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INTRODUCTION: Surgery of lesions in the posterior wall of the third ventricle requires great expertise due to its deep location and important surrounding structures. This region has been traditionally reached through a supracerebellar infratentorial approach, but new options have emerged, especially with the development of neuroendoscopy. METHODS: One formalin-fixed cadaver human head was dissected. Five different endoscopic approaches were performed: interhemispheric transcallosal transchoroidal, frontal transforaminal transchoroidal, supraorbital subfrontal translamina terminalis, expanded endonasal, and supracerebellar infratentorial. An anatomical description of the different approaches was conducted and quantitative measurements (craniocaudal and latero-lateral distances) were taken using the StealthStation ® workstation after performing a CT scan of the specimen. RESULTS: The interhemispheric transcallosal transchoroidal, frontal transforaminal transchoroidal, and supraorbital subfrontal translamina terminalis approaches provided great view of all the structures of the posterior wall of the third ventricle. Maximum craniocaudal distance was obtained through the supraorbital subfrontal translamina terminalis approach (10.6 mm), with great difference from the expanded endonasal approach (5.2 mm). The widest latero-lateral distance from inside the third ventricle was achieved through the interhemispheric transcallosal transchoroidal approach (4.6 mm), similar to the expanded endonasal (4.1 mm), and differing from the supraorbital subfrontal translamina terminalis (2.4 mm). CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic approaches provided an adequate alternative to more traditional microsurgical approaches to the posterior wall of the third ventricle, with a great view of all its structures. The selection of the approach must be taken under consideration in each case.

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The papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) is a rare neuroepithelial tumor originating from specialized ependymocytes. It primarily affects structures within the pineal region, including the pineal gland, epithalamus, quadrigeminal cistern, and posterior wall of the third ventricle. Here, we present a series of four cases characterized by symptoms associated with obstructive hydrocephalus such as headaches, seizures, visual disturbances, gait disturbances, and Parinaud syndrome. Imaging studies revealed lesions in the pineal region, prompting surgical intervention. Histopathological examination, including biopsy and intraoperative analysis, confirmed the diagnosis of PTPR. Despite advancements, the etiology and pathogenesis of PTPR remain incompletely understood, warranting further research to refine management strategies.

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BACKGROUND: Pineal tumors are rare, and the pineal region is a challenging surgical location for neurosurgeons. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of microsurgical management in patients with pineal region tumors and explore probable factors associated with preoperative hydrocephalus, postoperative hydrocephalus remission, and prolonged hospital length of stay (LoS). METHODS: A retrospective study of patients with pineal region tumors who underwent microsurgical management at the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University (Jiangsu, China) between 1 January 2010 and 31 October 2022 was conducted. RESULTS: Data from 36 patients were included in this study. The top 5 common symptoms included headache (58%), dizziness (44%), double vision (22%), vomiting (19%), and nausea (14%). Patients with a lower Karnofsky Performance Score (KPS), younger age, and larger maximum tumor diameters were more vulnerable to preoperative hydrocephalus. Preoperative hydrocephalus also led to a prolonged postoperative LoS (P = 0.021). Patients with a lower KPS score (P = 0.020) or larger maximum tumor diameters (P = 0.045) were more likely to achieve postoperative remission of hydrocephalus. Most postoperative complications led to increased hospital LoS. CONCLUSIONS: Microsurgical resection of pineal tumors yielded favorable long-term outcomes. Patients with a lower KPS score, younger age, and larger maximum tumor diameters were more vulnerable to preoperative hydrocephalus and prolonged LoS. Patients with a lower KPS score or larger tumor diameter were likely to achieve significant remission of hydrocephalus after tumor resection.

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Pineal parenchymal tumors are rare neoplasms for which evidence-based treatment recommendations are lacking. These tumors vary in biology, clinical characteristics, and prognosis, requiring treatment that ranges from surgical resection alone to intensive multimodal antineoplastic therapy. Recently, international collaborative studies have shed light on the genomic landscape of these tumors, leading to refinement in molecular-based disease classification in the 5th edition of the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of tumors of the central nervous system. In this review, we summarize the literature on diagnostic and therapeutic approaches, and suggest pragmatic recommendations for the clinical management of patients presenting with intrinsic pineal region masses including parenchymal tumors (pineocytoma, pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation, and pineoblastoma), pineal cyst, and papillary tumors of the pineal region.

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INTRODUCTION: Outcomes for pineal region and superior cerebellar tumors in young children often hinge on extent of microsurgical resection, and thus choosing an approach that provides adequate visualization of pathology is essential. The occipital interhemispheric transtentorial (OITT) approach provides excellent exposure while minimizing cerebellar retraction. However, this approach has not been widely accepted as a viable option for very young children due to concerns for potential blood loss when incising the tentorium. The aim of this paper is to characterize our recent institutional experience with the occipital interhemispheric transtentorial approach (OITT) for tumor resection in infants and toddlers. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed between 2016 and 2023 of pediatric patients less than 36 months of age who underwent OITT for tumor resection at a high-volume referral center. Patients with at least 3 months of postoperative follow-up and postoperative MRI were included. Primary outcomes included extent of resection, intraoperative and postoperative complications, and neurologic outcome. Secondary outcomes included length of stay and estimated blood loss. RESULTS: Eight patients, five male, were included. The median age at the time of surgery was 10 months (range 5-36 months). Presenting symptoms included macrocephaly, nausea/vomiting, strabismus, gait instability, or milestone regression. Hydrocephalus was present preoperatively in all patients. Average tumor volume was 38.6 cm3, ranging from 1.3 to 71.9 cm3. All patients underwent an OITT approach for tumor resection with stereotactic guidance. No intraoperative complications occurred, and no permanent neurologic deficits developed postoperatively. Gross total resection was achieved in all cases per postoperative MRI report, and no instances of new cerebellar, brainstem, or occipital lobe ischemia were noted. CONCLUSIONS: OITT approach for tumor resection in very young children (≤ 36 months) is an effective strategy with an acceptable safety profile. In our series, no significant intraoperative or postoperative complications occurred. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing this technique specifically in patients less than 36 months of age.

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PURPOSE: Access to the pineal region has always represented a fascinating challenge to the neurosurgeons. Almost equally thrilling is the historical evolution from the hard beginnings with extremely high mortality rates to the current surgical outcomes, with excellent resection rates without long-term morbidity for most of the patients. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the historical evolution of the occipital interhemispheric transtentorial (OITT) approach and its role in the development of access to the pineal region. METHODS: Review of the literature highlights the occipital transtentorial approach from the historical context prior its description and the beginning to the current modifications and new recent insights. RESULTS: The occipital transtentorial approach described initially by Poppen in 1966 has played a key role in the progress and success accessing the pineal area. CONCLUSION: This historical review aims to highlight the extraordinary effort of those neurosurgeons who guided and led the development of one of the most important approaches to the pineal region.

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This case report delineates the radiological evaluation and diagnostic intricacies of two unique cases of pineal region meningioma, underscoring the pivotal role of advanced imaging techniques in the accurate diagnosis and management of such rare tumors. Pineal region tumors represent a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, with meningiomas in this location being particularly uncommon, thereby posing significant challenges in diagnosis and therapeutic decision-making. The first case involves a 40-year-old female presenting with progressive headaches and visual disturbances with symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, whereas the second case describes a 30-year-old male presenting with headache, dizziness, difficulty with balance, and cognitive decline. Both patients underwent a comprehensive diagnostic workup, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which revealed tumors in the pineal region exhibiting characteristics suggestive of meningioma. The MRI findings in both cases included well-defined mass lesions showing iso- to hypointense signal on T1-weighted images with robust contrast enhancement. Additionally, the radiological assessment was instrumental in differentiating these meningiomas from other pineal region tumors, such as germinomas or pineocytomas, based on their distinctive imaging features and the absence of dissemination. Surgical resection followed by histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of meningioma in both cases. This report highlights the critical role of radiological imaging in the early detection and differentiation of pineal region tumors, emphasizing the need for a multidisciplinary approach to achieve optimal patient outcomes.

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BACKGROUND: Pineal parenchymal cell tumors constitute a rare group of primary central nervous system neoplasms (less than 1%). Their classification, especially the intermediate subtype (PPTIDs), remains challenging. METHODS: A literature review was conducted, navigating through anatomo-pathological, radiotherapy, and neurosurgical dimensions, aiming for a holistic understanding of these tumors. RESULTS: PPTIDs, occupying an intermediate spectrum of malignancy, reveal diverse histological patterns, mitotic activity, and distinct methylation profiles. Surgical treatment is the gold standard, but when limited to partial removal, radiotherapy becomes crucial. While surgical approaches are standardized, due to the low prevalence of the pathology and absence of randomized prospective studies, there are no shared guidelines about radiation treatment modalities. CONCLUSION: Surgical removal remains pivotal, demanding a personalized approach based on the tumor extension. This review underscores the considerable variability in treatment approaches and reported survival rates within the existing literature, emphasizing the need for ongoing research to better define optimal therapeutic strategies and prognostic factors for PPTIDs, aiming for further and more detailed stratification among them.

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Management of lateral and third ventricular tumors has been a challenge for neurosurgeons. Advances in imaging and pathology have helped in a better understanding of the treatment options. Technical refinement of microsurgical technique and addition of endoscopy has enabled more radical excision of tumors, when indicated, and added more safety.A proper understanding of the pathology at various ages and treatment options is continuously evolving. Many pediatric tumors are amenable to conservative surgical methods with effective complementary treatments. However, radical surgery is required in many adults as the main treatment and for many benign tumors. Various intraventricular lesions encountered and their surgical management is reviewed here for their efficacy, safety, and outcome, encompassing changes in our practice over the last 20 years.

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OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy and surgical outcomes of the simultaneous single-trajectory endoscopic biopsy and third ventriculostomy (ETV) in pineal region tumors. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis adhering to Cochrane Standards and PRISMA framework were conducted. PubMed, Embase, and Web Of Science databases were searched until December 2023. Outcomes included rate of histopathologic diagnosis success, ETV success, complications, required VPS, and mortality. RESULTS: Seventeen studies (N = 388) met inclusion criteria. Histopathologic diagnosis success rate was 90% for general population (95% CI: 86%-95%; I2 = 42%) and 94% for pediatric patients (95% CI: 89%-98%; I2 = 19%). ETV Success rate was 93% (95% CI: 88%-97%; I2 = 60%). An estimated risk of postoperative ETV complications was found to be 16% for the general population (95% CI: 5%-28%; I2 = 90%) and 5% for pediatric patients (95% CI: 0%-13%; I2 = 51%). The risk of requiring VPS was estimated as 2% (95% CI: 0%-4%; I2 = 39%) and for the pediatric population it was 7% (95% CI: 0%-16%; I2 = 69%). Mortality risk was found to be 1% (95% CI: 0%-3%; I2 = 0%). CONCLUSIONS: Simultaneous endoscopic biopsy and ETV demonstrated high diagnostic and therapeutic success rates. The procedure's safety profile, with low mortality and complications, supports its role in treating hydrocephalus associated to pineal region tumors. Subgroup analyses revealed higher diagnostic success rates and required VPS in the pediatric population, whilst it had lower complication rates.

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BACKGROUND: Papillary tumors of pineal region (PTPR) comprise a very rare subset of pineal region tumors that have been recently described. Literature on the management and outcome of PTPR is scarce owing to the rarity of these tumors. To address this lacuna, we analyzed our experience in management of PTPR. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the outcome of 11 patients with histopathologically proven PTPR who underwent surgical excision at our center. RESULTS: Mean patient age was 33.3 years (range, 12-45 years), and male-to-female ratio was 1.75:1. Headache was the most common presentation followed by visual disturbances, altered sensorium, Perinaud syndrome, and seizures. Cerebrospinal fluid diversion was required in 6 patients. Krause approach was the most common approach used for tumor excision (9/11 cases). There was no perioperative mortality. Two patients were lost to follow-up. In the remaining 9 patients, the average follow-up period was 45 months (range, 12-79 months). On first postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, 8 patients showed no evidence of residual tumor (gross total resection), while 1 patient had small residual tumor (near-total resection) that remained stable during follow-up. Four patients underwent adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. None of the patients developed recurrence during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: PTPR are a rare subgroup of pineal region tumors with distinct cells of origin but presentation similar to other pineal region tumors. Surgical resection constitutes the mainstay of management, and the extent of resection appears to be the most important determinant of prognosis. The role of adjuvant therapy still needs to be determined.

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BACKGROUND: A pineal region tumor is a rare intracranial tumor, and its specific location leads to its own characteristics. This study aimed to provide some insight for medical practice in the care of pineal region tumors. We investigated the key epidemiological characteristics and survival prognosis of pineal tumors based on the epidemiological data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. METHODS: Data of pineal region tumor patients from 1975 to 2019 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. The data were divided into 3 pathologic groups: germ cell tumors, pineal parenchymal tumors, and other. The patients' overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The prognostic effects of the patient characteristics on OS were explored using the Cox proportional hazard model. The analysis results are presented as tabular data, Kaplan-Meier plots, forest plots, and nomograms. A calibration curve was used to verify the nomograms. All analyses were performed for all patients overall and stratified by pathological group using SPSS and R language. RESULTS: Based on the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, 628 patients were included in this study, of whom 440 (70.1%) were male and 188 (29.9%) were female. Most patients were aged 0-19 years. The pathological type was germinoma for 225 patients (35.8%). Age, surgery, behavioral code, and pathology were significant factors for OS. A calibration curve was used to verify that the nomograms had a good prediction effect. CONCLUSIONS: An intuitive nomogram was developed and verified and can predict the prognosis of patients with pineal tumors.

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Pineal region tumors are challenging lesions in terms of surgical accessibility and removal.1 The complexity is compounded by the infrequency and heterogeneity of pineal neoplasms.2,3 In Video 1, we present the case of a 39-year-old woman who presented with progressive headaches and vision impairment. She underwent microsurgical resection for a pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation. We discuss the rationale, risks, and benefits of treatment for this patient, as well as provide a detailed overview of the alternative approaches that may be considered. Additionally, we discuss the unique anatomic considerations for each approach and include a virtual reality-compatible 3-dimensional fly-through to highlight the relationship between the tumor and relevant venous anatomy. The patient tolerated the procedure well with excellent neurologic outcome, and her follow-up imaging showed no evidence of tumor recurrence.

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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to describe the distribution pattern of cerebellar hemispheric tentorial bridging (CHTB) veins on the tentorial surface in a case series of perimedian or paramedian supracerebellar approaches and to describe a novel technique to preserve these veins. METHODS: A series of 141 patients with various pathological processes in different locations was operated on via perimedian or paramedian supracerebellar approaches by the senior author from July 2006 through October 2022 and was retrospectively evaluated. During surgery, the number and locations of all CHTB veins were recorded to establish a distribution map on the tentorial surface, divided into nine zones. Patients were classified into four groups according to the surgical technique used to manage CHTB veins: 1) group 1 consisted of CHTB veins preserved without intervention during surgery or no CHTB veins found in the surgical route; 2) group 2 included CHTB veins coagulated during surgery; 3) group 3 included CHTB veins preserved with arachnoid and/or tentorial dissection from the cerebellar or tentorial surface, respectively; and 4) group 4 comprised CHTB veins preserved using a novel tentorial cut technique. RESULTS: Overall, 141 patients were included in the study. Of these 141 patients, 38 were in group 1 (27%), 32 in group 2 (22.7%), 47 in group 3 (33.3%), and 24 in group 4 (17%). The total number of CHTB veins encountered was 207 during surgeries on one side. According to the distribution zones of the tentorium, zone 5 had the highest density of CHTB veins, while zone 7 had the lowest. Of the patients in group 4, 6 underwent the perimedian supracerebellar approach and 18 had the paramedian supracerebellar approach. There were 39 CHTB veins on the surface of the 24 cerebellar hemispheres in group 4. The tentorial cut technique was performed for 27 of 39 CHTB veins. Twelve veins were not addressed because they did not present any obstacles during approaches. During surgery, no complications were observed due to the tentorial cut technique. CONCLUSIONS: Because there is no way to determine whether a CHTB vein can be sacrificed without complications, it is important to protect these veins in supracerebellar approaches. This new tentorial cut technique in perimedian or paramedian supracerebellar approaches makes it possible to preserve CHTB veins encountered during supracerebellar surgeries.

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INTRODUCTION: The pineal region is a hard-to-reach part of the brain. There is no unequivocal opinion on the choice of a surgical approach to the pineal region. The surgical approaches described differ in both trajectory (infra- and supratentorial, interhemispheric) and size of craniotomy. They have advantages and disadvantages. The minimally invasive lateral occipital infracortical supra-/transtentorial (OICST) approach we have described has all the advantages of the standard supratentorial approach and minimizes its disadvantages, namely, compression and contusion of the occipital lobe. The minimally invasive craniotomy and small surgical corridor facilitate that. METHODS: We describe 11 consecutive patients with various pineal region tumors (7 cases of pineal cysts, 2 cases of pinealocytoma, 1 case of medulloblastoma, and 1 case of meningioma) who were operated on in our hospital using the lateral OICST approach. Preoperative planning was performed using Surgical Theater®. The surgical corridor was formed using a retractor made from half of a syringe shortened according to the length of the surgical corridor. Preoperative lumbar drain was used. RESULTS: The pineal region tumors were completely resected in all cases. The mean craniotomy size was 2.22 × 1.79 cm. No long-term neurological deficits were reported. CONCLUSIONS: The use of semicircular retractors and intraoperative CSF drainage via a lumbar drain allows to form a small surgical corridor to the pineal region via minimally invasive craniotomy. This reduces traction and traumatization of the occipital lobe, as well as minimizes intra- and postoperative risks.

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Fundamento: Los pineoblastomas son tumores cerebrales infrecuentes dentro del grupo de los tumores primitivos neuroectodérmicos. La presentación clínica por lo general está relacionada con la obstrucción del acueducto de Silvio, lo que ocasiona hidrocefalia e hipertensión intracraneal. Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas e imagenológicas de un paciente adulto con diagnóstico de pineoblastoma. Presentación de caso: Masculino, 33 años, que comenzó con disminución de la agudeza visual que evolucionó a la amaurosis bilateral y trastorno de la marcha. Se diagnosticó hidrocefalia obstructiva triventricular, por lo cual se realizó tercer ventriculostomía endoscópica. Se decidió un abordaje supracerebeloso infratentorial a la lesión tumoral, con apoyo endoscópico en posición semisentado; se logró la resección parcial. En estudio inmunohistoquímico se encontró Ki-67 mayor de 50 % de las células, neurofilamento y sinaptofisina positiva. Se concluyó como pineoblastoma. Recibió radioterapia convencional con Co-60, fraccionada, con un total de 30 dosis diarias de 2 Gy. La evolución del paciente a los 6 meses de operado fue satisfactoria. Conclusiones: El tratamiento combinado de cirugía y radioterapia constituye un esquema terapéutico ideal en este tipo de lesiones tumorales. La endoscopia es una herramienta de gran valor en los abordajes quirúrgicos a la región pineal.

Background: Pineoblastomas are infrequent brain tumors among the neuroectodermal primitive tumors. Clinical presentation is usually related to Silvian aqueduct obstruction, which causes hydrocephalus and intracranial hypertension. Objective: To describe the clinical and imagenological characteristics in an adult patient diagnosed with pineoblastoma. Case presentation: Male, 33 years old, who started with visual acuity decline that evolved to bilateral amaurosis and gait disorder. Triventricular obstructive hydrocephalus was diagnosed, therefore, an endoscopic third ventriculostomy was realized. It was decided to use an infratentorial supracerebellar approach to the tumor lesion, with endoscopic support in semi-seated position; partial resection was achieved. In immunohistochemical study, Ki-67 was found to be higher than 50% of the cells, neurofilament and synaptophysin positive. It was concluded as pineoblastoma. He received fractionated Co-60 conventional radiotherapy, with a total of 30 daily doses, 2 Gy. The evolution of the patient 6 months after surgery was satisfactory. Conclusions: The combined treatment of surgery and radiotherapy constitutes an ideal therapeutic scheme in this type of tumor lesions. Endoscopy is a tool of great value in surgical approaches to the pineal region.

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Background: The removal of pineal region lesions are challenging, and therapeutic strategies for their removal remain controversial. The current study was conducted to identify the characteristics and the optimal therapeutic strategies for pineal region lesions. Methods: This retrospective study reviewed the treatments of 101 patients with pineal region lesions, and different characteristics and therapeutic strategies were observed. Results: There were no statistical differences in the total resection ratio, complications, and prognosis outcomes between the hydrocephalus group and non-hydrocephalus group, except patients in the hydrocephalus group were younger and pediatric patients had an increased level of intracranial infections. Treatments of lesions and hydrocephalus secondary to pineal region lesions were two integral parts to therapeutic strategies. For the management of lesions, germinoma or non-germinoma were diagnosed preoperatively, and resection or diagnostic radiation were chosen to deal with pineal region lesions. Endoscopic-assisted surgery provided a higher total resection rate. For the management of hydrocephalus, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) had the better therapeutic effect. Additionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion before radiotherapy or resection did not improve prognosis outcome, but it was necessary for patients with severe hydrocephalus. Logistical regression analysis indicated that age, lesion size, reoperation ratio, and intracranial complications were predictors of prognosis outcome. Conclusion: More attention should be paid to intracranial infections in pediatric patients with hydrocephalus secondary to pineal region lesions, and CSF diversion before radiotherapy or resection did not promote prognosis outcome, but it was necessary for patients with severe hydrocephalus. Age, lesion size, reoperation ratio, and intracranial complications may be the predictors of prognosis outcome. Most importantly, the surgical algorithm for pineal region lesions which was based on preoperatively diagnosis (non-germinoma and germinoma) is useful, especially for developing countries.

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Tumors of the pineal region typically present with symptoms and signs of mass effect and increased intracranial pressure. However, although rare and can be overlooked, hearing impairment is a potential clinical finding in these cases. The authors describe a 24-year-old male who presented to the emergency room complaining of bilateral hearing impairment. Brain computed tomography showed a pineal region tumor. Histopathological examination demonstrated features consistent with germinoma. This case reports a rare presentation rarely seen in the literature and in practice as evident by the conducted literature review. Therefore, we highlight the importance of considering hearing impairment as a presenting symptom of pineal region tumors since prompt recognition and intervention, as demonstrated in this case, can lead to successful outcomes.

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INTRODUCTION: Pineal region tumors (PRTs) are tumors arising from the pineal gland and the paraspinal structures. These tumors are rare and heterogeneous that account for 2.8-10.1% and 0.6-3.2% of tumors in children and in all ages, respectively. Almost all types and subtypes of CNS tumors may be diagnosed in this region. These tumors come from cells of the pineal gland (pinealocytes and neuroglial cells), ectopic primordial germ cells (PGC), and cells from adjacent structures. Hence, PRTs are consisted of pineal parenchyma tumors (PPTs), germ cell tumors (GCTs), neuroepithelial tumors (NETs), other miscellaneous types of tumors, cystic tumors (epidermoid, dermoid), and pineal cyst in addition. The symptoms of PRTs correlate to the increased intracranial cranial pressure due to obstructive hydrocephalus and dorsal midbrain compression. The diagnostic imaging studies are mainly MRI of brain (with and without gadolinium) along with a sagittal view of whole spine. Serum and/or CSF AFP/ß-HCG helps to identify GCTs. The treatment of PRTs is consisted of the selection of surgical biopsy/resection, handling of hydrocephalus, neoadjuvant and/or adjuvant therapy according to age, tumor location, histopathological/molecular classification, grading of tumors, staging, and threshold value of markers (for GCTs) in addition. METHODS: In this article, we review the following focus points: 1. Background of pineal region tumors. 2. Pineal GCTs and evolution of management. 3. Molecular study for GCTs and pineal parenchymal tumors. 4. Review of surgical approaches to the pineal region. 5. Contribution of endoscopy. 6. Adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and combination). 7. RESULTS: In all ages, the leading three types of PRTs in western countries were PPTs (22.7-34.8%), GCTs (27.3-34.4%), and NETs (17.2-28%). In children and young adults, the leading PRTs were invariably in the order of GCTs (40-80.5%), PPTs (7.6-21.6%), NETs (2.4-37.5%). Surgical biopsy/resection of PRTs is important for precision diagnosis and therapy. Safe resection with acceptable low mortality and morbidity was achieved after 1970s because of the advancement of surgical approaches, CSF shunt and valve system, microscopic and endoscopic surgery. Following histopathological diagnosis and classification of types and subtypes of PRTs, in PPTs, through molecular profiling, four molecular groups of pineoblastoma (PB) and their oncogenic driver were identified. Hence, molecular stratified precision therapy can be achieved. CONCLUSION: Modern endoscopic and microsurgical approaches help to achieve precise histopathological diagnosis and molecular classification of different types and subtypes of pineal region tumors for risk-stratified optimal, effective, and protective therapy. In the future, molecular analysis of biospecimen (CSF and blood) along with AI radiomics on tumor imaging integrating clinical and bioinformation may help for personalized and risk-stratified management of patients with pineal region tumors.

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