RESUMEN

Resumen Objetivo: Explorar y discutir literatura científica teórica y práctica para comparar la diversificación y la especialización deportivas tempranas como un enfoque deportivo y educativo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las pautas PRISMA, se incluyó un total de 61 estudios. Resultados: Entrenadores, padres e hijos consideran que la mejor forma de desarrollar el talento deportivo y alcanzar la élite en el deporte es participar en una sola disciplina y hacerlo lo antes posible para lograr la especialización y las máximas habilidades técnicas, físicas y psicológicas. Los caminos de especialización deportiva pueden conducir a una situación física, social y mental que comprometa su desarrollo integral. Conclusión: Se puede plantear, en primer lugar, la diversificación deportiva en edades tempranas y luego la especialización; una vez alcanzadas las bases de la fuerza, el acondicionamiento y el entrenamiento neuromuscular, así como una maduración psicomotora específica, para que su rendimiento deportivo y su salud no se vean comprometidos en el mediano o largo plazo. Es necesario considerar que pocos niños logran obtener un lugar en los deportes de élite, por lo que, para muchos de ellos, la educación en torno al deporte será la base para el ejercicio de su ciudadanía como personas activas.

Abstract Purpose: To explore and discuss theoretical and practical scientific literature to compare sports diversification and early sports specialization as a sport and educational approach. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, and 61 studies were included. Results: Coaches, parents, and children consider that the best way to develop sports talent and enter the elite in sports is to practice a single discipline as early as possible to achieve specialization and maximum technical skills and physical and psychological conditions. Sports specialization paths may lead to a physical, social, and mental state that compromises their integral development. Conclusion: Sports diversification should be considered first at an early age and, afterward, the specialization once the bases of strength, conditioning, neuromuscular training, and a specific psychomotor maturation have been achieved, so that sports performance and health are not compromised in the medium or long term. It is necessary to consider that few children enter elite sports, so for many of them, sports education will be the basis for exercising their citizenship as active people.

Resumo Objetivos: Explorar e discutir literatura científica teórica e prática para comparar a diversificação e especialização esportiva precoce como uma abordagem esportiva e educacional. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA, um total de 61 estudos foram incluídos Resultados: Treinadores, pais e crianças acreditam que a melhor maneira de desenvolver talentos esportivos e ingressar na elite do esporte é participar de uma única disciplina e fazer o mais cedo possível para alcançar a especialização e o máximo de habilidades técnicas, físicas e psicológicas. Os caminhos da especialização esportiva podem levar a uma situação física, social e mental que comprometa seu desenvolvimento integral. Conclusão: Primeiro, a diversificação esportiva pode ser considerada em uma idade precoce e depois a especialização, uma vez que os princípios básicos de força, condicionamento e treinamento neuromuscular tenham sido alcançados, bem como a maturação psicomotora específica para que seu desempenho esportivo e saúde não sejam comprometidos a médio ou longo prazo. É necessário considerar que poucas crianças conseguem obter um lugar nos esportes de elite, de modo que, para muitas delas, a educação em torno do esporte será a base para o exercício de sua cidadania como pessoas ativas.

RESUMEN

The concept of resilience, identified as a crucial variable due to its association with several beneficial outcomes in adulthood, is of particular interest in the teaching field. Specifically, teachers work in a demanding, challenging, and stressful context that requires a remarkable ability to adapt; therefore, resilience is important in the field of teaching and training, as it plays a fundamental role in children's cognitive, social, and emotional development. This study sought to analyze the psychometric properties of the SV-RES60 Resilience Scale in a sample of Chilean elementary school teachers from first to eighth grade (N = 1406; mean age = 41.4; SD = 10.8). ESEM and bifactor ESEM analyses were performed to evaluate its factor structure, internal consistency, and reliability. The results supported a bifactor structure in which resilience was represented by one general latent factor and twelve specific factors (RMSEA = 0.032; 90%CI [0.030, 0.033]; SRMR = 0.012; CFI = 0.986; TLI = 0.977). A predominance of the unidimensional components of the SV-RES60 (general factor, ECV = 0.812; ωh = 0.975) and a high reliability (α = 0.981; ω of the general factor = 0.991) were observed. In conclusion, the SV-RES60 Resilience Scale is a suitable instrument for measuring the general factor of resilience in the investigated teaching environment. Future studies could contribute towards evidence of a reduced scale and transcultural validation to conduct comparative studies.

RESUMEN

To improve one of the lowest rates of literacy and numeracy in the world, the government of Brazil has targeted public education reform, given the strong link between an educated population and economic growth. This study examines the academic performance of the Brazilian public primary school system. It addresses the empirical shortcomings of prior research to examine the dynamics of the relationship between academic performance scores and several demographic and institutional variables, such as socioeconomic characteristics, variations in school infrastructure and school complexity, and teachers' human capital. We employed quantile regression to explore the determinants of academic performance across 35,490 schools in rural and urban environments in Brazil. The dependent variable in our analysis captures the academic performance score, as measured by Brazil's education authorities, of each school in our dataset. The model includes several education-related indices used in prior research and, as explanatory factors, measures of teachers' human capital and the students' socioeconomic level, which synthesizes information on parents' education and household income. The results suggest that several institutional variables, including access to school libraries, computer facilities, projectors, and televisions, are positively and significantly related to the academic performance of primary students in Brazil's system of public education. Furthermore, students' socioeconomic level is positively associated with their academic performance.

RESUMEN

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivos identificar estudantes com talento matemático no Ensino Fundamental e no Ensino Médio, no que se refere ao sistema numérico maia e babilônico para o Ensino Fundamental e ao pensamento computacional, com o uso do Scratch, para o Ensino Médio; projetar e implementar um programa de enriquecimento extraescolar com alunos do Ensino Fundamental e do Ensino Médio; estudar a evolução das ideias matemáticas, trabalhadas no programa de enriquecimento extracurricular. O aporte teórico foi baseado no Modelo de Enriquecimento para toda a Escola (School Wide Enrichment Model - SEM). Esse modelo teve origem no Modelo Triádico de Enriquecimento de Renzulli. Os resultados apresentados referem-se às atividades de enriquecimento extracurricular, com numeração babilônica e o sistema numérico maia, e as atividades em ambiente Scratch. Os resultados do estudo mostraram que ambos os grupos de idade foram capazes de abordar as atividades propostas e desenvolveram experiências de aprendizado que lhes deram habilidades para resolver problemas matemáticos, tanto no ambiente a lápis e papel quanto na linguagem de programação Scratch. O grupo de alunos do Ensino Fundamental representou números no sistema maia e babilônico e realizou operações aritméticas; dessa forma, este trabalho os ajudou a compreender o sistema posicional; e os estudantes do Ensino Médio aprenderam a fazer animações de dois personagens (sprites) e aprenderam a programar.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to identify students with mathematical talent in Elementary and High School, with regard to the Mayan and Babylonian numerical system for Elementary School and computational thinking, with the use of Scratch for High School; to design and implement an out-of-school enrichment program with Elementary and High School students; to study the evolution of mathematical ideas, worked on in the extracurricular enrichment program. Theoretical support was based on the School Wide Enrichment Model (SEM). This model is originated from Renzulli's Triadic Enrichment Model. The results presented refer to extracurricular enrichment activities, with Babylonian numerals and the Mayan numerical system, and activities in the Scratch environment. The results of the study showed that both age groups were able to approach the proposed activities and developed learning experiences that gave them skills to solve mathematical problems, both in the pencil and paper environment and in the Scratch programming language. The group of Elementary School students represented numbers in the Mayan and Babylonian system and performed arithmetic operations; in this way, this work helped them to understand the positional system; and the High School students learned to make animations of two characters (sprites) and learned how to program.

RESUMEN

RESUMO Objetivo estabelecer pontos de corte para valores de velocidade e acurácia de leitura, a fim de obter valores mínimos para compreensão de textos, e permitir classificar alunos de 2º a 5º ano do Ensino Fundamental, de acordo com bom ou pobre desempenho em leitura. Método foram analisados ​​147 protocolos de avaliação de leitura oral e compreensão textual de escolares de 3º a 5º ano com e sem dificuldades de leitura. A taxa de leitura oral de texto e os valores de acurácia foram analisados. Curvas ROC foram construídas e a sensibilidade e a especificidade, calculadas para cada parâmetro de fluência de leitura por ano escolar. Resultados A sensibilidade e a especificidade para medidas de taxa e acurácia na leitura de texto foram calculadas para o 3º, 4º e 5º anos. A taxa e a precisão sob a curva ROC não diferiram estatisticamente. Os valores do 2º ano foram estimados matematicamente. Conclusão Foram identificados os valores de corte esperados para escolares do 2º ao 5º ano, com recomendações de utilização da taxa de leitura de texto oral para procedimentos de rastreamento da compreensão leitora.

ABSTRACT Purpose to establish cut-off point for reading speed and accuracy, to obtain minimum values for comprehending texts, and allow classifying students from 2nd to 5th grade of elementary school according to good or poor reading performance. Methods 147 assessment protocols for oral reading and text comprehension of students from 3rd to 5th grade of Elementary School with and without reading difficulties were analyzed. The oral text reading rate and accuracy values were analyzed. ROC curves were constructed, and sensitivity and specificity calculated for each reading fluency parameter, and each school grade. Results Sensitivity and specificity for measures of rate and accuracy in text reading were calculated for the 3rd, 4th, and 5th grades. Rate and precision under the ROC curve did not differ statistically. The values for the 2nd grade were mathematically estimated. Conclusion The cutoff values expected for students from 2nd to 3rd grade were identified, with recommendations for using the oral text reading rate for reading comprehension screening procedures

RESUMEN

Social relationships are pivotal for human beings. Yet, we still lack a complete understanding of the types and conditions of social relationships that facilitate learning among children. Here, we present the results of a study involving 855 elementary school children from 14 different public schools in Chile designed to understand their social learning strategies in classrooms. We mapped students' social relationships using a behavioral experiment-a non-anonymous social dilemma-that allows us to measure cooperation and infer reciprocal and asymmetrical relationships between peers. We implemented the experiment synchronously in each classroom using networked tablets and a friendly user interface to mitigate cognitive barriers and boost students' engagement. Using regression models, we found a positive and significant association between reciprocity and academic performance. This result holds after controlling for class attendance, sex, parents' education, social status, individual cooperative dispositions, and fixed effects per class group. Finally, using a difference-in-difference framework, we found robust evidence that reciprocity heightens academic performance by comparing two consecutive academic semesters. This effect is heterogeneous and is considerably more prominent for the top 20% students experiencing higher levels of reciprocity in their social relationships. We expect these results to inform cooperative learning interventions in elementary education.

RESUMEN

Abstract Background International studies performed during the periods of social isolation highlighted the potential loss of student's learning skills. The present study fills a gap in Brazilian research on this topic and focuses on the development of reading fluency. Objective To investigate the development of the reading fluency of students in the early years of elementary school during e-learning as a result of the social distancing measures put into effect due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods Students from grades 2 to 5 were recorded. The number of words read per minute and of those read correctly per minute were analyzed. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed, using analysis of variance (ANOVA) for repeated measures with Bonferroni correction in the longitudinal study, and the t-test in the cross-sectional study. Results In the cross-sectional study, 162 students participated. Only the comparison between the 2nd grade classes of 2020 and 2021 showed a statistically significant difference. In the prepandemic classes, the students had better results in reading accuracy than the students assessed during the pandemic. The longitudinal study included 75 students, who improved in fluency rate and accuracy as expected between March and December 2020. In March 2021, the results showed a drop, which may be related to school closures during the Brazilian summer vacation. Conclusions The present research demonstrates the results of Brazilian students in terms of the development of reading fluency during the pandemic. There was an expressive development in grades 2 and 3, with stability in the following grades. The 2nd grade class of 2021 suffered a major impact due to the pandemic.

Resumo Antecedentes Estudos internacionais realizados durante os períodos de isolamento social destacaram a potencial perda das habilidades de aprendizagem dos alunos. O presente estudo preenche uma lacuna nas pesquisas brasileiras sobre este tema, e se centra no desenvolvimento da fluência de leitura. Objetivo Investigar o desenvolvimento da fluência de leitura de alunos nos anos iniciais do Ensino Fundamental durante as aulas remotas ministradas em decorrência das medidas de distanciamento social postas em prática por conta da pandemia de doença do coronavírus 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, em inglês). Métodos Estudantes do 2o ao 5o anos foram gravados. Foram analisadoso número de palavras lidas por minuto e o de palavras lidas corretamente por minuto. Realizou-se análise estatística descritiva por meio de análise de variância (analysis of variance, ANOVA, em inglês) para medidas repetidas com correção de Bonferroni no estudo longitudinal, e teste T no estudo transversal. Resultados Ao todo, 162 estudantes participaram do estudo transversal. Apenas a comparação entre as turmas de 2o ano de 2020 e 2021 apresentou diferença estatisticamente significativa. Nas aulas pré-pandemia, as turmas apresentaram resultados melhores em termos de precisão de leitura do que as turmas avaliadas durante a pandemia. O estudo longitudinal incluiu 75 alunos; entre março e dezembro de 2020, eles melhoraram sua taxa de fluência e acurácia, conforme esperado. Em março de 2021, os resultados mostraram uma queda, o que pode estar relacionado ao fechamento das escolas durante as férias. Conclusões Esta pesquisa demonstra os resultados do desenvolvimento da leitura de uma amostra de estudantes brasileiros durante a pandemia. Houve uma evolução expressiva no 2° e 3° anos, com estabilidade nos anos seguintes. A turma de 2° ano de 2021 sofreu um grande impacto devido à pandemia.

RESUMEN

Resumen Introducción: a través de la siguiente investigación se presentan los resultados de una revisión sistemática de la literatura, siguiendo la declaración PRISMA, sobre Educación Financiera en el contexto de enseñanza primaria. Objetivo: analizar a través de indicadores bibliométricos y cualitativos en la base de datos SCOPUS el estado de la Educación Financiera en el contexto de enseñanza primaria. Materiales y Métodos: Con un diseño longitudinal y descriptivo, se analizan los indicadores bibliométricos complementados con un análisis cualitativo de elementos particulares que se quieren dar a conocer, por la cobertura que entregan y su alcance en Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades se analizó la base de datos SCOPUS hasta el año 2020, siguiendo los elementos establecidos en la declaración PRISMA. Resultados: La búsqueda inicial proporcionó 170 artículos, de los cuales quedaron 16 para su estudio. Una vez analizados los artículos, según los 10 criterios de evaluación, se encontró que los programas de Educación Financiera tienen en promedio, impactos considerables en el conocimiento financiero, similar a las intervenciones educativas en otros dominios. Conclusión. El valor del estudio es potenciar la construcción del conocimiento existente sobre la educación financiera en educación primaria, contribuyendo a dilucidar su complejidad y aplicación que transita desde lo multidisciplinario a lo contextualizado, junto a ello la idea de incrementar el refuerzo en los primeros años de escolaridad, ya que genera efectos positivos sobre los comportamientos financieros entre los estudiantes luego de participar en programas de intervención.

Abstract Introduction: this research presents the results of a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA statement, on financial education in the context of primary education. Objective: to analyze through bibliometric and qualitative indicators in the SCOPUS database the state of financial education in the first education. Materials and Methods: with a longitudinal and descriptive design, bibliometric indicators are analyzed complemented with a qualitative analysis of elements that we want to make known, due to the coverage they provide and their scope in social sciences and humanities, the SCOPUS database was analyzed until the year 2020, following the elements established in the PRISMA statement. Results: the initial search yielded 170 articles, where 16 were left for study. Once the articles were analyzed according to the 10 evaluation criteria, it was found that financial education programs have, on average, considerable impacts on financial knowledge, like educational interventions in other domains. Conclusion: the value of the study is to enhance the construction of existing knowledge on financial education in primary education, contributing to elucidate its complexity and application that transits from the multidisciplinary to the contextualized, together with the idea of increasing reinforcement in the first years of schooling, since it generates positive effects on financial behaviors among students after participating in intervention programs.

Resumo Introdução: a investigação apresenta os resultados de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, na sequência da declaração PRISMA, sobre Educação Financeira no contexto do ensino primário. Objetivo: analisar através de indicadores bibliométricos e qualitativos na base de dados SCOPUS o estado da educação financeira no contexto do ensino primário. Materiais e Métodos: com um desenho longitudinal e descritivo, os indicadores bibliométricos são analisados complementados com uma análise qualitativa de elementos particulares que queremos dar a conhecer, devido à cobertura que proporcionam e ao seu alcance em Ciências Sociais e Humanas. A base de dados SCOPUS foi analisada até 2020, seguindo os elementos estabelecidos na declaração PRISMA. Resultados: a pesquisa inicial forneceu 170 artigos, dos quais 16 foram deixados para estudo. Uma vez analisados os artigos de acordo com os 10 critérios de avaliação, verificou-se que os programas de Educação Financeira têm, em média, impactos consideráveis na literacia financeira, semelhantes aos das intervenções educativas noutros domínios. Conclusão. O valor do estudo é reforçar a construção dos conhecimentos existentes sobre educação financeira no ensino primário, contribuindo para elucidar a sua complexidade e aplicação que transita do multidisciplinar para o contextualizado, juntamente com a ideia de aumentar o reforço nos primeiros anos de escolaridade, uma vez que gera efeitos positivos nos comportamentos financeiros dos alunos após a participação em programas de intervenção.

RESUMEN

Resumen Los niños y las niñas en edad escolar pueden pasar aproximadamente un 80 % de su jornada escolar haciendo uso de la silla. Debido a esta situación, diferentes estudios establecen una relación entre postura y problemas de salud. Señalan además, que las dificultades de escritura pueden afectar la percepción de las propias capacidades. Debido a estos resultados, se ha insistido en la importancia de inculcar hábitos posturales y grafomotrices adecuados desde edades tempranas. Los objetivos principales de este estudio fueron, por un lado, diseñar instrumentos de observación y recolección de datos de los patrones posturales y de grafomotricidad; por otro, validar dichos instrumentos mediante la opinión de personas expertas. Como objetivo secundario se consideró evaluar la consistencia interna del instrumento para valorar la postura de sedestación. En relación con el primer objetivo, ambos instrumentos mostraron valores altos de concordancia inter jueces en cuanto a la pertinencia y precisión de los ítems. Con respecto al segundo, los instrumentos fueron aplicados a una muestra de 93 niños y niñas de 1º y 5º curso de Educación primaria para evaluar la consistencia interna del instrumento postura. Los resultados de confiabilidad por dimensiones mostraron unos valores superiores a 0.7. Los instrumentos diseñados se presentan como herramientas útiles para valorar los patrones relacionados con la postura y la grafomotricidad y contribuir así a la detección de problemas asociados en niños y niñas en edad escolar. En conclusión, estos instrumentos pueden ofrecer directrices adecuadas para elaborar planes de trabajo destinados a atender las necesidades que presente el alumnado.

Abstract Schoolchildren can spend around 80% of their school day sat. In this sense, different studies establish a direct relationship between posture and health problems. Moreover, writing difficulties can also affect the perception of abilities, hence the importance of instilling proper postural and graphomotor habits from an early age. The main objectives of this study were, on the one hand, to design instruments for observation and data collection of postural and graphomotricity patterns and, on the other hand, to validate these instruments through expert opinion. A secondary objective was to evaluate the internal consistency of the instrument to assess the posture of sedestation. Concerning the first objective, both instruments showed high inter-judge concordance in terms of relevance and precision of the items. In relation to the second objective, the instruments were applied to a sample of 93 children from the 1st and 5th grades of primary school to evaluate their internal consistency of the posture instrument. Dimensional reliability results showed values greater than 0.7. The instruments designed are presented as useful tools to assess the patterns related to posture and graphomotricity and thus contribute to detecting problems associated with school-age children. In conclusion, these instruments can provide appropriate guidelines for the development of work plans to meet the needs of students.

Resumo As crianças em idade escolar podem passar aproximadamente 80% do seu dia escolar numa cadeira. Devido a esta situação, diferentes estudos estabelecem uma ligação entre a postura e os problemas de saúde. Eles também apontam que as dificuldades de escrita podem afetar a percepção das próprias habilidades. Devido a estes resultados, a importância de incutir hábitos postural e de caligrafia adequados desde uma idade precoce tem sido enfatizada. Os principais objetivos deste estudo foram, por um lado, conceber instrumentos de observação e recolha de dados de padrões posturais e grafomotores; por outro lado, validar estes instrumentos através da opinião de peritos. Um objetivo secundário foi avaliar a consistência interna do instrumento para provar a postura sentada. Em relação ao primeiro objetivo, ambos os instrumentos mostraram altos valores de concordância entre juízes em termos de relevância e precisão dos itens. Em relação ao segundo objetivo, os instrumentos foram administrados a uma amostra de 93 crianças do 1º e 5º anos do ensino fundamental para avaliar a consistência interna do instrumento de postura. Os resultados da confiabilidade por dimensões mostraram valores acima de 0,7. Os instrumentos desenhados são apresentados como ferramentas úteis para avaliar a postura e os padrões grafomotores e assim contribuir para a detecção de problemas associados em crianças em idade escolar. Em conclusão, estes instrumentos podem fornecer orientações apropriadas para o desenvolvimento de planos de trabalho que respondam às necessidades estudantis.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Resumen Desde la teoría tridimensional, la ansiedad escolar se define como un conjunto de síntomas que se emiten desde tres sistemas de respuesta. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las respuestas de ansiedad escolar en estudiantes chilenos de educación primaria para determinar los posibles cambios a nivel temporal. Para ello, se contó con 155 niños de tres cursos distintos, a quienes se les evaluó el nivel de ansiedad escolar durante tres años consecutivos. El instrumento utilizado fue el Inventario de Ansiedad escolar para la educación primaria (IAEB), que mide la respuesta de ansiedad de tipo cognitiva, psicofisiológica y motora. Se realizaron análisis de varianza de medidas repetidas para determinar la estabilidad temporal. Los resultados indican que la media no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas y se mantuvo la ansiedad escolar en estos niños en el periodo de tres años. Se apoyó la posibilidad de que se presente como un síntoma estable de los estudiantes, más que responder a eventos puntuales del entorno.

Abstract Since the three-dimensional theory, school anxiety is defined as a set of symptoms arising from three response systems. The objective of this study was to evaluate school anxiety responses in Chilean primary school students, during three consecutive years, to determine possible changes over time. To this end, 155 children from three different courses were included; they were evaluated for their level of school anxiety for three consecutive years. The instrument used for this was the School Anxiety Inventory for Primary Education (IAEB), which measures the cognitive, psychophysiological and motor anxiety responses. Analysis of variance of repeated measures was performed to determine temporal stability. The results indicated that the mean did not show statistically significant differences, maintaining school anxiety in these children over the three-year period, supporting the possibility that it appears as a stable symptom of the students, rather than responding to specific events in the environment.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

RESUMEN La prevención de las enfermedades bucales es imprescindible desde las primeras etapas de la vida. Durante la niñez, junto con los padres, los maestros desempeñan un papel importante en el cuidado de la salud bucal. El trabajo tiene como objetivo mostrar el nivel de conocimiento que poseen los maestros primarios para la prevención de los problemas de salud bucal en escolares. Durante el mes de noviembre de 2021 se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la que se utilizaron los descriptores: actitud, conocimiento, maestros y prevención, combinados con salud bucal. Se consultaron las bases de datos electrónicas Medline (vía PubMed), SciELO y Google Académico. La búsqueda no quedó restringida por idioma o país de origen de las publicaciones, pero sí tuvo como condición que los artículos fueran publicados en los últimos cinco años. Los maestros primarios son profesionales esenciales para prevenir problemas de salud bucal en los escolares, pero sus conocimientos sobre el tema son limitados.

ABSTRACT Prevention of oral diseases is indispensable since the first stages of life. During childhood, along with parents, teachers play an important role in oral health care. The aim of this work is showing the level of knowledge primary teachers have for the prevention of oral health problems in schoolchildren. A bibliographic review was carried out durin November 2021 using the following descriptors: attitude, knowledge, teachers and prevention, combined with oral health. Electronic database Medline (via PubMed), SciELO and Google Academic were consulted. The search was not restricted by language or country of origin of the publication, but it was conditioned to articles published in the last five years. Primary teachers are important professionals to prevent oral health problems in schoolchildren, but their knowledge on the subject is limited.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Even though the field of Learning Analytics (LA) has experienced an expressive growth in the last few years. The vast majority of the works found in literature are usually focusing on experimentation of techniques and methods over datasets restricted to a given discipline, course, or institution and are still few works manipulating region and countrywide datasets. This may be since the implementation of LA in national or regional scope and using data from governments and institutions poses many challenges that may threaten the success of such initiatives, including the same availability of data. The present article describes the experience of LA in Latin America using governmental data from Elementary and Middle Schools of the State of Norte de Santander - Colombia. This study is focusing on students' performance. Data from 2013 to 2018 was collected, containing information related to 1) students' enrollment in school disciplines provided by Regional Education Secretary, 2) students qualifications provided by educational institutions, and 3) students qualifications provided by the national agency for education evaluation. The methodology followed includes a process of cleaning and integration of the data, subsequently a descriptive and visualization analysis is made and some educational data mining techniques are used (decision trees and clustering) for the modeling and extraction of some educational patterns. A total of eight patterns of interest are extracted. In addition to the decision trees, a feature ranking analysis was performed using xgboost and to facilitate the visual representation of the clusters, t-SNE and self-organized maps (SOM) were applied as result projection techniques. Finally, this paper compares the main challenges mentioned by the literature according to the Colombian experience and proposes an up-to-date list of challenges and solutions that can be used as a baseline for future works in this area and aligned with the Latin American context and reality.

RESUMEN

Gender differences in mathematical performance are not conclusive according to the scientific literature, although such differences are supported by international studies such as the Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS). According to TIMSS 2019, fourth-grade male students outperformed female students in Spanish-speaking countries, among others. This work approaches the study on gender difference by examining the basic calculation skills needed to handle more complex problems. Two international samples of second and third graders from Chile and Spain were selected for this exploratory study. Tests on basic mathematical knowledge (symbolic and non-symbolic magnitude comparisons, fluency, and calculation) were administered. The tests did not show significant difference or size effect between genders for mean performance, variance in the distribution of performance, or percentiles. As noted in the existing literature on this topic and reiterated by these findings, great care should be exercised when reporting on possible gender differences in mathematical performance, as these can contribute to low self-concept among female students.

RESUMEN

En este trabajo se estudia la actitud hacia las matemáticas de 194 estudiantes de quinto grado. Adicionalmente, se estudia las medias aritméticas entre las creencias de la enseñanza de las matemáticas de los profesores y la actitud de los estudiantes. Se utiliza la Escala de Actitud hacia las Matemáticas (EAM) para medir la actitud de los estudiantes. El Instrumento de Creencias de Eficacia en la Enseñanza de Matemáticas (Mtebi, por su sigla en inglés) se utiliza para medir las creencias de eficacia de los profesores. Los resultados indican que los estudiantes tienen una actitud positiva hacia las matemáticas. El factor confianza tiene puntuaciones más altas. El estudio de las medias indica que los estudiantes con mayor actitud positiva tienen profesores de matemáticas con mayor autoeficacia de la enseñanza de las matemáticas. Los profesores deben considerar a la actitud como un factor importante en el desarrollo cognitivo del estudiante.

Nesta investigação se estuda a atitude em relação à matemática de 194 alunos do quinto ano. Adicionalmente, são estudadas as médias aritméticas entre as crenças do ensino de matemática dos professores e a atitude dos alunos. A Escala de Atitude em relação à Matemática (EAM) é usada para medir a atitude dos alunos. O Instrumento de Crenças de Eficácia do Ensino de Matemática (Mtebi, por sua sigla em inglês) é usado para medir as crenças de eficácia dos professores. Os resultados indicam que os alunos apresentam uma atitude positiva em relação à matemática. O fator confiança tem pontuações mais altas. O estudo das médias indica que os alunos com atitude mais positiva possuem professores de matemática com maior autoeficácia no ensino de matemática. Os professores devem considerar a atitude como um fator importante no desenvolvimento cognitivo do aluno.

In this research work, the attitude towards mathematics of 194 fifth grade students is studied. Additionally, the arithmetic mean between teachers' beliefs about mathematics teaching and students' attitudes is studied. The Mathematics Attitude Scale (MAS) is used to measure students' attitudes. The Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Belief Instrument (Mtebi) is used to measure the teachers' efficacy beliefs. The results indicate that students have a favorable level of attitude towards mathematics. The confidence factor has higher scores. The study of means indicates that students with a higher attitude have mathematics teachers with greater teachers' self-efficacy in teaching mathematics. Teachers should consider attitude as an important factor in student cognitive development.

RESUMEN

Resumen: La socialización política implica el desarrollo de las concepciones del mundo político. Si bien la escuela es considerada un agente básico de socialización de los niños, otros actores también contribuyen a determinar su cultura política, como la familia o los medios de comunicación. Este artículo busca determinar el grado de influencia de estos agentes en el desarrollo del compromiso político de los niños. Para ello, se aplicó una encuesta a una muestra representativa (N = 1009) de los estudiantes de primaria en el estado mexicano de Nuevo León. Se evaluó el nivel de atención a contenidos políticos en medios tradicionales y sociales, de conversación política en familia y de formación cívico-política recibida en la escuela, como variables independientes, y el interés político, el conocimiento político y el sentimiento de eficacia política, como dependientes. Los resultados muestran un impacto relevante de la formación cívico-política de la escuela y la atención a política en medios tradicionales sobre las orientaciones estudiadas. Sin embargo, la conversación política en familia y el seguimiento de política en medios sociales tuvieron una baja influencia. Se reflexiona acerca de las implicaciones que estas relaciones explicativas tienen en la configuración de la cultura política de los niños.

Abstract: Political socialization implies the development of conceptions about the political world. Although school is considered the basic agent for the socialization of children, there are other actors that also contribute to their political culture, as the family or the media. This paper aims to determine the degree of influence of these agents in the crystallization of children's political engagement. To do this, a survey was carried out to a representative sample (N = 1009) of primary school students in the Mexican state of Nuevo León. The level of attention to political content in traditional and social media, conversation among family, and civic-political education received in the school were used as independent variables. Political interest, political knowledge and political efficacy were evaluated as dependent ones. Findings show a relevant effect from the civic-political education in the school and the political attention in traditional media on the political orientations studied. However, conversation among family, and political attention in social media had a low influence. The implications that these explanatory relationships have in the configuration of the children's political culture are discussed.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Abstract Emotional intelligence (EI) has been one of the topics with the most repercussion in the last decades in the fields of psychology and education, but its relationship with the academic performance of students has generated a lot of controversy in scientific research. The objective of the present study was to check the EI profiles of students when they finished primary school, and if there were any differences in the grade point average (GPA) between the EI profiles. The sample consisted of 1253 students (681 males; 572 females) from Tenerife (Spain) in the 6th grade of primary education, with an age range between 10 to 13 years old. The students' EI was evalu ated with the Emotional Quotient Inventory Young Version (EQi-YV). Academic performance was obtained from end-of-course grades. Cluster analysis identified the existence of five EI profiles at the end of primary education. There were no statistically significant differences in the GPA between the five groups of students, and trait EI had no influence on performance. These findings are in line with other research that questions the existence of a significant positive relationship between trait EI and academic performance.

Resumen La inteligencia emocional (IE) ha sido uno de los tópicos con más repercusión en las últimas décadas en los campos de la psicología y la educación, pero su relación con el rendimiento académico de los estudiantes ha generado mucha controversia en la investigación científica. El objetivo del presente estudio fue comprobar cuáles son los perfiles de IE de los estudiantes cuando terminan la educación primaria, y si existían diferencias en el rendimiento académico promedio entre los distintos perfiles de IE. La muestra fue de 1253 estudiantes (681 niños; 572 niñas) de Tenerife (España) de 6º curso de educación primaria, con un rango de edad de 10 a 13 años. La IE de los estudiantes fue evaluada con el Inventario de Cociente Emocional Versión Joven (EQi-YV). El rendimiento académico fue obtenido de las calificaciones de final de curso. El análisis de conglome rados identificó la existencia de cinco perfiles de IE al finalizar la educación primaria. No existían diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el rendimiento académico promedio entre los cinco grupos de estudiantes, y la IE de rasgo no tuvo influencia en el rendimiento. Estos hallazgos van en la línea de otras investigaciones que cuestionan la existencia de una relación positiva significativa entre la IE de rasgo y el rendimiento académico.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

Resumo Guiados pela questão "Quais são os saberes docentes desenvolvidos por professores de Artes e pedagogos a partir de uma atividade formativa centrada no uso das tecnologias digitais?", realizamos uma investigação no contexto de uma atividade formativa permeada pelas tecnologias com foco no desenvolvimento de saberes necessários ao ensino de música, que envolveu oito professoras dos anos iniciais. Os resultados apontam para o desenvolvimento de saberes da formação profissional, relativos às estratégias e recursos para ensinar música; saberes curriculares, relacionados à escrita musical, à escala musical, ao ritmo, à melodia e à harmonia, à música folclórica e ao conteúdo do ensino musical; saberes experienciais, sobre as dificuldades de aprendizagem dos alunos; e saberes disciplinares, relativos à História da Música e da Arte, à teoria musical, à prática musical e ao ensino de música mediado pelas tecnologias.

Résumé Guidés par la question "Quels savoirs pédagogiques ont déployé des professeurs d'éducation artistique et des pédagogues, à partir d'une activité de formation visant l'utilisation des technologies numériques ?", nous avons mené une enquête auprès de huit professeures de la petite enfance engagées dans une activité de formation impliquant la technologie dont le but était de développer les connaissances nécessaires à l'enseignement de la musique. Les résultats ont montré une acquisition de savoirs de formation professionnelle, liés aux stratégies et aux ressources de l'enseignement de la musique; de savoirs curriculaires, liés à l'écriture et à l'échelle musicales, au rythme, à la mélodie et à l'harmonie, à la musique folklorique et au contenu du programme d'enseignement musical; de savoirs expérientiels concernant les difficultés d'apprentissage des élèves; et de savoirs disciplinaires, relatifs à l'histoire de la Musique et de l'art, la théorie et la pratique musicales, ainsi qu'à l'enseignement de la musique par moyen des technologies.

Resumen Guiados por la cuestión "¿Cuáles son los conocimientos docentes desarrollados por profesores de Artes y pedagogos a partir de una actividad formativa centrada en el uso de las tecnologías digitales?", realizamos una investigación en el contexto de una actividad formativa permeada por las tecnologías, con foco en el desarrollo de conocimientos necesarios para la enseñanza de música, que involucró a ocho profesores de los años iniciales. Los resultados apuntan para el desarrollo de conocimientos de la formación profesional relativos a las estrategias y recursos para enseñar música; conocimientos cuanto al plan de estudios relacionados a la escritura musical, a la escala musical, al ritmo, a la melodía y a la armonía, a la música folclórica y al contenido de la enseñanza musical; conocimientos de experiencias sobre las dificultades de aprendizaje de los alumnos; y conocimientos de la materia relativos a la Historia de la Música y del Arte, a la teoría musical, a la práctica musical y a la enseñanza de la música por medio de las tecnologías.

Abstract Guided by the question "What is the teaching knowledge developed by Art teachers and educators from a formative activity centered on the use of digital technologies?" we conducted an investigation in the context of a formative activity permeated by digital technologies. The activity involved eight teachers from the early years, focusing on the development of necessary knowledge for teaching music at school. The results point to the development of disciplinary knowledge related to the History of Music and Art, musical theory, musical practice and music teaching mediated by technologies; curricular knowledge related to musical writing (score), musical scale, rhythm, melody and harmony, folk music and the content of musical teaching; teacher education knowledge, particularly aspects related to didactic, that is, strategies and resources to develop music teaching; and experiential knowledge on students' learning challenges.

RESUMEN

The aim of the present study was to assess the predictive capacity of several of the most relevant cognitive skills in the academic field that were evaluated using Differential and General Skills Battery(BADyG-E2r). Particular attention was focused on the variables that need to be overcome regarding the curricular objectives related to pass/fail grading as evaluated by the teachers in the instrumental disciplines of Mathematics and Language. The psychometric battery was applied to the 3rd year students in primary education (a total of 512 students) at 4 public schools that were randomly selected in the province of Alicante (Spain). A follow-up of their academic evolution was under taken until the end of primary education. The obtained results show that high scores in Verbal Reasoning, Numerical Reasoning, and Verbal Syllogisms positively and significantly predict academic success at the end of primary education in the subjects of Language and Mathematics.

RESUMEN

The article is the product of the study "Development of innovative resources to improve logical-mathematical skills in primary school, through educational robotics", developed during the 2019 school year in three public schools in the province of Chiriquí, Republic of Panama. The teaching-learning process in students is influenced by aspects inside and outside the classroom, since not all schools have the necessary resources to deliver content or teaching material. The general objective of the project is to design, develop and implement educational robotics to improve logical-mathematical skills aimed at preschool and first grade students in public schools, using programmable educational robots. For this, a set of resources and activities were developed to improve the logical-mathematical skills of the initial stages, in public schools, obtaining significant results. Playful activities favor the teaching-learning process. Considering the analysis of the results made on the data obtained through the applied collection instruments, it can be argued that in general terms the values indicate that the students obtained a favorable level of performance in the different challenges proposed. The project has allowed the academic community to have an application of great value that allows teaching about the conservation of natural sites. The project only covers the area of mathematics in preschool and first grade.

Asunto(s)

RESUMEN

O raciocínio é uma das capacidades-chave a se desenvolver desde os primeiros anos de escolaridade. Neste artigo assumimos raciocínio matemático como a capacidade de fazer inferências justificadas, isto é, de utilizar informação matemática já conhecida para obter, justificadamente, novas conclusões. Serão analisados os padrões de interação entre uma professora e seus alunos do 2º ano na discussão de uma tarefa matemática aditiva. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo de carácter interpretativo. Concluímos que o questionamento da professora se foca em aspectos-chave do raciocínio guiando os alunos para processos de justificação, generalização e exemplificação. Neste percurso, as ações da professora foram cruciais para desafiar os alunos a apresentarem justificações das relações numéricas identificadas, não só favorecendo, mas também ampliando o seu raciocínio matemático.

Reasoning is a key ability to develop from the early years of schooling. This article assumes mathematical reasoning as being the ability to make justified inferences, that is, to use already known mathematical information to reach new conclusions. Patterns of interaction between a teacher and her 2nd graders in the discussion of an additive mathematical task will be analyzed. The study adopts a qualitative methodology within the interpretative paradigma. We conclude that the teacher's questions focus on key aspects of reasoning, guiding the students to processes of justification, generalization and exemplification. On this route, the teacher's actions were crucial in challenging the students to present justifications of the numerical relationships identified, not only favoring but also extending their mathematical reasoning.

El razonamiento es una de las capacidades claves para desarrollar desde los primeros años de escolaridad. En este artículo entendemos al razonamiento matemático como la capacidad de realizar inferencias justificadas, es decir, de utilizar la información matemática ya conocida para obtener, justificadamente, nuevas conclusiones. Serán analizados los patrones de interacción entre una profesora y sus alumnos de 2° año en la discusión de una tarea matemática de adición. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo de carácter interpretativo. Concluímos que los cuestionamientos de la profesora se centran en aspectos claves del razonamiento, guiando a los alumnos hacia procesos de justificación, generalización y ejemplificación. En esta dirección, las acciones de la profesora fueron cruciales para desafiar a los alumnos a justificar las relaciones numéricas identificadas, no sólo favoreciendo sino también ampliando su razonamiento matemático.