and "Cajun II" tall fescue. Water-soluble carbohydrates did not exceed 150 g/kg freeze-dried weight, possibly due to assay method, sampling times, or defoliation. The results suggest that minimizing WSC intake for horses may be possible by cultivar choice, grazing time, or mowing frequency.
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Festuca , Lolium , Animales , Carbohidratos , Caballos , Estaciones del Año , AguaRESUMEN
We aimed to evaluate the effects of feeding sugarcane liquid molasses (LM) with or without a commercial buffer mix (BFM) on ruminal fermentation parameters, milk fatty acid (FA) profile, and milk yield and composition in dairy cows fed high-concentrate diets (35:65 forage-to-concentrate ratio). Eight multiparous Holstein cows (4 ruminally cannulated) averaging 165 ± 12 d in milk at the beginning of the study were randomly assigned to a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each period lasted 21 d with 14 d for diet adaptation and 7 d for data and sample collection. Cows were fed the following diets: (1) no LM or BFM supplementation (CTRL), (2) LM without BFM supplementation (MOL), (3) BFM without LM supplementation (BUF), and (4) LM plus BFM supplementation (COMBO). These 4 isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets were formulated by replacing (dry matter basis) 5% ground corn with LM, whereas BFM replaced wheat bran at 0.8% of the diet. Significant LM × BFM interactions were observed for the duration of ruminal pH below 5.8, molar proportion of propionate, acetate-to-propionate ratio, milk proportions of trans-10 18:1 and total trans FA, and concentration and yield of milk fat. Feeding MOL and BUF alone were effective on reducing the time that ruminal pH remained below 5.8 compared with the CTRL treatment, and the COMBO diet decreased it further. A similar pattern was observed for the ruminal molar proportion of propionate. The milk proportions of trans-10 18:1 and total trans FA dropped significantly with BFM or LM supplementation versus cows fed CTRL, and the COMBO diet decreased these variables further. Note, however, that these changes elicited by the COMBO diet were not in the same magnitude as those caused by MOL or BUF fed alone. The ruminal molar proportion of acetate increased with the BUF diet and that of butyrate increased in cows fed MOL, but mean ruminal pH was not affected by treatments. Diets with LM resulted in increased concentrations of short- and medium-chain FA in milk fat. The yield of 3.5% fat-corrected milk increased significantly in cows fed MOL or BUF due to the improved concentration of milk fat. A trend and a significant increase for energy-corrected milk were observed with feeding MOL or BUF, respectively. Overall, inclusion of LM and BFM appears to reduce milk trans-10 18:1 FA and total trans FA by modulating ruminal pH and volatile FA profile in cows fed high-concentrate diets.
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Bovinos/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos/metabolismo , Leche/química , Melaza/análisis , Rumen/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Femenino , Fermentación , Distribución Aleatoria , Saccharum/químicaRESUMEN
Low underwater light availability and benthivorous fish-mediated disturbance are two important factors that influence the growth of submersed macrophytes. However, the combined effects of these factors remain unclear. To determine the combined effects of low light and fish-mediated disturbance on the growth of two submersed macrophytes with contrasting growth forms, i.e., Vallisneria natans and Hydrilla verticillata, we conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment with a two-by-two factorial design. The experiment involved two fish-mediated disturbance levels (0 and 1 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus) crossed with two levels of light intensity (ambient light and a low-light environment created by culturing the macrophytes under a shelter). The results showed that the chlorophyll a (chl a) concentration in the overlying water showed no difference among treatments for each macrophyte species. The fish-mediated disturbance significantly decreased the relative growth rate (RGR) of both species in the low-light environment but showed no effects in the ambient light environment. Low light availability and/or fish-mediated disturbance led to increased plant heights of both species compared with the heights under the ambient light regime. Low light availability combined with fish-mediated disturbance significantly reduced the ramet number and soluble carbohydrate (SC) content of both species; however, the free amino acid (FAA) content was not affected. Compared to V. natans, H. verticillata exhibited a high RGR and high ramet numbers in a low-light environment combined with fish-mediated disturbance. Our results indicated that the adaptability of H. verticillata is better than that of V. natans in turbid, shallow and hydrostatic water. Fish-mediated disturbance can negatively influence submersed macrophyte recovery in lakes when light is not abundant.
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Clorofila A/análisis , Peces/fisiología , Hydrocharitaceae/fisiología , Animales , Lagos , Nitrógeno , Fósforo , Luz SolarRESUMEN
Nonstructural carbohydrates of pasture plants, comprising water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and starch, may contribute to excessive consumption of rapidly fermentable carbohydrates by grazing horses. Seasonal and diurnal variation in WSCs were studied in red (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clovers (Trifolium repens L.) subjected to a typical management regime of rotationally grazed horse pastures. Two red and two white clover cultivars from monoculture plots were harvested after 4 weeks of growth from April to October of 2015, in the morning and afternoon of each harvest date. Water-soluble carbohydrates were quantified for each harvest, and starch was quantified for two harvests. Mean monthly WSC concentrations ranged from 80 to 99 mg/g (freeze-dried weight basis), whereas mean starch concentrations were 31 and 40 mg/g. In September, white clover had 14% more WSCs than red clover (P < .0001). Water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations were 10% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001). Starch concentrations were 290% higher in the afternoon than in the morning (P < .0001), and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations in the afternoon averaged 150 mg/g. Further studies are needed to determine whether the mixed grass-legume pastures of central Kentucky accumulate enough nonstructural carbohydrates to present risk factors for equine metabolic or digestive dysfunction.
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Trifolium , Animales , Carbohidratos , Caballos , Kentucky , Estaciones del Año , AguaRESUMEN
Somatic embryogenesis techniques have been developed for most coniferous species, but only using very juvenile material. To extend the techniques' scope, better integrated understanding of the key biological, physiological and molecular characteristics of embryogenic state is required. Therefore, embryonal masses (EMs) and non-embryogenic calli (NECs) have been compared during proliferation at multiple levels. EMs and NECs originating from a single somatic embryo (isogenic lines) of each of three unrelated genotypes were used in the analyses, which included comparison of the lines' anatomy by transmission light microscopy, transcriptomes by RNAseq Illumina sequencing, proteomes by free-gel analysis, contents of endogenous phytohormones (indole-3-acetic acid, cytokinins and ABA) by LC-MS analysis, and soluble sugar contents by HPLC. EMs were characterized by upregulation (relative to levels in NECs) of transcripts, proteins, transcription factors and active cytokinins associated with cell differentiation accompanied by histological, carbohydrate content and genetic markers of cell division. In contrast, NECs were characterized by upregulation (relative to levels in EMs) of transcripts, proteins and products associated with responses to stimuli (ABA, degradation forms of cytokinins, phenols), oxidative stress (reactive oxygen species) and carbohydrate storage (starch). Sub-Network Enrichment Analyses that highlighted functions and interactions of transcripts and proteins that significantly differed between EMs and NECs corroborated these findings. The study shows the utility of a novel approach involving integrated multi-scale transcriptomic, proteomic, biochemical, histological and anatomical analyses to obtain insights into molecular events associated with embryogenesis and more specifically to the embryogenic state of cell in Douglas-fir.
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BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) is the most widely cultivated forage and amenity grass species in temperate areas worldwide and there is a need to understand the genetic architectures of key agricultural traits and crop characteristics that deliver wider environmental services. Our aim was to identify genomic regions associated with agriculturally important traits by integrating a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-based physical map with a genome-wide association study (GWAS). METHODS: BAC-based physical maps for L. perenne were constructed from ~212 000 high-information-content fingerprints using Fingerprint Contig and Linear Topology Contig software. BAC clones were associated with both BAC-end sequences and a partial minimum tiling path sequence. A panel of 716 L. perenne diploid genotypes from 90 European accessions was assessed in the field over 2 years, and genotyped using a Lolium Infinium SNP array. The GWAS was carried out using a linear mixed model implemented in TASSEL, and extended genomic regions associated with significant markers were identified through integration with the physical map. KEY RESULTS: Between ~3600 and 7500 physical map contigs were derived, depending on the software and probability thresholds used, and integrated with ~35 k sequenced BAC clones to develop a resource predicted to span the majority of the L. perenne genome. From the GWAS, eight different loci were significantly associated with heading date, plant width, plant biomass and water-soluble carbohydrate accumulation, seven of which could be associated with physical map contigs. This allowed the identification of a number of candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS: Combining the physical mapping resource with the GWAS has allowed us to extend the search for candidate genes across larger regions of the L. perenne genome and identified a number of interesting gene model annotations. These physical maps will aid in validating future sequence-based assemblies of the L. perenne genome.
Asunto(s)
Lolium , Cromosomas Artificiales Bacterianos , Ecotipo , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , GenómicaRESUMEN
Enormous marine biodiversity offers an endless reservoir of chemicals for many applications. In this scenario, the extraction of seaweeds represents an interesting source of compounds displaying antimicrobial activity. In particular, among the different red algae, Gracilaria gracilis plays an important role due to the presence of important bioactives in its composition. In spite of these features, an efficient culture system is still absent. In the present study, a novel algal culture method was developed and compared to another more common cultural practice, widely reported in literature. A higher efficiency of the new method, both for daily growth rate and biomass, was assessed. Furthermore, the growth inhibitory activity of five extracts, obtained using ethanol, methanol, acetone, chloroform or diethyl ether as a solvent, from the cultured G. gracilis was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. Algal extracts exhibited a considerable inhibitory activity against B. subtilis strains, while a slight inhibition was observed against V. fischeri. The different extracts showed significant differences in bacterial growth inhibition, with the highest activity that was recorded for the ethanol extract, followed by that of methanol. Based on the chemical characterization, these findings could be related to the antimicrobial activity played by the combination of total carbohydrates and polyphenols, which were determined at high levels in ethanol and methanol extracts, as well as by the highest number and levels of single polyphenols. Conversely, the lower growth inhibitory activities found in chloroform and diethyl ether extracts could be related to the isolation of minor lipid classes (e.g., neutral and medium polar lipids) composed by fatty acids, such as stearic, oleic and arachidonic acids, typically characterized by antimicrobial activity. In consideration of the results obtained, the present study has a double implication, involving both the field of cultural practices and the exploitation of natural sources for the isolation of antimicrobial agents useful both in pharmaceutical and food applications.